Tukubulawa kwabantu abalithoba base-Afrika baseMelika - babulawa kwiCawe yase-Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church eCharleston, SC, ngoyena mntu umhlophe uDylann Storm Roof - sesinye isihelegu kwimbali yobundlobongela obunobuhlanga obujoliswe ekugrogriseni abantu abamnyama, ukususela ngemihla yabo. ebukhobokeni kwimizamo yabo yokulungelelanisa ngokwezopolitiko kunye nokujoyina imibutho yabasebenzi, kude kube namhlanje.
Izenzo zokubulala zikaRoof zibonisa unxibelelwano phakathi koloyiko olusekuhleni lobuhlanga bukaJim Crow wakudala kunye ne-bland, izizathu ezisemthethweni zokuvalelwa ngobuninzi kwamadoda ase-Afrika-Amerika kunye nokubulawa kwamapolisa ngobuhlanga athi umbhali uMichelle Alexander "UJim Crow omtsha. "
Kwezi ntsuku, ubundlobongela bobuhlanga eMzantsi Carolina ubukhulu becala buqhutywa ngokunyanzeliswa komthetho - njengokudutyulwa kwe-4 ka-Epreli kwendoda yase-Afrika yaseMelika, uWalter Scott, eNorth Charleston. Ukuba izimvo zikaRoof zocalucalulo kunye nengxoxo eqhelekileyo yezicwangciso zakhe zokubulala abantsundu azizange zibonakale zigqama, kungenxa yokuba iimvakalelo ezinjalo azikude kangako kwingxoxo yemihla ngemihla kwinkqubo apho amapolisa aye athomalalisa abantu abamnyama kangangokuba banokudutyulwa rhoqo. , uxhobile okanye awukho - kungekhona nje eMzantsi, kodwa ngaphesheya kwe-US.
Ukubulawa kwabantu abaninzi kunokuba bekusothusa, kodwa ukwamkelwa kukaRoof kubundlobongela obucalucalulo akunako ukothusa ngokwenene. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, uMzantsi Carolina uye wafaka ukongama okumhlophe ngokugcina iflegi yemfazwe ye-Confederate ibhabha ngaphezulu kwendlu yaseburhulumenteni.
Kodwa iflegi ye-Confederate luphawu kuphela localucalulo olundele nzulu olubumba ipolitiki yaseMzantsi Carolina ukuza kuthi ga kulo mhla- kungekuphela nje kwezopolitiko zamaRiphabhlikhi anamandla, kodwa ekunyanzeliseni ubomi babantu base-Afrika baseMelika kunye nokuthoba imigangatho yokuphila abasebenzi.
Yiloo nto kanye eyenze ukuba uMzantsi Carolina ube ngumtsalane kwiinkampani ezinkulu zamazwe ngamazwe kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Abaphathi bezobudlelwane boluntu bathathe indawo yabaphathi beempahla ngoku abasebenzisa ubugrogrisi bobuhlanga ngexesha localucalulo lweJim Crow ukugcina uMzantsi Carolina uphantse ungabinamanyano-ehlala unanamhla.
Lo ngumxholo wobundlobongela bobuhlanga eMzantsi Carolina, nokuba buza kwizandla zomntu omhlophe njengoRoof okanye ipolisa eNorth Charleston. Ayiqhubeki ngenxa yokungafezeki kwembali emfamekileyo kwiminyaka eli-150 emva kokuphela kweMfazwe Yamakhaya, kodwa ngenxa yokuba iimeko ezibangela olu gonyamelo ziqhubela phambili ekukhonzeni izityebi nabanamandla, nakwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye eMelika.
Umfanekiso kunye neLifa
Cngokuqinisekileyo, umfanekiso waseMzantsi Carolina utshintshile. UCharleston, onesiqingatha esimnyama kwisizukulwana esidlulileyo, ngoku sele e ezimbini zesithathu umzi omhlophe. Abantu base-Afrika baseMelika bathengiswe ngexabiso kwimarike yezindlu xa ii-gentrifiers zangena, zitsalwa kwizakhiwo zenkulungwane zakudala, ezineendawo zokutyela ezikumgangatho wehlabathi phantsi kwebhloko.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, iCharleston ayikwazi ukuyifihla ngokwenene imbali yayo. Indima ephambili yesixeko kurhwebo ngamakhoboka ufumana ukukhankanya kwiwebhusayithi yezokhenketho ephambili. Fort Sumter, apho secessionists wadubula imbumbulu yokuqala yeMfazwe Civil, na enye stop kukhenketho.
