INGABA iphiko lohlaziyo lwezabasebenzi linenkqubo enokuguqula imibutho?
Lo mbuzo uya kuba sembindini wengxoxo phakathi kwe-2,000-kunye nabazimasayo kule veki yeeNgcaciso zeNgcaciso zenkomfa [1] eChicago. Isenokuba lelona ndibano likhulu kwezakha zakho kwiindibano ezibanjwa qho emva kweminyaka emibini ukusukela ngo-1979 ngokunxulumene nemagazini kunye newebhusayithi Amanqaku eLabour.
Le ntlanganiso iya kudibanisa amagosa aphezulu kunye namalungu emibutho yasekhaya neyamazwe ngamazwe anyule ubunkokeli obunenkqubela kule minyaka yakutshanje, kubandakanywa neChicago Teachers Union, eyathi ngo-2012 yafumana olona loyiso lukhulu kugwayimbo lwabasebenzi kwiminyaka emininzi. Kwabanye abakhoyo iza kuba ziinkokeli zeManyano yoThutho oluManyeneyo, iManyano yaBasebenzi bePosi baseMelika (i-APWU) kunye neManyano yaMazwe ngaMazwe yabaSebenzi beNkonzo (i-SEIU) yowama-1021.
Iingxoxo zohlaziyo kwiimanyano ezahlukeneyo ziya kubakho, nazo. Abasebenzi abakushishino olunye kodwa bengamalungu emibutho eyahlukeneyo-njengabongikazi-baceba ukuvuselela uqhagamshelwano. Abasebenzi abarhola imivuzo ephantsi abalwela umvuzo we-15 yeedola ngeyure kunye nemanyano yabasebenzi nabo baya kuzimasa. Ukubandakanyeka kwabasebenzi kwezopolitiko ezizimeleyo-umba obalulekileyo onikwe imvumelwano yoshishino lwamaqela amabini aphambili-kwahlelelwe indibano yocweyo enelungu leBhunga lesiXeko sobusoshiyali uKshama Sawant waseSeattle kunye negqala lombutho wombutho uMike Parker, okhankasela usodolophu waseRichmond. , Calif., Njengephiko lasekhohlo elizimeleyo.
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UKUBA baninzi abantu abaza kuvota kusenokubonakala kumangalisa, xa kujongwa ingxaki eqhubekayo yabasebenzi. I-Corporate America, iqhubekile nemibutho ukusukela phakathi koo-1970, ngoku izama ukuyigqiba njengamandla asebenzayo. Abaqeshi becandelo labucala babambe ukudodobala koqoqosho ukuze bacuthe imivuzo kunye nezibonelelo, ngelixa oogxa babo becandelo likarhulumente bechaza intsilelo yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali njengesizathu sokucutha imisebenzi kunye nokunyanzelisa iimvume ezinqatyisiweyo-ingakumbi kwipenshini.
Le ngxubakaxaka, nangona kunjalo, inike uhlengahlengiso lwezabasebenzi indlela entsha yongxamiseko. Amatsha ntliziyo eManyano ngoku kufuneka acwangcise indlela yokumelana nenkqubo yomqeshi ejolise ekunyanzeliseni ukwehla okunzulu kumgangatho wokuphila kubasebenzi base-US.
Injongo yeklasi yongxowankulu kukudala iimeko zokuvuselela uqoqosho lwexesha elide ngokusekelwe kumvuzo ophantsi, umvuzo ophantsi wentlalontle (ukunciphisa uKhuseleko lweNtlalo, iMedicare, njl.), iirhafu eziphantsi zenkampani kunye namandla aphantsi ngegesi yasekhaya kunye boom boom. Ifuna ukomeleza ukhuphiswano lwase-US ngokuchasene nabakhuphisana nabo, hayi eYurophu naseJapan kuphela, kodwa naseTshayina nakumazwe asandula ukuhluma. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ishishini liqhubeleka nokunyusa uxinzelelo ngakumbi kwiimanyano.
