Chirevo chinotaurira pamusoro pehuviri hwemampiriyamu eUS chakataurwa nemutevedzeri wemunyori wehomwe panguva yaClinton, Stuart Eizenstat, uyo makore gumi apfuura aive mutyairi wezvichemo zvemubairo kune makambani anotsigira maNazi, achibatsira vamhan'ari kuwana mabhiriyoni masere emadhora kubva kumabhanga eEurope nemakambani akabvisa. Holocaust vakakuvara mari kana avo vaive ma8 vakabatsirwa nevaranda-vashandi (vese vechiJudha nevasiri vechiJudha).
Asi zvakadini nekudzorera kwepurofiti yeapartheid? Semutauri mukuru waNovember 2002 we "USA Engage" yevamiriri vemakambani mazana matanhatu emarudzi akarongwa kurwisa Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA), Eizenstat yakayambira kuti vanotsiva vekuSouth Africa "vanogona kumutsa maonero everuzhinji uye kuunza rutsigiro rwezvematongerwo enyika," uye "vanogona kuwana budiriro yakati pasinei neutera hwapamutemo.โ
Mwedzi mitanhatu gare gare, pamusangano weColumbia University, Eizenstat akacherechedza kuti "Vakabatwa neApartheid kubva kuSA vakamhan'arira makambani akawanda emuUS kumatare eUS achipomerwa mhosva - uye ndinosimbisa kupomerwa - kutora chikamu mukufambisa rusaruraganda." (Iye akatanga ikoku netsananguro yomunhu oga yapashure yorusaruraganda nokuda kweshingairo yake amene yokutsiva Holocaust-restitution, achirangarira achinyara chinoitika chomuma1950 mutaundi rokumusha kwake reAtlanta: โNdakanga ndisingadi kurega kokorodzano ndokupa mumwe mukadzi wechitema akwegura chigaro changu pachikamu chevachena. yebhazi reAtlanta.")
Nhasi, gungano rinoti vanhu vakabatwa nerusaruraganda vanofanira uye vacharasikirwa nedare kuti ritongwe kuNew York Southern District Court neChipiri, Chikunguru 8. Vachapinda vachange vari purofesa Dennis Brutus, mudetembi ane makore 83 okuberekwa uye murwiri akabatira nguva paRobben. Island naNelson Mandela, vasati vadzinga SA kubva mumitambo yeOlympic ya1968. Brutus mumhan'ari anotungamira, pakati pezviuru zvevatema vekuSouth Africa vakamhan'arira makambani gumi nemaviri kuti awane purofiti kubva ku "mhosva yakanangana nevanhu", sekudaidzwa kwakaitwa United Nations rusaruraganda.
Iyo ATCA, yakapfuura muna 1789, inoti, "Matare ematunhu achave nemasimba ekutanga echiito chero chehurumende nemutorwa nekuda kwekurwadzisa chete, akaitwa mukutyora mutemo wenyika kana chibvumirano cheUnited States." ATCA yaiitirwa kuti iwane mubato wepamutemo papiracy, uye mukuita kunyengerera masimba ekoloni zvaive zvakachengeteka kutengeserana neUS.
Asi mumakumi maviri emakore adarika chete mutemo uyu wava kuzivikanwa nevakawanda. Vachikurudzirwa nevagari vemuBurmese vachirwa neUnocal, nyaya yakambokunda mhirizhonga muna 2003 neBush Administration, varatidziri vakaita saBrutus, mudzidzi weCape Town Lungisile Ntsebeza, boka reKhulumani Support Group revakabatwa nerusaruraganda neJubilee SA vakashandisa ATCA kumhan'arira makororo emazuva ekupedzisira. makambani ari kushanda muSA pamberi pa1994 zvisinei nekudaidzwa kwezvirango uye kubviswa.
Asi zvinhu zvakanetsa apo mutungamiri weSouth Africa, VaThabo Mbeki, vakakumbirwa nehutungamiri hweBush kuti vapikisane naBrutus nevamwe varwiri vehondo muna 2003. Tinotenda nekuda kwemubatanidzwa mukuru wemuumambo nehukuru pakati pePretoria neWashington (pamwe chete nehurumende yeBritain neGermany) vakamirira makambani emarudzi akawanda, Mutongi John Sprizzo pakutanga akatonga nyaya yacho akamirira vaipomerwa mhosva pakupera kwa2004. Akafunga kuti ATCA yaipokana nemutemo weUS wokune dzimwe nyika uye mutemo weupfumi hwenyika wemuSouth Africa, uye zvaita sekunge mitemo iyi ichitora purofiti yekambani sechinhu chekutanga.