Kodwa yonke into ekhuselekileyo kwixesha elidlulileyo lelo ngoku liyi-cosmopolitan, isixeko esigxile kwindlela yokuphila, apho ivenkile yexabiso leLululemon ye-yoga yempahla ihlala kwindawo emfutshane ukusuka kwiMyuziyam yase-Old Slave Mart. Sekunjalo, ayizizo kuphela iingcali ezihlawulwa kakhulu kunye nee-foodies ezithontelana ukuya eCharleston kunye neendawo eziyingqongileyo. Ukuxinana kwemibutho yaseMzantsi Carolina ephantsi-ipesenti yabasebenzi kwimibutho-kunye neendleko eziphantsi zabasebenzi kutsale utyalo-mali olukhulu kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje.
Kwangoo-1960s, uMzantsi Carolina waqala ukuthengisa imivuzo yawo ephantsi kunye neemanyano ezibuthathaka kubavelisi baseMantla nakwamanye amazwe, nanjengoko umzi-mveliso welaphu olawulayo ngokwesiko wehla. Eli qhinga lasebenza. Ingxilimbela yaseJamani yeekhemikhali uHoechst yeza kuqala, ilandelwa yingxilimbela yamatayara uMichelin, umenzi wezixhobo zemoto uBosch, umenzi wezihlangu u-Adidas, kwaze kwalandela uHitachi.
Utyalo-mali olulandelayo lwafika ngeminyaka yoo-1990, xa iSivumelwano sokuRhweba ngokuKhululwa koMntla Merika (NAFTA) sabonelela abavelisi bezithuthi bangaphandle ngenkuthazo enamandla yemali yokwakha iimoto e-US ukuphepha iirhafu eziphezulu. Njenge ENew York Times umbiko ngo-1993, ii-automakers zaseJamani zatsalwa ziindleko zabasebenzi ezazisisiqingatha senqanaba eJamani:
I-BMW A.G., emva kokujikeleza ihlabathi, ikhethe indawo yodongwe olubomvu oluziihektare ezingama-900 phakathi kweSpartanburg neGreenville ukuze yakhe indawo yokuhlanganisa iimoto. Umtsalane: izithembiso zabasebenzi abanomdla, abaqeqeshwe ngobuchule, ukuba kufutshane kwezibuko laseCharleston kunye nababoneleli ngeemoto abaninzi, inkuthazo yerhafu kunye nemozulu evumayo.
Eminye imitsalane: iikhredithi zerhafu, kubandakanywa neemali ezinkulu kwiirhafu zepropathi kunye nokunciphisa irhafu yengeniso yenkampani ukuya kweyona iphantsi kuMzantsi-mpuma kunye nenye yezona ziphantsi e-US.
Yiyo loo nto i-BMW iphindaphindeke kabini ngo-2014 nge-1 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, utyalo-mali lweminyaka emibini kwiplanti yokudibanisa ukunyusa umthamo wayo ngama-50 ekhulwini. Ngokwenxalenye yayo, i-Honda yenza izithuthi ze-terrain kwi-state. NgoMeyi nje, iVolvo Cars, ngoku ephethwe yinkampani yaseTshayina, yabhengeza ukuba iza kwakha umzi-mveliso weedola ezingama-500 ezigidi kufutshane neCharleston.
Umba wocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga ekuqeshweni usoloko usonga abaqeshi. IKhomishini yamaThuba aLinganayo wamangalela iBMW ngo-2013 ngokusebenzisa iitshekhi zemvelaphi yolwaphulo-mthetho njengesizathu sokugxotha abasebenzi base-Afrika-baseMelika.
UkuVelisa ukungalingani
SUkuqinisekiswa kweCarolina njengendawo ephezulu yokwenziwa kwemveliso kwafika ngo-2011, xa iBoeing yaqala ukwakha eyona nqwelo moya iphambili, i-787, kwisityalo esitsha eNorth Charleston, apho abantu bangama-47 ekhulwini e-Afrika yaseMelika, i-10 ekhulwini laseLatino, kunye nama-41 ekhulwini. ipesenti emhlophe.