Uthethathethwano lwemibutho yabasebenzi bakarhulumente lulandele umzobo ofanayo ukususela kwixesha lokudodobala koqoqosho. Umongameli uBarack Obama uye watyhala i-ajenda echasene nomanyano ngokusebenzisa imiqathango erhabaxa echasene nezabasebenzi ye-2009 ye-bailout ye-auto [2], iRace-bashing Race ukuya kwinkqubo ephezulu yowiso-mthetho [3], i-right-to-work-style regime. kwi-Federal Aviation Administration, ukupheliswa amashumi amawaka imisebenzi yeNkonzo yePosi yase-US [4], kunye nokumisa intlawulo kubasebenzi be-federal-kutsha nje kurhoxisiwe, kodwa okufanelekile ukukhumbula ixesha elizayo usiva u-Obama ethetha ngokunyusa umvuzo omncinci.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, abaqeshi baphumelele kakhulu ekulandeleni le ajenda. Ezinye iipesenti ezingama-95 zengeniso epheleleyo ngexesha lokuvuselelwa koqoqosho [5] ukusuka ku-2009 ukuya ku-2013 ukuya kwezona zityebi zi-1 ekhulwini.
Ngeli xesha, kuninzi lwabantu, umgangatho wokuphila uyaqhubeka ukuhla kwiminyaka emihlanu ukuya kuphuculo lwezoqoqosho-okokuqala ukwenzeka oko kwiMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi. Abantu bemibala, njengesiqhelo, baye babethwa kakhulu, kunye nentswela-ngqesho phakathi kwama-Afrika aseMelika kwinqanaba eliphindwe kabini labamhlophe, kunye nokungaqeshwa kweLatino kuphezulu kakhulu kunomndilili, nako.
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ZIJONGANE nale blitzkrieg, iinkokeli eziphezulu zeemanyano zabasebenzi ziye zanika iminyinyiva ngendlela engazange ibonwe ngaphambili ngethemba lokuba zinokuvuselela intsebenziswano yolawulo lwezabasebenzi ukususela kwiimini ezadlulayo zeBig Labor ngeminyaka yoo-1950 no-'60s. Kodwa iCorporate America inomdla ngakumbi ekutyumzeni iimanyano kunokusebenzisana nabo.
Kangangokuba, izicwangciso zabasebenzi ezinokuthi zibenako ukuzisa iinkonzo-ubuncinci ngamanye amaxesha-azanelanga kwaphela kuqoqosho lwanamhlanje, kwaye phambi kwemvumelwano yamacala amabini malunga nemigaqo-nkqubo exhasa urhwebo eyaziwa ngokuba yiniyoliberalism.
Iimfuno zemivuzo kunye nophuculo lwenzuzo ziyahlekwa kwitafile yengxoxo ngaphandle kokuba iiyuniyoni zinokwenza isoyikiso sogwayimbo olukholelekayo. Abasebenzi abaqhankqalaza kwicandelo labucala bajongene nengozi yokutshintshwa ngokusisigxina ngaphandle kokuba banobumbano olufunekayo ukunqanda ukhwekhwe. Abasebenzi becandelo likarhulumente abafuna imivuzo encumisayo, inkamnkam kunye neemeko zokusebenza baxatyiswa kumajelo eendaba ngokuba bathathela abanye abasebenzi imali yerhafu.
Amanani abalisa ibali elibi. Imibutho ngo-2013 yalahlekelwa ngamalungu angama-400,000 nangona uqoqosho luphucula [6]. Abasebenzi bebonke bazizigidi ezili-14.3. Ukukhula okuqhubekayo kubungakanani babasebenzi kuthetha ukuba ingxinano yemibutho-ipesenti yabasebenzi kwimibutho-yehle kakhulu, nayo, ukusuka kwi-11.8 lepesenti ukuya kwi-11.3 yeepesenti. Kwicandelo likarhulumente, malunga nama-35.3 ekhulwini abasebenzi bebekwimibutho yabasebenzi; kwicandelo labucala, inani liyi-6.7 yeepesenti, iminyaka engama-97 ephantsi.