Asi muna Gumiguru apfuura, vatongi vakakunda mukwikwidzi uye muna Chivabvu, apo Dare Repamusorosoro reUS raitarisirwa kupedzisira kuuraya mhosva, vakamiririra makambani, vatongi vana vakawana kupesana kwechido mumapato avo ekudyara. Nekuda kwekuti vaive nemasheya mumakambani akamhan'arwa, nyaya yakadzokera kuSprizzo, mune zvakapokana nemumhan'ari gweta Charles Abrahams "kukunda kukuru kwebato repasi rose rekodzero dzevanhu."
Kusiyana neizvi, mumiriri weWashington weInternational Marketing Council yehurumende yeSouth Africa, Simon Barber, akarasa kukunda kwevakwikwikwi muDare Repamusorosoro, achiti mhosva yaVaMbeki yekuti hutongi hweSouth Africa hwakatyorwa. Chero zvazvingava, "Kuedza kunoramba kuine quixotic."
Nicole Fritz, mutungamiriri weSouthern African Litigation Centre, haabvumirani nazvo, kuti: โMakambani akanga asiri vatadzi vokutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu asi akabatanidzwa mukutyorwa kwakadaro kupfurikidza nokubata kwawo nehurumende dzinodzvinyirirwa zvino anogona kuva nomutoro womutemo nokuda kwezviito zvawo.
Kusaita purofiti mune ramangwana kubva kuhudzvanyiriri hwakaita seBurma kana Zimbabwe ibasa guru. Mukati megore ra2008, apo varwi veZanu(PF) vaRobert Mugabe vakauraya uye kurwadzisa zvakaringana kuti vaone kuti "asarudzwazve", tichitenda chimwe chikamu chekugarisana kwaVaMbeki, AngloPlats yakazivisa US$400 miriyoni yekudyara mumigodhi yeplatinum yemuZimbabwe ine mari zhinji.
Sekutaura kunoita Abrahams, "Nheyo huru yesutu iyi ndeyekuti makambani ekunze kwenyika akabatsira nekutsigira hurumende yerusaruraganda nekupa zvombo nepfuti, zvechiuto, zvekufambisa nemafuta izvo hurumende nemauto ayo vakakwanisa kuita mhosva dzakaipisisa. pamusoro peruzhinji rwevanhu vemuSouth Africa." (Basa rakadaro remubatanidzwa raive, reEizenstat, "rinopomerwa" - zvisiri pachena - kufambisa rusaruraganda.)
Makambani ari kutongwa nevamhan'ari vaAbrahams anosanganisira Reinmetall Group, yekupa zvombo nepfuti kuhurumende yeApartheid; British Petroleum (BP), Shell, Chevron Texaco, Exxon Mobil, Fluor Corporation uye Total Fina-Elf, nokuda kwekupa mafuta kumauto ehondo; Ford, Daimler-Chrysler neGeneral Motors, nokuda kwekupa chokufambisa kuenda kumauto; uye Fujitsu neIBM nekupa hurumende tekinoroji yemauto inodiwa. Mabhanga ari kutsigira rusaruraganda anosanganisira Barclays, Citibank, Commerzbank, Credit Suisse, Deutsche, Dresdner, JP Morgan Chase neUBS.
Kunyange hazvo Mbeki aive mumiriri weAfrican National Congress akadzingwa kunze kwenyika muna 1994 uye aida kuti makambani epasi rose abvise mari kubva kuSA, mumakore akatevera akagadzira amnesia zviri nyore.
Muna 2001, pamusangano weUN World Conference Against Racism (WCAR) muno muDurban, akaongorora chirevo chaiti "US inofanira kutora mutoro uye kubhadhara muripo weTrans-Atlantic Slave Trade." Zvisinei nerutsidzo rwakaitwa neNigeria nedzimwe nyika dzemuAfrica, VaMbeki vakaramba kuti izvi zvinyorwe mugwaro rekupedzisira, vachidaidzira rubatsiro rwakawanda.