Amagosa enkampani athi enze intshukumo nje ukonga iindleko zabasebenzi - kodwa bayenzile besilwa ukugcina into yokuqala ye-Boeing ye-nonunion yorhwebo yendibano yeplanti yeplanti ye-airline-free. Ngo-2013, inkampani yasongela ukuhambisa ukuveliswa kwenye ijethi kwizityalo ezihlangeneyo eWashington State ukuya eNorth Charleston ngaphandle kokuba i-International Association of Machinists yamkele imvume enkulu. Kulo nyaka, iBoeing ibhengeze ukuba iya kwakha i-737 in esinye isityalo esingenamsebenzi eNorth Charleston.
Ngelixa amaziko emizi-mveliso amadala afana neDetroit okanye iGary, IN, abone ilahleko enkulu yemisebenzi yokuvelisa, uMzantsi Carolina ubonisa inzuzo yengqesho kumzi-mveliso, nangexesha lokudodobala koqoqosho. Abasebenzi, abaqeshwe ikakhulu kwizityalo ezitsha, banemveliso ephezulu, kwaye imveliso ngomsebenzi ngamnye inyuke nge-48.7% ukusuka ku-2002 ukuya ku-2012.
Namhlanje, uMzantsi Carolina ukwindawo yeshumi kuwo onke amazwe ngokwemigaqo yokwenziwa kwemveliso njengepesenti yemveliso epheleleyo yezoqoqosho โ inotshi engaphantsi kwe-Ohio kunye nezithuba ezisibhozo eziphezulu kune-Illinois.
Kodwa izibonelelo zithe kratya ukuya phezulu. Ilizwe linesithoba phezulu izinga lentlupheko e-US - 18.6% ngo-2013 - inani elonyuka nanjengoko imveliso iphinde yanda emva kokudodobala koqoqosho. Kwangaloo nyaka, ingeniso yekhaya eliphakathi libekwe kwindawo yamashumi amane e-US.
Olunye uphononongo lwabeka uMzantsi Carolina njengenye ye iindawo ezilishumi ezimbi kakhulu ukuze baziphilise ngenxa yamazinga aphezulu abantu abangaphangeliyo kunye nemivuzo ephantsi. Ke ayizukumangalisa ukuba yi-2.2% kuphela yabasebenzi baseMzantsi Carolina amalungu emibutho. Kuphela ngummelwane waseNorth Carolina, kwi-1.9%, ephantsi.
ICharleston Five
Tiimeko ezilusizi kubasebenzi baseMzantsi Carolina zizo ezigcina inkunzi ingena kurhulumente. Kodwa omnye umazibuthe omkhulu kubatyali-zimali kwimveliso - ngakumbi iinkampani ezinkulu zamazwe ngamazwe - yiPort of Charleston, izibuko lesine elixakekileyo kweli lizwe.
Izibuko laseCharleston likwabonise umqobo kumagosa karhulumente waseMzantsi Carolina azimisele ukuya nakuphi na ukwamkela abatyali zimali abatsha. Kwimeko apho imanyano yabasebenzi ingekho, bekukho eyomeleleyo kwidokhi: Umbutho we-International Longshoreman's Association (ILA) Ingingqi ye1422.
Njengabantu abaninzi be-ILA balapha eMzantsi kunye neGulf Coast, i-Local 1422 iphantse yonke i-Afrika yaseMelika - iqhubela phambili isithethe sabasebenzi abamnyama kumlambo obuyela emva kwimihla yobukhoboka.
Yiyo loo nto ingazange ifane into yokuba, nge-20 kaJanuwari 2000, igqwetha likarhulumente waseRiphabhlikhi uCharlie Condon, ngelo xesha owayelwela ukuba yirhuluneli, wathwala umthwalo wakhe wokuthumela amakhulu amathandathu amapolisa axhobileyo kunye nezikhephe ezinesantya esiphezulu ezixhobe kakhulu ukuba zaphule. umgca we-ILA wokuchola ngokuchasene nenqanawe eyothulwa kunye nomsebenzi ongekho ngamalungu. Ukujongana ngezikhondo zamehlo ngamapolisa kaCondon kubangele ukubanjwa kwamalungu amane ase-Afrika-Amerika e-Local 1422 - uKenneth Jefferson, uPeter Washington, uEliya Ford, kunye noRicky Simmons. Owesihlanu, uJason Edgerton, ilungu le-ILA Local 1771, naye wabanjwa.