Iqhinga leenkokeli zomanyano-ukuba kunokubizwa ngolo hlobo-ukuhlangabezana noku kwehla kuyaphikisana.
Olunye uphuhliso oluhle kukuba imibutho yabasebenzi iye yazama ukuququzelela abasebenzi abafumana imivuzo ephantsi, iqala ngabaphambukeli kwiminyaka yoo-2000, kwaye namhlanje kuMlo wamaphulo ali-15 kwilizwe lonke. Okona kulungileyo, i-Fight for 15 campaigns have tap the energy seen around the Occupy Wall Street movement [7] kwaye igxile kumlo wokuphucula umgangatho wokuphila wabasebenzi.
Kwangaxeshanye, nangona kunjalo, iinkokeli eziphezulu zemibutho zikuyekile ukukhusela imigangatho yokuphila โyePhupha laseMelikaโ kwiindawo zakudala zabasebenzi kwimveliso.
I-United Auto Workers (UAW), umzekelo, igcine "intsebenziswano" kunye neDetroit Three automakers ngokuvuma "umgangatho weshishini" lokuhlawula kunye neemeko zokusebenza njengenxalenye ye-2009 federal bailout yeGeneral Motors kunye neChrysler. Ngokwenyani, oku kwakuthetha ukulahla amashumi eminyaka eenzuzo zomanyano [8] kunye nokwamkela imigangatho yezityalo zase-US ezingasebenziyo eziqhutywa ngabavelisi beemoto ezifana neToyota, Nissan kunye neHonda. Le minyinyiva yaba ngumba ophambili ekusileleni kwe-UAW yakutsha nje ukuququzelela abasebenzi kwiplanti yeVolkswagen [9] eChattanooga, Tenn.
Ngokufanayo, i-International Association of Machinists (IAM) ibeka ubudlelwane bayo nesigebenga se-aerospace i-Boeing phambi komdla wamalungu ombutho wenqanaba kunye neefayile. Xa i-Boeing isoyikisa ngokuhambisa imveliso yenqwelomoya entsha eyi-777X kwindawo engeyoyabasebenzi eMzantsi Carolina ngaphandle kokuba abasebenzi baseBoeing kwilizwe laseWashington bathathe iimvumelwano eziqatha ekuvuleni kwakhona ikhontrakthi, inqanaba kunye nefayile yasikhaba isigqibo-kodwa uMongameli we-IAM uThomas Buffenbarger uye wasiqhubela phambili. ivoti yesibini [10] ekupheleni kwekhefu leeholide.
Ubuthathaka beemanyano zemveliso baphinde bagxininiswa ngokugqithiswa kwemithetho echasene nomanyano "yelungelo lokusebenza" e-Indiana naseMichigan [11]-into engenakucingelwa nje kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo.
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IMIBUTHO EMIKHULU yecandelo likarhulumente, nayo, iswele kabuhlungu kwiqhinga lokuqhubela phambili ngokuchasene nohlaselo oluphawulwa nguMthetho we-10 weGov. Emva kokulawula uqhanqalazo olukhulu lwabasebenzi luka-2011 kude noqhanqalazo kunye nezenzo zomsebenzi kunyulo lokukhumbula olwehlulekileyo [12] kuWalker, iinkokheli zemanyano yecandelo likarhulumente kulo mbuso ngoku zongamela intshukumo ekhubazekileyo [13].
Iinkokeli eziphezulu zemibutho yootitshala emibiniโethi xa idibene imele elona qela likhulu labasebenzi abamanyeneyoโnazo ziseluxolweni. Kwanasemva koqhankqalazo oluyimpumelelo lweCTU [14] ka-2012, umba okhethekileyo wemagazini yaseMelika yeeTeshala [15] yabongoza amalungu ayo ukuba angalandeli umzekelo wokulwa waseChicago, kodwa endaweni yoko afune intsebenziswano enkulu namagosa esikolo. Ngeli xesha, imibutho yabasebenzi inikezela ngeenzuzo ezixabisa amashumi eminyaka malunga nokhuseleko lomsebenzi kunye nentlawulo.
