Ho 1947 the Bulletin ea Atomic Scientists inaugurated its famous Doomsday Clock. You know, how close the minute hand was to midnight? And it started seven minutes to midnight. By 1953 it had moved to two minutes to midnight. That was the year when the United States and Soviet Union exploded hydrogen bombs. But it turns out we now understand that at the end of the Second World War the world also entered into a new geological epoch. It’s called the Anthropocene, the epoch in which humans have a severe, in fact maybe disastrous impact on the environment. It moved again in 2015, again in 2016. Immediately after the Trump election late January this year, the clock was moved again to two and a half minutes to midnight, the closest it’s been since ’53.
Kahoo ho na le litšokelo tse peli tse teng tseo re li entseng-tse ka 'nang tsa re felisa tabeng ea ntoa ea nyutlelie; tabeng ea tlokotsi ea tikoloho, e baka tšusumetso e matla—e ntan’o ba e ’ngoe.
Ho ile ha etsahala ntho ea boraro. Ho tloha lilemong tsa bo-70, bohlale ba batho bo ile ba inehela ho felisa, kapa bonyane ho fokolisa, tšitiso e ka sehloohong khahlanong le litšokelo tsena. E bitsoa neoliberalism. Ho ile ha e-ba le phetoho ka nako eo ho tloha nakong eo batho ba bang ba e bitsang “kapitaliste e laoloang,” lilemong tsa bo-50 le bo-60, nako ea kholo e khōlō, khōlo e leka-lekaneng, tsoelo-pele e ngata ea toka ea sechaba joalo-joalo—
CL: Puso ea sechaba ka sechaba…
NC: Social democracy, yeah. That’s sometimes called “the golden age of modern capitalism.” That changed in the ’70s with the onset of the neoliberal era that we’ve been living in since. And if you ask yourself what this era is, its crucial principle is undermining mechanisms of social solidarity and mutual support and popular engagement in determining policy.
Ha e bitsoe joalo. Seo e se bitsang “tokoloho,” empa “tokoloho” e bolela ho ipeha tlasa liqeto tsa matla a ikemetseng, a se nang boikarabello. Ke seo e se bolelang. Mekhatlo ea puso—kapa mefuta e meng ea mekhatlo e ka lumellang batho ho nka karolo ho etseng liqeto—tseo li fokolisang ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng. Margaret Thatcher o e buile hantle polelong ea hae ea "ha ho na sechaba, ke batho ka bomong feela."
Ha e le hantle, ntle le pelaelo, o ne a bua ka Marx, eo ha a nyatsa khatello ea Fora a ileng a re, "Khatello e fetola sechaba mokotla oa litapole, batho ka bomong, batho ba bangata ba sa khone ho sebetsa hammoho." Eo e ne e le tsuo. Bakeng sa Thatcher, ke ntho e ntle - 'me ke neoliberalism. Re senya kapa bonyane re nyenyefatsa mekhoa e busang eo ka eona batho ba ka nkang karolo ho fihlela moo demokrasi ea sechaba e leng teng. Ka hona, ba fokolise, ba nyenyefatse mekhatlo ea basebetsi, mefuta e meng ea mekhatlo, tlohela mokotla oa litapole, 'me u fetisetse liqeto ho matla a ikemetseng a ikemetseng, kaofela ka puo ea tokoloho.
Ho lokile, hoo ho etsang? Tšitiso e le 'ngoe ea tšokelo ea timetso ke sechaba se nang le tsebo, se nang le tsebo, se sebetsanang hammoho ho hlahisa mekhoa ea ho tobana le tšokelo le ho arabela ho eona. Seo se fokolisitsoe ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng, ka hloko. Ke bolela hore morao koana lilemong tsa bo-1970 mohlomong re kile ra bua ka taba ena. Ho ne ho e-na le lipuisano tse ngata tsa batho ba phahameng sechabeng ka bophara mabapi le kotsi ea demokrasi e ngata haholo le tlhokahalo ea ho ba le seo ho neng ho thoe ke "tekanyetso" ho demokrasi, hore batho ba se ke ba iphapanyetsa le ho hloka thahasello le ho se sitise lintho haholo, 'me ho joalo. seo mananeo a neoliberal a se etsang. Joale kopanya tsohle 'me u na le eng? Sefefo se phethahetseng.
CL: Seo motho e mong le e mong a se hlokomelang ke litaba tsohle tsa sehlooho, ho kenyeletsoa Brexit le Donald Trump le bochaba ba Mahindu le bochaba hohle le Le Pen kaofela ba raha hammoho le ho fana ka maikutlo a ketsahalo ea 'nete ea lefats'e.
NC: e hlakile haholo, mme e ne e lebeletsoe esale pele. U ne u sa tsebe hantle hore na ke neng, empa ha u beha melaoana ea moruo e lebisang ho tsieleheng kapa ho fokotseha hoa bongata ba batho, ho nyenyefatsa demokrasi, ho tlosa ho etsa liqeto matsohong a batho ba bangata, u tla halefa, ho se khotsofale, tšabo. nka mefuta eohle ea mefuta. 'Me ke ketsahalo eo ka phoso e bitsoang "populism."
CL: Ha ke tsebe hore na u nahana eng ka Pankaj Mishra, empa ke natefeloa ke buka ea hae Bokgale ba Kgalefo, and he begins with an anonymous letter to a newspaper from somebody who says, “We should admit that we are not only horrified but baffled. Nothing since the triumph of Vandals in Rome and North Africa has seemed so suddenly incomprehensible and difficult to reverse.”