UCondon ufumene izityholo zamadoda ngezityholo zobundlobongela kwaye wafunga ukuba anokufumana "intolongo, intolongo, kunye nentolongo engaphezulu." Ngelixa besalindele ukuxoxwa kwetyala, aba bahlanu bavalelwa endlwini ukusuka ngo-7 PM ukuya ku-7 AM, ngaphandle kokuba bebesebenza okanye bebezimasa iintlanganiso zemanyano.
UCondon wayesenza into eyenziwa ngabaqeshi baseMzantsi Carolina kunye nezopolitiko ukusukela ekupheleni kweMfazwe yamakhaya - edlala ikhadi lomdyarho. I-ILA Local 1422 idlale indima ehamba phambili ekunyanzeliseni ukususwa kweflegi ye-Confederate ukusuka phezu kwesakhiwo se-capitol ye-state ngokwayo-nangona yabe ishukunyiswa kufuphi. Umanyano lwakhokelela kumngcelele ochasene neflegi yabantu abangama-47,000, kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuba amapolisa ahlasele kumgca wepikethi we-ILA.
Yintoni uCondon ebengayilindelanga liphulo lesizwe kunye nehlabathi jikelele lenkxaso Charleston Five. Kwiintsuku emva kohlaselo lwamapolisa, amalungu e-West Coast-based International Longshore Union kunye neWarehouse Union ayekhona. Baqalisa ukuqokelela imali eyayiza kuxabisa amakhulu amawaka eedola. Imibutho yabasebenzi baseDockworker ukusuka eSpain ukuya eDenmark bafunga ukuba abasayi kubamba nayiphi na imithwalo elayishwe ngabasebenzi abangekho semthethweni eCharleston.
I-ILA Local 1422 uMongameli uKenneth Riley kunye nezinye iinkokheli zeemanyano zasekhaya bajikeleza i-US, iYurophu, kunye noMzantsi Afrika ukwakha inkxaso, njengenxalenye yomzamo wokubambisana kwezabasebenzi apho lo mbhali wathatha inxaxheba. NgoNovemba ka-2001, uCondon warhoxa kweli tyala, kwaza ukubanjwa kwakhe endlwini kwapheliswa kungekudala emva koko. uloyiso olukhulu olunqabileyo kubasebenzi abacwangcisiweyo.
Iphulo lokukhusela iCharleston Five lizise elubala ubuhlanga, udidi, kunye nabasebenzi eMzantsi Carolina.
I-Local 1422, i-force kwi-waterfront kunye neziko elibalulekileyo kuzo zombini intshukumo yabasebenzi ngokubanzi kunye noluntu lwase-Afrika-Amerika, lwalubophelelekile ukuba lujoliswe ngabaqeshi kunye nabezopolitiko ababeqala ukungcamla ubutyebi kunye namandla avela eMzantsi Carolina kunye neCharleston's. imvuselelo yezoqoqosho. Ngaphezu koko, indima ephambili ye-Local 1422 kumlo wokususa iflegi ye-Confederate kwizakhiwo zikarhulumente yayinyanzelekile ukuba ikhokelele kungquzulwano phakathi komanyano kunye nabapolitiki beRiphabhlikhi bephiko lasekunene abahlala bekhusela olo simboli sobukhulu obumhlophe.
Ekuhambeni kweentetho zakhe ezininzi ukwakha inkxaso Charleston Five, Local 1422 uMongameli Kenneth Riley washwankathela indima yabasebenzi abamnyama e Charleston kunye nomngeni obeka iinjongo ishishini-friendly, Republicans conservative, ukulungele kwaye uzimisele ukudlala. ikhadi lomdyarho kwiphulo labo lokuphelisa iimanyano ngokupheleleyo.
โXa sasifika, sasingumthwalo,โ uRiley uxelele abaphulaphuli babasebenzi beenqwelo-mafutha eMichigan ngokwindla ka-2001. โNgoku, siphethe umthwalo.โ
Ixesha Elinzima
TUqhubekekile awathi uRiley wachaza phakathi komsebenzi wamaAfrika asebukhobokeni kunye nabasebenzi abamnyama bale mihla iyaqhubeka ukumila ubomi bama-Afrika aseMelika.
