VNgokwenyani wonke umntu wezopolitiko weqela leDemocratic Party, omnyama okanye omhlophe, ubanga ilifa likaMartin Luther King Jr.
Ilityelwe lula kukuba kwiminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe, ngaphambi kokubulawa kwakhe ngo-1968, uKumkani. qhekeza kunye noMongameli weDemokhrasi uLyndon Johnson malunga neMfazwe yaseVietnam kunye nokusilela kwabalawuli ukunyanzelisa umthetho wamalungelo oluntu eMzantsi. Leyo yinto ekungekho maDemokhrasi akwinqanaba lesizwe azimisele ukuyenza namhlanje.
Ngelixa uhlaziyo olwalukhuthazwa nguKumkani kubomi bakhe bonke lwalunobulali xa luthelekiswa neemfuno zabalandeli bobuzwe abantsundu, nangona kunjalo bagwetywa ngamaDemokhrasi afanayo athe azama ukuguqula uKumkani abe ngumfanekiso wamagorha kunye nophawu lwendawo yokuhlala emnyama. inkqubo.
Ukuze uqonde ukutshintshwa kweKumkani ekugqibeleni ukuya ngakwesobunxele, kuyimfuneko ukujonga imizabalazo yeklasi eyayixhasa intshukumo yamalungelo oluntu kunye nohlobo lombutho kaKumkani, iNkomfa yobuNkokheli bamaKristu aseMzantsi (SCLC).
Xa uKumkani wayevela njengenkokeli ye Montgomery Bus Boycott ngeminyaka yoo-1950, wayephambili kumbutho wasekuhlaleni owathi umzekelo wakhe walandelwa kwizixeko ezininzi zaseMazantsi kwiminyaka eyalandelayo. Umbutho awawuncedayo wafumanisa, i-SCLC, yaseka iiofisi ezininzi zentsimi, kodwa ngokusisiseko yayiliqela labaququzeleli abaziingcali ababefuduka besuka kwisixeko baye kwisixeko ukuze babandakanyeke kwimizabalazo eyaqalwa ngabafundi basekuhlaleni abamnyama, abasebenzi kunye namafama.
Injongo ye-SCLC yayingekuko ukunceda aba bavukeli ukuba baphuhlise ngokuzimeleyo, kodwa kunokuba baholele ekungqubaneni okungekho mthethweni kunye nabacalucalulo kunye namapolisa akhohlakeleyo kunye namapolisa karhulumente axhasa umthetho weJim Crow. Ngokutsho iinkokeli SCLC ezifana UHoseya Williams kwaye Wyatt T. Walker, urhulumente wobumbano uya kunyanzeleka ukuba angenelele ukuze axhase abalwela amalungelo oluntu ukuze aphelise lo qhushululu.
Ekuqaleni, eli qhinga lalibonakala lisebenza. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo saxhasa iMontgomery Bus Boycott. UMongameli uKennedy wazisa umthetho wamalungelo oluntu emva kokuba iBirmingham, i-AL amapolisa ahlasela ngokuphindaphindiweyo imingcelele eququzelelweyo yeSCLC ngo-1963, kwaye umthetho oyilwayo waba ngumthetho emva konyaka. Ukujongana ngezikhondo zamehlo ISt Augustine, FL kunye no-Selma, u-AL wakhuthaza umlandeli kaKennedy, uLyndon Johnson, ukuba atyhale uMthetho wamaLungelo okuvota ka-1965 ngeNkongolo.
U-Kennedy noJohnson baxhasa amalungelo oluntu kuphela xa babekholelwa ukuba kwakuyimfuneko ukuphelisa imvukelo yabamnyama. Babengenamnqweno wokwahlukanisa iphiko elinamandla le-Southern Dixiecrat leqela labo. Uqhanqalazo lweKing kunye ne-SCLC lunonyamezelwa lo gama nje luhlala โlungenabundlobongela,โ lwalukhawulelwe ekulweni nokucalulana eMzantsi, kwaye aluzange lucele umngeni kucalucalulo lwezoqoqosho olunobuhlanga olusekelwe kwi-capitalism yase-US.
Kodwa ngo-1965, ukuthembeka kukaKumkani phakathi kwamatsha ntliziyo aseMazantsi kwakwehla. Umkhwa we-SCLC wokufika edolophini phakathi komzabalazo, ukubamba indawo yeendaba, kunye nokuxoxisana ngokulungiswa kwabacaphukisa bobabini abantsundu basekhaya kunye namalungu akhulayo eKomiti yoLungelelaniso yoBundlobongela yabafundi (SNCC), ababezama ukunceda abantu abamnyama baseMazantsi baphuhlise. ubunkokeli babo.