Ukurhoxa kweemanyano ezinkulu kumise eyona ndibano yamva nje ye-AFL-CIO [16], ebibanjwe ngoSeptemba ophelileyo eLos Angeles. I-federation yabasebenzi, eqonda ukuba imibutho ibuthathaka kwaye isengozini yokuzihlukanisa, yavula iingcango zayo kumaqela afana ne-NAACP, iBhunga leSizwe laseLa Raza kunye ne-Sierra Club.
Kumbutho obukade ungekho ngokwembali kwaye ubuchasana nemibutho yentlalontle, oku yayilinyathelo eliya phambili ngandlelโ ithile, ligunyazisa uluhlu lweengxoxo zezopolitiko ngobuhlanga, imfuduko kunye nokusingqongileyo kwimibutho yabasebenzi. Ukanti ekuqulunqweni kukaMongameli we-AFL-CIO uRichard Trumka, abasebenzi babezimisa ngakumbi njengentshatsheli yeentshukumo zomzabalazo, kodwa endaweni yoko bahlaziya indawo yabo phakathi kwezopolitiko zeqela elinomdla ngaphakathi kwiDemocratic Party.
Kukho imida engqongqo kolu manyano, kwakhona: nangona abasebenzi bezama ukukhawulelana namaqela endalo esingqongileyo, iTrumka ivume ukwakhiwa kombhobho ocetywayo we-Keystone XL [17], ibeka ukudalwa kwamawaka ambalwa emisebenzi yeemanyano ngaphambi kwentlekele yokusingqongileyo enokwenzeka.
Ngaphaya koko, i-AFL-CIO iye yahlengahlengisa izakhiwo zayo kwinqanaba likarhulumente ukuze idityaniswe neenzame zokuphuma kwivoti yeDemokhrasi. Oku kuphawule okunye ukurhoxa kwindima eyimbali yombutho njengommeli wabasebenzi kwindawo yokuvelisa.
Kwelakhe icala, i-SEIU, umqalisi wotshintsho olwenzekayo lokuphumelela umanyano lwabasebenzi, wayishiya ngokucacileyo ukumelwa komgangatho wevenkile kwiminyaka eliqela eyadlulayo [18]. Umbutho wabasebenzi uthabathe indawo yabasebenzi abamele umbutho emsebenzini-- namaziko okufowunela ukujongana nezikhalazo zabasebenzi.
Ngolu luvo, amagosa evenkile ayenexesha lakudala kwaye engasebenzi. Imanyano yabasebenzi yanamhlanje, impikiswano yahamba, ixhomekeke ekudalweni kwamaziko amakhulu anokuthi ajongane namaqumrhu amakhulu ngokulinganayo. Isebenzisa ezo ngcinga, i-SEIU yenze ubunjineli bokudityaniswa kwabantu basekhaya baba ngamaqumrhu amakhulu anzima kakhulu kumalungu enqanaba kunye nefayile ukulawula ngokwedemokhrasi.
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INGQUNGQUTHELA YAMANQAKU EZABASEBENZI kunye nokupapashwa kwamagama afanayo, ngokuchaseneyo, bezisoloko zixoxa ukuba amandla omanyano kufuneka asekelwe kwindawo yokusebenza-kwaye idemokhrasi yomanyano yayibalulekile ukuphumeza oku. Ngenxa yeso sizathu, i-Labour Notes isoloko iyindawo yokubhekisela kubahlaziyi bomanyano abavela kwiimvelaphi ezahlukeneyo.
Ingxelo yabahlaziyi bemibutho yabasebenzi abasezikhundleni ibingalingani. Ngaphezulu kwamatyala ambalwa, iinkokeli ezintsha zavotelwa e-ofisini ngamalungu adikwe ngunogada omdala ongasebenziyo, kodwa babengenaso isiseko sobutsha ntliziyo kwinqanaba kunye nefayile enokumelana nokuchaswa ngabaqeshi kunye nezinto ezinobutshaba ngaphakathi. ulawulo lomanyano. Ngokufuthi, umphumo ube kukuba abahlaziyi bagxothwa esikhundleni emva kokusilela ukuphumeza iinjongo zabo.