Kodwa mhlawumbi akukho ndawo apho idlulileyo inobunzima ngakumbi ngoku kunaseMzantsi Carolina. Ukusuka kudidi lwabatyali bobukhoboka ukuya kongxowankulu banamhlanje kunye nabathetha kubo phakathi kwezopolitiko eziphakamileyo, abalawuli baseMzantsi Carolina bahlala besoyikela isoyikiso esibangelwa ngabantu base-Afrika baseMelika kwiminqweno yabo kunye nocwangco lwentlalo abasongamelayo.
Uloyiko lweklasi yokutyala ikoloniyali yakudala yaseMzantsi Carolina yayisekelwe kwinto yokuba abantu ababekhotyokisiwe yayisisininzi esipheleleyo sabemi ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-150. Amakhoboka ayenyanzelwa ukuba asebenze kumasimi erayisi kummandla ophantsi wemalariya, apho inani elingenakubalwa labulawa zizifo. Umbhali-mbali UPeter Wood ucaphula ummi waseSwitzerland owafika ngowe-1737 owathi โuCarolina ukhangeleka njengelizwe lamaNegro kunelizwe elizinze ngabantu abamhlophe.โ
Amakhoboka aseMzantsi Carolina ayegxile kakhulu ngokwezelizwe kunamaqabane awo kwiikholoni ezingabamelwane - ngakumbi kwithafa elingaselunxwemeni, apho aphuhlisa ulwimi lwawo, iGullah, umxube weelwimi zaseAfrika kunye nesiNgesi, esaphila namhlanje. Njengoko uWood echaza:
Kwakukho "ubunzima obubalulekileyo" obuyimfuneko ekugcineni kunye nokudibanisa izithethe zokuziphatha, intetho kunye neentsomi. Kwakukho utyekelo lwentlalo, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha uqoqosho, ukuzimela phakathi kwabantsundu njengoko inani labo lalisanda. Ukwahlukaniswa ngokuzithandela kuluntu olumhlophe kwahamba nabantu abaxineneyo, unxibelelwano olubanzi kunye neendawo zokuhlala ezizimeleyo.
Kunye nolu phuhliso kuye kwakhula ukubaluleka kokusebenza kwamakhoboka aseAfrika anezakhono.
Konke oku kwakusoyikisa iqaqobana labamhlophe, elathi ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1700 lathi lanyusa izinga lengcinezelo, lizithethelela ngokuqhubekayo izenzo zalo ngeembono zokungahoywa kobuhlanga baseAfrika. Ngowe-1739, amakhoboka abala umlinganiselo wegunya aza agqiba kwelokuba athabathe inyathelo kwinto eyathi yabizwa ngokuba yi- Imvukelo kaStono. Kwabulawa abantu abamalunga namashumi amathandathu anesihlanu kuqhankqalazo, amashumi amabini anesihlanu kubo bengabelungu.
Abavukeli baqhubela phambili iveki, kwaye iinzame zokuvukela zaqhubeka ngokuphindaphindiweyo eminye iminyaka emibini, kuquka nesicwangciso sokubamba uCharleston owangcatshwa ngumpimpi. Abavukeli babedla ngokubulawa ngoko nangoko, yaye iintloko zabo zazidla ngokubekwa ekuhleni ukuze bangaxhathisi.
Ulawulo lobukoloniyali lwaphendula ngoMthetho weNegro, umthetho owawuchaza ulawulo olungqongqo lwamakhoboka eMzantsi Carolina awayeza kunyamezela de kube sekupheleni kweMfazwe Yombango emva kwenkulungwane.
Ubugrogrisi bobuhlanga
Tumnqwazi ulungelelwaniso oludala lweza ukudilika kunye noloyiso loMkhosi woManyano ngexesha leMfazwe yoBumba, eyafikelela kuvuthondaba ngo-Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman ekhokela imatsha yakhe edumileyo etyhutyha i-South, etshisa amasimi kunye nokuhlutha impahla njengamakhoboka azikhulule.
Ukuhlala emkhosini waseMzantsi Carolina kunye namanye aseMzantsi kwavula indlela yokuba amakhoboka akhululweyo anyulwe kwiofisi. Xa South Carolina karhulumente yowiso-mthetho ibizwe phantsi komgaqo-siseko omtsha ngo-1868, amalungu e-11 kuma-31 ayemnyama. KwiNdlu, abantu base-Afrika baseMelika bebebaninzi, benezihlalo ezingama-71 kwi-124.