Okwangoku, u-black nationalist uMalcolm X wachaza ngokufanelekileyo ukuba ukungabikho kobudlova okukhuthazwa nguKumkani kunye ne-SCLC kubonakalisa abamnyama ukuba bahlaselwe ngamapolisa kunye nama-tugs anobuhlanga.
Ukugxekwa kukaKumkani kufikelele kwincopho entsha eSelma ngo-1965, apho amapolisa adubula irhasi kunye namatshantliziyo awayezama ukuya kwikomkhulu lelizwe eMontgomery. Xa kwakuququzelelwa umngcelele wesibini, amapolisa akazange awuthintele. Kodwa uKumkani wakhokela abaqhankqalazi babuyela eSelma kunokuba bachase isigwebo senkundla. Oku kurhoxa, kunye nokwamkelwa kukaKumkani kwemvume yophawu evela kwabezopolitiko bakwaSelma, kwathiwa kukuthengiswa ngabanoburhalarhume.
Iiyantlukwano zachitheka ekuhleni emva konyaka UJames Meredith, umfundi wokuqala omnyama ukuya kwiDyunivesithi yaseMississippi, wadutyulwa kumngcelele wakhe woqhanqalazo eyedwa kulo lonke ilizwe. Inkosi kunye nenkokeli yeSNCC Waqina uCarmichael (kamva eyaziwa ngokuba nguKwame Ture) babephakathi kweenkokeli zamalungelo oluntu eziye zajoyina abaphembeleli abangamakhulu aliqela ukugqiba imatshi kaMeredith ngehlobo lika-1966.
Behlanjululwe zizigebenga ezinobuhlanga kunye namapolisa akhohlakeleyo kwinyathelo ngalinye lendlela, abaqhankqalazi abanomsindo bajoyina ngomdla ingoma kaCarmichael ethi "Amandla aMnyama" kwaye bamamela ngokunyanisekileyo kwiimbono zakhe zobuzwe. Ngelixa uKumkani wenqaba ukujoyina iinkokeli zamalungelo oluntu amnyama ekuhlaseleni isilogeni saMandla oMnyama njengobuhlanga, wenqaba ukuyixhasa ngenxa yokuba yayithetha ubundlobongela kwaye yayiza kukhupha inkxaso enokubakho emhlophe.
โKufuneka siyiguqule intshukumo yethu ibe ngamandla alungileyo nanobuchule,โ utshilo xa ebuzwa ngoluvo lwakhe ngoCarmichael. Kumajoni amnyama, uKumkani wayejongwa njengomntu othengisayo. Kodwa kwiinkululeko zeDemokhrasi, ezixhalabileyo ngenxa yempembelelo yezimvo zobuzwe abamnyama kunye nemvukelo yabantsundu exhaphakileyo kwizixeko ezisemantla, isikhundla sikaKumkani sasibonakala sisiqinisekiso soMnyama oMnyama.
UKumkani waqaphela ukuba uzama ukuvala umsantsa osoloko ukhula. โUrhulumente kufuneka andinike uloyiso ukuba ndiza kugcina abantu bengenabundlobongela,โ utshilo. Ngapha koko, uKumkani kungekudala uza kujongana neDemokhrasi yaseMntla njengotshaba oluvulekileyo. Ekubeni uMthetho wamaLungelo okuvota ka-1965 wawuphelise ngokusesikweni umthetho wokugqibela wocalucalulo weJim Crow yaseMazantsi, uKumkani kunye ne-SCLC bajikela ingqalelo yabo kwabantsundu abasakhulayo baseMntla.
Ikhefu lokugqibela likaKumkani noJohnson lafika ngo-Epreli ka-1967 xa uKumkani wabiza i-US ukuba iphume kwimfazwe โyamathangaโ eVietnam.
Ngelixa inani leesentolo zeDemokhrasi ezibalulekileyo sele zijikile ngokuchasene nemfazwe, uninzi lweenkokheli eziphezulu zamalungelo oluntu zaqhubeka nokuxhasa ulawulo. Amaphephandaba enkululeko afana ne ENew York Times kwaye Washington Post, owayedla ngokuba novelwano kuKumkani xa kwakusilwa amalungelo abantu eMzantsi, wamhlasela ngenxa yokuchasa imfazwe.
UJohnson oziphindezelayo wavumela i-FBI ukuba inyuse ukuxhatshazwa kwayo kwexesha elide kuKumkani kunye nezinye iinkokeli zeSCLC. Umongameli waba ligqabi ngumsindo akuva ngezicwangciso zikaKumkani zokukhokela a UMatshi wabantu abahluphekayo eWashington ukuvala i-US Capitol.