Muna Kubvumbi 2003, VaMbeki vakabvumirana naVaBush kuti "hazvigamuchirwi zvachose kuti nyaya dziri pakati peramangwana renyika yedu dzitongwe mumatare ekunze ayo asina mhosva yekugara zvakanaka kwenyika yedu, uye kucherechedzwa kwemaonero. zviri mubumbiro redu remitemo yekukurudzira kuyananiswa kwenyika."
Vakataura "chishuwo chekubatanidza zvizvarwa zvose zveSouth Africa, kusanganisira vagari vemakambani, mumubatanidzwa uye nekuzvidira" - asi vakatadza kufunga nezvekuedza kwakawanda kwakadai kwakaitwa neReparations Task Force naAnglican Archbishop Njongonkulu Ndungane weCape Town, kwemakore asati asvika. mhosva.
Gurukota rezvekutengeserana muSouth Africa, Alec Erwin, akabva asimbirira kuti Pretoria "yaipokana, uye yaizvidza mhosva" nevaratidziri. Chero zvakawanikwa zvichipokana nemakambani "hazvingakudzwe" mukati meSA.
Muna Chikunguru 2003, gurukota rezvemitemo reSA, Penuell Maduna, vakanyorera matare kuti nyaya iyi yaizoodza moyo "inonyanya kudiwa mari yekunze uye inonotsa kuzadzikiswa kwezvinangwa zvehurumende. Chokwadi, kukwidzwa kwemhosva kunogona kukanganisa hupfumi hweSA sezvo mari isiri iyo chete. mutyairi wekukura, asiwo wekushaya mabasa."
Seshamwari yedare rakamirira vaiti (pamwe chete naArchbishop Desmond Tutu), mupi wemubayiro weNobel Joseph Stiglitz akapindura kuti mashoko akadaro akanga โasina hwaro,โ nokuti, โavo vakabatsira kutsigira hurongwa uhu, uye vakaparira kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu. anofanira kuzvidavirira."
Tsamba yaVaMaduna kudare reUnited States ichikumbira kuti nyaya idzi dzibviswe, "nekuda kwekodzero dzekutonga nyika dzekunze dzekudzika mutemo, kutonga uye kugadzirisa nyaya dzemumba pasina kupindira kwekunze." (Mbeki naMaduna havana kuita nhamburiko yekumisikidza SA yega ATCA.)
Asi muna Nyamavhuvhu 2003, pakuvhurwa kwemusangano mukuru weReparations Conference, Berend Schuitema weJubilee SA akashuma kuti Maduna akareurura zvinoshamisa: โChikonzero chaakaita kupokana ndechekuti akakumbirwa kuti apiwe pfungwa pamhosva yaColin Powell. . Akapa Powell mhinduro yake yakanyorwa, Powell achibva ati aifanira kuisa izvi kuMutongi weDare reNew York. Howls kubva pasi. Sachigaro weJubilee SA MP Giyose akaratidza kubhuroka kwegakava rekutonga."
Mukati memwedzi mishomanana, kupindira kwaMaduna mukutonga kwepasi rose kwakatonyanya kutyisa, munyaya yaisanganisira vakadzi vakashungurudzwa neJapan muHondo Yenyika II. Gumi neshanu "vakadzi vanonyaradza" vanobva kuKorea, China, Philippines neTaiwan vakamhan'arira Tokyo kuUS vachishandisa ATCA. Muna June 2005, Dare Repamusorosoro reUnited States muRuwa rweColombia rakaramba nyaya yavo, richitaura mashoko aMaduna.
Zvichakadaro kumusha, hurumende yeSouth Africa yaingobhadhara mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu emadhora kumhuri dzinosvika zviuru gumi nezvipfumbamwe dzine nhengo dzakapondwa munguva yerusaruraganda kana kushungurudzwa, zvichionekwa semari shoma.
Jubilee yakazotora mukana uyu kutarisana neBarclays mumushandirapamwe wevagari vemo, panguva yekutora mari kweLondon 2005 kubhanga rechipiri pakukura reSA, ABSA. Gurukota rezvemitemo reSA Brigitte Mabandla (akatsiva Maduna muna 2004) vakapindura neshamwari dzedare muna Gumiguru 2005 vakamirira bhanga, zvikaita kuti varatidzire neJubilee.