Kudidi oluchithiweyo lwamakhoboka, olwalulawula iDemocratic Party eMzantsi, ukunyuka kwamagosa anyuliweyo amnyama aseRiphabhlikhi amele yonke into abazama ukuyiyeka: umboniso wamandla ezopolitiko, kunye nomlinganiselo wamandla, ngamakhoboka angaphambili.
Inzondelelo yeNkongolo yoKwakha kwakhona yancipha phantsi koxinzelelo lwamawele endlela yokuhlengahlengisa uMzantsi kunye nokujongana neqela elitsha labasebenzi abasebenza kwimizi-mveliso eMntla. EMazantsi e-Carolina, owayesakuba ngumnini wamakhoboka kunye neGeneral Confederate, uWade Hampton, wenze isicwangciso-qhinga sokubuya kwezopolitiko kwiklasi yakhe. Wadibanisa ulwimi loxolelwaniso kunye nokufikelela kwabanye abantu abamnyama baseRiphabhlikhi, nto leyo eyamnceda ukuba aphumelele unyulo luka-1876. Emva koko, wamisela abantu base-Afrika baseMelika kwiiofisi ezahlukeneyo.
Kodwa amandla olongamo lwabamhlophe ayeququzelela. Abanqolobi abamhlophe, abaziwa ngokuba zii-Red Shirts kwaye bekhokelwa ngusopolitiki kunye nomnini-mhlaba ogama linguBen Tillman, babulala abantu base-Afrika baseMelika ngamanani amakhulu ngexesha lephulo lika-1876 lokuzama ukubathintela ekuvoteni.
Kodwa abantu abamnyama baseMzantsi Carolin baxhathisa. Kwidolophu emnyama yaseHamburg, umkhosi wase-Afrika-Amerika wawulungele ukuxhathisa ukujongana ngezikhondo zomkhosi. Idolophu, ubhala Umbhali-mbali u-Eric Foner, "yayiyenye yamaziko amaninzi oKwakha kwakhona amandla aMnyama," enamagqala eMfazwe yamakhaya adlala indima ebalulekileyo.
Ingxabano malunga ne-parade ye-Fourth ye-Julayi yomkhosi omnyama yakhokelela kungquzulwano, apho igosa eliphezulu leDemokhrasi yendawo, u-Gen. Matthew C. Butler, waququzelela amakhulu emikhosi ukuba ahlasele umkhosi. Kwabanjwa amashumi amabini anesihlanu; abahlanu babulawa kanye apho ngabamhlophe abaxhobileyo. Ababulali bakhululwa kamva. Kunjengokuba elinye ingqina lokuzibonela lathi: โUkuba unokufumana amagama achaza le nkohlakalo nobukrwada . . . amandla akho olwimi angaphezulu kwawam.โ UGen. Butler, kunokuba atshutshiswe ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho lwakhe, wanyulwa kwi-Senate yase-US yindlu yowiso-mthetho yaseMzantsi Carolina "ehlawulelweyo".
Imeko yaseMzantsi Carolina yayimandundu kodwa yayingeyonto yodwa. Kwisivumelwano sokusombulula unyulo lukamongameli oluphikisanayo lwe-1876, amaRiphabhlikhi agcina ulawulo lwe-White House ngokubuyisela isivumelwano sokurhoxisa uMkhosi wase-US kwi-Confederacy yangaphambili. Ngaphandle kwenkxaso yemikhosi, abo babesakuba ngamakhoboka bakhawuleza bawafumanisa amalungelo ababewafumene ebuyiselwe umva. Udidi olutsha longxowankulu baseMazantsi lusebenzise umthetho kunye nobunqolobi bobuhlanga ukugrogrisa abantu abantsundu.
Umbutho wePopulist weminyaka yoo-1890s ekuqaleni wadibanisa amafama eclack namhlophe - wawubambe isithembiso somngeni kwintlupheko nokungalingani. EMazantsi eCarolina, uBen Tillman uye wathanda iivoti zamafama ngokuthembisa uhlaziyo. Nje ukuba useofisini, uTillman wazinikela ekuqhubeni imithetho yocalucalulo.