Le nkqubo ayinakuphepheka, nangona kunjalo. Uqhankqalazo lwe-CTU luka-2012 lubonise ukubakho kwentshukumo yenqanaba kunye nefayile ukuze ifumane ulawulo lomanyano ngelixa iqhubeka nokwakha isiseko sayo phakathi kwamalungu asebenzayo. Isiphumo yaba luqhankqalazo oluyimpumelelo ngokuchasene nomnye wezopolitiko ezinamandla kakhulu e-US [19], uMeya waseChicago uRahm Emanuel.
Ngoku, umzekelo wogwayimbo lwe-CTU ulandelwe yimibutho yootitshala yasekuhlaleni malunga namaphulo ekhontrakthi yohlobo lwase-USโCTU kunye namalungiselelo axhomisโ amehlo ogwayimbo aphumelele iikhontrakthi zootitshala ePortland, eOre., naseSt. Paul, Minn., singasathethi ke ngeedolophu nezixeko ezincinci.
Ngokufanayo, kwi-SEIU Local 1021 eMntla California, inkokheli yohlaziyo iye yahlengahlengisa imanyano ukuba ibe yedemokhrasi ngakumbi kwaye yenza uqhankqalazo lwaba sisixhobo kwakhona. Zombini i-CTU kunye ne-Local 1021 ziye zazama ukuvuselela umanyano lwemibutho yezentlalo-oko kukuthi, umzamo obonakalayo nosebenzayo wokwakha imanyano yabasebenzi noluntu ngokuthatha imiba ebanzi yezentlalo, efana nobuhlanga ezikolweni okanye ukungabikho kwezindlu ezifikelelekayo.
Kutshanje, ubunkokeli obutsha be-APWU buqalise iphulo elifanayo lokugcina inkonzo yeposi [20], ukwakha umanyano kunye nezinye iimanyano zeposi kunye namaqela oluntu ajikeleze i-US National Nurses United ithathe imiba yokungalingani kunye nengxaki yokusingqongileyo [ 21]. I-New York State Nurses Association yenza umanyano kumlo wokuthintela izibhedlele ekuvaleni [22].
Iimpembelelo zezi nzame kwintshukumo ebanzi yabasebenzi zilinganiselwe ngoku โ kodwa zibalulekile nangona kunjalo. Babonisa amandla okuba abasebenzi bazimise njengabalweli bezilangazelelo zabo bonke abantu abasebenzayo, nokuba ngumbutho okanye umanyano. Njengoko ukoyiswa kwe-UAW e-Volkswagen kubonisile, iimanyano zabasebenzi azisayi kuphinda zakhiwe ngokutsha nje ngokuququzelela iplanti ngeplanti okanye iofisi ngeofisi, kodwa ngokwakha intshukumo yentlalo ebanzi.
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SINOKUKUNCEDA NJANI oku? Njengoko u-Alexandra Bradbury kunye noJane Slaughter bebhala kwiiNqaku zezaBasebenzi [23], "Sifuna amatsha ntliziyo anamava ngakumbi kumxube-abantu bobabini abaziyo into emabayenze kwaye banombono wokuyenza. Ngeminyaka yee-1930, abantu abaneembono ezibaxiweyo nabalandeli bobusoshiyali kwiCIO [iCongress of Industrial Organizations] bayidlala le ndima.โ
Yintoni eyayiyinyani ngeminyaka yee-1930s-enye ixesha xa abaqeshi basebenzisa ubunzima bezoqoqosho ukuzama ukwenza buthathaka okanye ukuphelisa iimanyano-kuyinyani namhlanje. Into efunekayo kukusebenza ngamandla ekhohlo-kunye nenkqubo yobusoshiyali ngaphakathi kuyo-ngaphandle kobuqhophololo kwiDemocratic Party okanye ukubanakho โkwentsebenziswanoโ nabaphathi.