UJohnson kunye neDemokhrasi baye bathembela kumaqhinga kaKumkani angenabugorha kunye nenkxaso yakhe kwiqela labo njengento ebalulekileyo echasene nenani elikhulayo lama-radicals kwimvukelo yaMandla aMnyama. Xa uKumkani wayegxeka imfazwe ngo-1967, iiDemokhrasi zamthatha njengomngcatshi.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuphumla kukaKumkani kunye neDemocrats akuzange kumfumane inkxaso yabantsundu baseMantla, apho uvukelo lwasezitalatweni lwatshayela zonke izixeko ezinkulu zelizwe. Ipolitiki yabalandeli besizwe abantsundu ababukhali ngakumbi - ngakumbi ukukhuthaza kwabo ukuzikhusela xa bejongene nobundlobongela obunobuhlanga - babonakala bethetha ngakumbi kumzabalazo kwezi meko.
Ukuhlaselwa ukusuka kokubini nasekhohlo, uKumkani waphoqeleka ukuba acinge kwakhona ngomsebenzi wakhe kunye nombutho awayewukhokela, i-SCLC. "Kufuneka sivume ukuba kukho umda wempumelelo yethu eMzantsi," uxelele intlanganiso yebhodi ye-SCLC ngo-1967. I-SCLC kuya kufuneka ibize "ukwabiwa ngokutsha kobutyebi namandla." Ngamaxesha amaninzi, uKumkani uxelele abancedisi bakhe ukuba i-US idinga i-socialism yedemokhrasi eya kuqinisekisa imisebenzi kunye nengeniso kubo bonke.
Ezinye iinkokeli ze-SCLC, ezifana no-Andrew Young, u-Jesse Jackson, no-Ralph Abernathy, babenobutshaba kwizicwangciso ze-Matshi yabantu abahluphekileyo. Iofisi ye-SCLC ye-Southern field office yayingahoywa ngexesha lomzamo ongathandekiyo wokulungelelanisa ngokuchasene nokwahlulwa kwezindlu e-Chicago, kwaye iiofisi ze-Northern zeqela zazibuthathaka ngakumbi.
Ngaphezu koko, isicwangciso sangqubana nokuqhelaniswa nongxowankulu abamnyama beSCLC's Umsebenzi we-Breadbasket, ikhokelwa nguJackson. "Ukuba unomdla wokwenza izinto zakho kangangokuba awukwazi ukwenza oko umbutho umiselwe ukuba ukwenze, qhubeka," utshilo uKumkani ephendula ukugxeka kukaJackson ngomngcelele. "Ukuba ufuna ukwenza i-niche yakho kuluntu, qhubeka, kodwa ngenxa kaThixo, ungandikhathazi!"
Nangona kunjalo, iiDemokhrasi zabona ukungcatshwa kwiPhulo likaKumkani elihlwempuzekileyo-ngelixa iphiko elifanelekileyo libhengeze ukuba lingqina ibango labo lexesha elide lokuba uKumkani wayengumKomanisi. Ezi zinto, zikhuthazwa liphulo likamongameli we-Segregationist Alabama Gov. George Wallace, wasongela esidlangalaleni ubomi bukaKumkani.
Ejongene nobutshaba obuvela kulawulo lukaJohnson, ukugxekwa ngabo bobabini abezizwe abantsundu kunye nokusekwa kwabantsundu, kunye nabasebenzi abahluleleneyo, uKumkani wayekhelelwa yedwa ngokwezopolitiko kunanini na ngaphambili xa wayebulawa eMemphis ngoAprili 4, 1968 - ngaphantsi kweeveki ezintathu ngaphambi kokuba Iphulo labantu abahluphekileyo yayiza kuqalisa. UKumkani wayeye eMemphis ukuxhasa uqhankqalazo lwabasebenzi abamnyama bezococeko - nguye kuphela inkokeli yamalungelo oluntu ukwenza oko.
Kodwa akuzange kube kudala emva kokufa kwakhe apho amajelo eendaba e-hacks yodidi olulawulayo aqala ukuguqula uKumkani ukuba abe yingcwele engenabungozi.
Ukwenza oku, nangona kunjalo, kwafuneka bangcwabe ilifa lokwenyani likaMartin Luther King - zombini inkokeli yemizabalazo yangaphambili yombutho wamalungelo oluntu owala ukwamkela izibongozo zomonde kunye nokumodareyitha kumahlakani akhe eDemokhrasi ekhululekileyo, kunye nokuqina ngakumbi. inkokeli emnyama ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1960 nombono wayo wokuba yintoni ekufuneka iguqulwe eluntwini uye wanda kakhulu.
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Nikela