Abantu base-Afrika baseMelika bavalwa ngokufanelekileyo ekuvoteni, zombini ngezithintelo zomthetho kunye nosoyikiso lokutyholwa. Umbhali-mbali uC. Vann Woodward phawula ukuba ngowe-1898, ihlokondiba elimhlophe latshisa umphathi weposi ontsundu ephila ekhayeni lakhe laza ladubula intsapho yakowabo njengoko lalizama ukusaba. Kwangaloo nyaka mnye, abakhweli โabamhlopheโ bagaleleka kwiNqila yaseGreenwood, bebulala yaye begrogrisa abantu abantsundu.
Tillman, wonyulelwe e-US. INdlu yeeNgwevu ngowe-1895, yazingombโ isifuba ngempumelelo yakhe kwezobupolitika ekugxothweni kwabantu baseAfrika baseMerika: โThina [beeSouth Carolinians abamhlophe] samhlutha urhulumente. Sahlohla iibhokisi zokuvota. Sabadubula [abamnyama]. Asinazintloni ngayo. Senze konke okusemandleni ethu . . . Siye sakrwempa iintloko zethu sikhangela ukuba singamsusa njani lo wokugqibela kubo.โ
Le nkqubo yocalucalulo yasinda eSouth Carolina nakwamanye amazwe asemaZantsi amashumi eminyaka angaphezulu, ngaphandle kohlaziyo lweDeal Deal ka-1930 kaFranklin Roosevelt, owayengazimiselanga ukubeka emngciphekweni ikamva lakhe lezopolitiko ngokuphazamisa iDemocratsโ โSolid Southโ.
Xa umlandeli kaRoosevelt, uHarry Truman, wahlula imikhosi exhobileyo waza wathatha amanyathelo anqabileyo okuphelisa irhafu yokuvota esetyenziselwa ukumisa abantu abamnyama ekuvoteni, ipolitiki yaseMzantsi Carolina yaphinda yaqhubela phambili kwaye yanika ukhokelo lwabaphezulu bommandla wonke.
U-Gov. Strom Thurmond ucele umngeni uTruman ukuba aphinde anyulwe kwitikiti le-States Rights Party, elaziwa njenge โIiDixiecrats.โ UThurmond wayeza kunceda emva kwexesha ekukhokeleni inguqu yezinye iiDemokhrasi zaseMazantsi ezingena kwiRiphabhlikhi Party emva koloyiso lwentshukumo yamalungelo oluntu ekuphumeleleni uMthetho wamaLungelo oLuntu kunye noMthetho wamaLungelo okuvota, owapasiswa ngo-1964 kunye no-1965.
Umzabalazo omde omnye
TI-ajenda yeklasi emva kokunyanzeliswa kobundlobongela kukaJim Crow ku-Jim Crow kwenziwa kwacaca ngo-1934, xa abasebenzi bempahla yelaphu benyuka behla kuNxweme oluseMpuma babesiya kuqhankqalazo kwelona dabi likhulu labasebenzi ngelo xesha.
Bambalwa kakhulu abasebenzi belaphu eMzantsi Carolina babemnyama - abaqeshi banyanzelise uphawu lwebha yemibala yexesha likaJim Crow. Kodwa abasebenzi abamhlophe ngokukhawuleza bazifumana benyamezele uhlobo lwengcinezelo ekudala iqhelekile kuma-Afrika aseMelika. NgoSeptemba 6, 1934, abaqhankqalazi kwidolophu yaseHonea Path bajongana namasekela kanothimba kunye nabaqhekezi bexhobile. I ENew York Times umbiko:
Ngaphandle kwesilumkiso kwavela izithonga zokuqala, zalandelwa ngamanye amaninzi, kwaye imizuzu embalwa kwabakho ibhedi. Umhlaseli emva komhlaseli uwe phantsi, kuvakala izikhalo zamadoda angxwelerhekileyo ebaleni namadoda nabafazi bebaleka benkqangaza kwindawo yexhwayelo.
Uqhankqalazo lwatyunyuzwa - kwaye intshukumo yabasebenzi eMzantsi Carolina ayikabikho kwakhona kolu ngquzulwano. Ixhaphake kakhulu imeko echasene nomanyano kwilizwe kangangokuba uxwebhu malunga nomzabalazo owavela ngo-1994 lwavalwa kumabonakude woluntu waseMzantsi Carolina iminyaka.
Kwawela kumbutho wamalungelo oluntu ukuvuselela umzabalazo wotshintsho kurhulumente. Kwakhona, iSouth Carolina yazahlula ngobundlobongela bayo bobuhlanga.