Ngokuthatha imiba eyahlula abasebenzi-njengocalucalulo, ucalucalulo ngokwesini, ukuxhaphaza abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe kunye ne-homophobia-umkhosi oshiywe ngasekhohlo unokutyhala umva ngokuchasene neqhinga labaqeshi lokwahlula kunye nokoyisa kunye nokudibanisa imibutho yabasebenzi kunye nokubonakaliswa okunamandla komzabalazo wentlalo obandakanya ukusebenza. abantu, amalungu omabini emibutho hayi, kulo lonke uluntu US.
Kodwa igalelo labasebenzi abanjalo alikho malunga nokuphakamisa imiba yezopolitiko kuphela. Kukwamalunga nokwakha kwakhona amandla omanyano, ngokusekwe kumbindi wenqanaba kunye nefayile kunye nokuzimisela ukusebenzisa amaqhinga omkhosi. Ukuba โnamatsha ntliziyo anamava kumxubeโ kukuthatha isigqibo kumgangatho wevenkile wokulungiselela nokuthatha inyathelo.
Ngaphandle kokuba kwaye de imibutho yabasebenzi ibonise amandla abo emsebenzini, abaqeshi baya kuqhubeka begqithisa phezu kwabo. Yayilugwayimbo lokuhlala phantsi e-General Motors ngo-1936, emva kwayo yonke loo nto, eyanyanzelisa ishishini ukuba ekugqibeleni livume imibutho emikhulu yamashishini.
Ukuze la mandla aphinde akhiwe, ugxininiso kumbutho ozimeleyo wenqanaba kunye nefayile kubalulekile. Nditsho nezona nkokeli zemanyano yabasebenzi zinamandla kwaye zinenkqubela ziya kuba phantsi koxinzelelo olukhulu oluvela kubaqeshi. Intshukumo eyazisebenzelayo, enenkathalo yezopolitiko ingundoqo ekuqhubeleni phambili umzabalazo.
Ukuguqula iimanyano kunye nokufumana intshukumo ihamba kwakhona yiprojekthi yexesha elide, kunjalo. Kodwa inkomfa yeLabour Notes iza ngexesha elifanelekileyo ukwenza igalelo ekwakheni umlo wasekhohlo wabasebenzi.
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[1] http://www.labornotes.org/conference
[2] http://socialistworker.org/2009/04/06/autoworkers-get-the-stick
[3] http://socialistworker.org/2012/12/04/race-to-the-top-gets-an-f
[4] http://socialistworker.org/2011/09/15/a-manufactured-postal-crisis
[6] http://www.bls.gov/news.release/union2.nr0.htm
[7] http://socialistworker.org/2013/09/23/what-will-get-labor-moving
[8] http://socialistworker.org/2011/09/21/gm-contract-or-con-trick
[9] http://socialistworker.org/2014/02/21/bargaining-to-disorganize
[10] http://socialistworker.org/2014/01/06/blackmail-and-betrayal-at-boeing
[11] http://socialistworker.org/2012/02/23/labor-setback-in-indiana
[12] http://socialistworker.org/2012/06/12/election-disaster-in-wisconsin
[13] http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/23/business/wisconsins-legacy-for-unions.html?pagewanted=all
[14] http://socialistworker.org/2013/09/12/when-chicago-teachers-rose-up
[15] https://www.aft.org/newspubs/periodicals/ae/winter1314/anrig.cfm
[16] http://socialistworker.org/2013/09/18/labors-days-in-la-la-land
[17] http://socialistworker.org/2014/02/05/standing-in-the-way-of-the-pipeline
[18] http://socialistworker.org/2008/06/02/where-stern-wants-to-take-labor
[19] http://socialistworker.org/2012/09/26/what-the-ctu-accomplished
[20] http://socialistworker.org/2014/03/25/a-new-postal-workers-unity
[21] http://socialistworker.org/2013/03/07/why-labor-should-oppose-the-pipeline
[22] http://socialistworker.org/2011/09/13/nurses-union-in-new-york
[23] http://labornotes.org/2014/03/how-fan-flames
[24] http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0
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