Vachitungamirwa naBrutus, Jubilee vakaenderera mberi vachitora mabhanga masere epasi rose ari muSandton: โMabhanga aya akapa mabhiriyoni emadhora ezvikwereti kuHurumende yerusaruraganda, akataurirana patsva zvikwereti zvayo nokudaro zvichiita kuti ishandise zvakatowanda kumauto ayo, uye, munyaya iyi. yeBarclays, yakapa mari zvakananga kuSouth African Defence Force muna 1976."
Chikumbiro cheJubilee chakanga chiri nyore: "Mabhanga ose aya anofanirwa kukumbira ruregerero zvizere kuvanhu veSouth Africa nerutsigiro rwavakapa hurumende yeApartheid, uye kubhadhara muripo kune avo vakatambura nezviito zvayo." Bato reWashington-Mobilization for Global Justice pamwe nemubatanidzwa wevaratidziri vekuSwitzerland vakabatana nevaratidziri veJubilee mukuratidzira kwekubatana.
Kubva kuSandton kuenda kuWashington, Citibank yakanangidzirwa, nekuti sezvakataurwa neSpecial Committee yeUnited Nations inopesana nerusaruraganda muna 1979, "Citigroup yakwereta inoda kusvika 1/5 yemabhiriyoni mashanu emadhora pamwe neiyo yakaenda kutsigira rusaruraganda". MuBerne neZurich, Credit Suisse neUBS dzaive nyaya dzekuratidzira nekuti kubva kutanga kwema5 dzakatsiva mabhanga eUS neBritish sevanopa mari yerusaruraganda.
Kutaura chokwadi, kunetsana kwave kuripo pakati pevamhan'ari izvo zvinoita kuti zvinyanye kuhwina mwoyo nepfungwa dzeruzhinji rwevanhu. Mhosva dzekutanga dzakamhan'arwa negweta reNew York rakazvidzwa (rinoshanda muHolocaust settlement), Ed Fagan, akapesana naNtsebeza.
Zvino, pakati peKhulumani Support Group neJubilee, pakamuka kunetsana panyaya yekuti ndeyamuridzi wenyaya iyi uye pamusoro pemazano ehurongwa. Uye pakati pevaimbova vashandi veJubilee muJohannesburg kune rumwe rutivi, uye kune rumwe rutivi, nhengo dzebhodhi uye zvitsauko zvakawanda zvepurovhinzi, kukakavara kwakamuka kwakamisa sangano kwenguva.
Zvakadaro, Brutus anotenda kuti vamhan'ari vanogona kusvetukira Mbeki kumhan'arira kurudzi rwakapfuma kwazvo rweAfrican nationalism pane iyo inotsamira pakukumbira hutongi. Sangano reAfrican Unity rakaita nyaya yekutsiva mu1993 Abuja Proclamation inopesana neuranda, colonialism, uye neo-colonialism, kukuvadzwa kubva "kusiri chinhu chekare, asi kunoratidzwa zvinorwadza muhupenyu hwakakuvadzwa hwevaAfrica vemazuva ano kubva kuHarlem. kuenda kuHarare, mune hupfumi hwakakanganisika hwenyika yevatema kubva kuGuinea kuenda kuGuyana, kubva kuSomalia kuenda kuSurinam."
"Chikwereti chetsika chinokweretwa kuvanhu veAfrica", iyo Abuja Proclamation inozivisa, inoda "kubhadhara mari yakazara kuburikidza nekutamisa mari uye kubviswa kwechikwereti."
Pamusoro pezvo, chikwereti cheNorthern ecological kuMaodzanyemba chinofanirwa kusimudzwa, mukupesana nezvinopokana zvirevo zvekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kwe "Clean Development Mechanism" mapurojekiti semotokari dzemari yekudzikisa gasi reNyika yechitatu.
Saka chinonetsa kune vanoita zvekuratidzira hachingori kuratidzira uye kuendesa ATCA, uye mukuita - sekutya kweEizenstat - kuhwina mwoyo nepfungwa dzakawanda. Ndezvekuunganidza vamwe vanobatana muAfrica yose neTatu World kuitira kuti zvikumbiro zvinofanirwa kuwedzerwa. Muchiitiko ichi, kubatana uku kune mamwe matunhu kuchaita kuti kurwira kuve kushoropodza kwakadzama kwekusarongeka kwehupfumi, pamidzi yaro, nechinangwa chepurofiti.
VaPatrick Bond vanotungamira Center for Civil Society paUniversity yeKwaZulu-Natal: http://www.ukzn.ac.za/ccs