Kuthe ngo-1968, abafundi kwikhampasi yeYunivesithi yaseSouth Carolina State e-Orangeburg baqhankqalaza ucalucalulo kwindawo ye-bowling yasekhaya, amapolisa karhulumente afika ekhampasini aza aqalisa ukudubula, abulala abathathu aze angxwelerha abanye abangamashumi amathathu. Amapolisa aye abekwa ityala kodwa akhululwa. Okuphela komntu ogwetywe enetyala malunga nesi siganeko yayingumlweli weKomiti yoLungelelaniso loMfundi (SNCC) uCleveland Sellers. Isiganeko, ubhala Umbhali-mbali uMartha Biondi, ukhuthaze intshukumo yaMandla aMnyama kwiikholeji zembali ezimnyama kulo lonke elase-US.
Kunyaka olandelayo, umzabalazo wamalungelo oluntu kunye nentshukumo evuselelweyo yabasebenzi yadibana eCharleston, apho abasebenzi abantsundu abangaphezu kwamakhulu amane, phantse bonke bengabafazi, uye wagwayimba ngaphezu kweenyanga ezintathu. UWilliam McCord, umongameli wesinye sezibhedlele ezibethileyo, ubhengeze ukuba โakazukujika i-25 yezigidi zeerandi anike iqela labantu abangenayo imfundo yegrama esikolweni.โ
Abaphathi babanga ukuba imithetho yaseSouth Carolina "ilungelo lokusebenza" ivalwe ngokufanelekileyo imanyano, kwaye irhuluneli yangenelela ngokuthumela kuMkhosi weSizwe. Uqhanqalazo olukhulu, oludla ngokukhokelwa ngamalungelo oluntu esizwe, lwatsala amawaka. Amapolisa asabela ngokubanjwa kwabantu abaninzi. Uxinzelelo oluvela kurhulumente womanyano malunga nokunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu kwanyanzela abaphathi ukuba benze isivumelwano. Kodwa umanyano, lodwa, lwawohloka ngonyaka.
Ukoyiswa kogwayimbo lwesibhedlele saseCharleston kunye nokusasazwa kwentshukumo yamalungelo oluntu kwanika i-South Carolina elite igumbi lokuphefumla. Ngamandla amnyama ezopolitiko agxile ekunyuleni abameli besixeko, urhulumente, kunye nabameli bomdibaniso, iiRiphabhlikhi zagxila kwiiofisi zamazwe ngamazwe ngokuzisekela kubavoti abamhlophe abanobuhlanga kunye nobuhlanga ngokuphandle.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, umfanekiso utshintshile ukutsala utyalo-mali lwangaphandle - uStrom Thurmond waboniswa njengomboniso onqabileyo de wafa eofisini ngo-2003. Ngelo xesha, abaphathi beqela leRiphabhlikhi bahlakulela ukuthandwa kukaNikki Haley, umfazi waseIndiya, kwaye bamxhasa ngempumelelo. ukubaleka irhuluneli ngo-2010.
Kodwa ngoku kuza ukubulawa kwabantu ngokobuhlanga eCharleston, etyhila imbali eyoyikekayo yaseMzantsi Carolina yobundlobongela kunye nengcinezelo. UDylann Roof wenza ngokuqonda kweso siko. Njengababulali beeShirts eziBomvu ababulala kwaye benzakaliswa ukunyanzelisa ulwahlulo lukaJim Crow, uRoof wazama ngabom ukoyikisa abantu base-Afrika-baseMelika ukuba bangenise.
Kwaye ukuba uRoof uziva enesizathu sokudubula abantu abantsundu abangaxhobekanga, akukho nto incinci kuba ukubulawa kwabantu base-Afrika baseMelika kuye kwaba yinto eqhelekileyo ezandleni zamapolisa. Emazantsi e-Carolina ka-2015 - nje ngo-1915 okanye ngo-1715 - ubomi abamnyama buyasetyenziswa.
Yingakho abaninzi bebiza ubulungisa eCharleston bahamba ngaphaya kweRoof, kwaye abayi kumisa ngokususwa kweflegi ye-Confederate kwi-South Carolina statehouse grounds. Lo ayingombutho woqhanqalazo malunga nezenzo zomdubuli onobuhlanga, kodwa kukuhlaziywa komzabalazo omde wobulungisa bobuhlanga kunye nokulingana.
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