NC: Hantle, ke phoso ea tsamaiso ea tlhahisoleseding, hobane e utloisisa haholo ebile e hlakile ebile e bonolo haholo. Nka, ho bolela United States, eo ha e le hantle e ileng ea hlokofatsoa hanyane ke maano ana ho feta linaha tse ling tse ngata. Nka selemo sa 2007, selemo sa bohlokoa pele ho koluoa.
Ke moruo ofe o babatsehang oo ka nako eo o neng o rorisoa? E ne e le eo meputso, meputso ea 'nete ea basebetsi ba Amerika, e neng e hlile e le tlase ho feta kamoo e neng e le ka teng ka 1979 ha nako ea neoliberal e qala. Seo ha se e-so ka se e-ba teng pele ntle le ts'oaetso kapa ntoa kapa ntho e joalo. Mona ke nako e telele eo ka eona meputso ea sebele e neng e theohile, ha ho ntse ho e-na le leruo le itseng le entsoeng empa ka lipokothong tse fokolang haholo. E ne e boetse e le nako eo ka eona mekhatlo e mecha e ileng ea ntlafatsoa, mekhatlo ea lichelete. U khutlela lilemong tsa bo-50 le bo-60, e leng se bitsoang Golden Age, libanka li ne li hokahane le moruo oa sebele. Eo e ne e le mosebetsi oa bona. Hape ho ne ho se na likotsi hobane ho ne ho na le melaoana ea New Deal.
Ho qala lilemong tsa bo-70 ho bile le phetoho e matla. Pele ho tsohle, mekhatlo ea lichelete e ile ea phatloha ka sekhahla. Ka 2007 ba ne ba hlile ba e-na le karolo ea 40 lekholong ea phaello ea lik'hamphani. Ho feta moo, li ne li se li sa hokahane le moruo oa sebele.
Europe tsela eo demokrasi e nyenyefatsoang ka eona e tobile haholo. Liqeto li behiloe matsohong a troika e sa khethoang: Komisi ea Europe, e sa khethoang; IMF, ehlile e sa khethoa; le European Central Bank. Ke bona ba etsang liqeto. Kahoo batho ba halefile haholo, ba lahleheloa ke taolo ea bophelo ba bona. Hangata maano a moruo a ba ntša kotsi, 'me phello ke khalefo, ho hloka tšepo, joalo-joalo.
Re sa tsoa bona libeke tse peli tse fetileng likhethong tse fetileng tsa Fora. Bonkgetheng ba babedi ka bobedi ba ne ba le kantle ho setheo. Mekhatlo e kholo ea lipolotiki e putlame. Re e bone likhethong tsa Amerika ka Pulungoana e fetileng. Ho ne ho e-na le bonkgetheng ba babeli ba ileng ba bokella setsi: e mong oa bona e ne e le bilione ea hloiloeng ke setsi, mokhethoa oa Rephabliki ea ileng a hlōla khetho-empa hlokomela hore hang ha a se a le matla ke mokhatlo oa khale o tsamaisang lintho. U ka rohakana le Goldman Sachs tseleng ea letšolo, empa u etsa bonnete ba hore ba tsamaisa moruo hang ha u se u kene.
CL: Ka hona, potso ke hore, nakong eo batho ba seng ba le malala-a-laotsoe ... ha ba se ba itokiselitse ho nka khato 'me ba se ba le malala-a-laotsoe ho lemoha hore papali ena ha e sebetse, tsamaiso ee ea sechaba, na re na le tokelo ea ho ba mofuta oa ho bapala? ho eona, ho fallela sebakeng seo sa pherekano ebe joale ketso?
NC: I think the fate of the species depends on it because, remember, it’s not just inequality, stagnation. It’s terminal disaster. We have constructed a perfect storm. That should be the screaming headlines every day. Since the Second World War, we have created two means of destruction. Since the neoliberal era, we have dismantled the way of handling them. That’s our pincers. That’s what we face, and if that problem isn’t solved, we’re done with.
CL: Ke batla ho khutlela morao Pankaj Mishra le Bokgale ba Kgalefo motsotsoana-
NC: Ha se Mongwaha wa Kgalefo. Ke Mehla ea ho Senane khahlano le melaoana ea moruo oa kahisano e senyelitseng bongata ba baahi ho tloha molokong o mong 'me e nyatsitse ho nka karolo ha demokrasi ka hloko le ka mokhoa o hlakileng. Ke hobane'ng ha ho sa lokela ho ba le khalefo?
CL: Pankaj Mishra o e bitsa - ke lentsoe la Nietzschean - "letsoalo,” ho bolelang mofuta ona oa khalefo e phatlohang. Empa o re, “Ke tšobotsi e hlalosang ea lefatše leo ho lona tšepiso ea sejoale-joale ea tekano e thulanang le ho se tšoane ho hoholo ha matla, thuto, boemo le—
NC: Which was designed that way, which was designed that way. Go back to the 1970s. Across the spectrum, elite spectrum, there was deep concern about the activism of the ’60s. It’s called the “time of troubles.” It civilized the country, which is dangerous. What happened is that large parts of the population—which had been passive, apathetic, obedient—tried to enter the political arena in one or another way to press their interests and concerns. They’re called “special interests.” That means minorities, young people, old people, farmers, workers, women. In other words, the population. The population are special interests, and their task is to just watch quietly. And that was explicit.
Litokomane tse peli li ile tsa tsoa hantle bohareng ba lilemo tsa bo-70, tseo e leng tsa bohlokoa haholo. Ba ne ba tsoa mahlakoreng a fapaneng a lipolotiki, ba nang le tšusumetso, 'me ka bobeli ba fihletse liqeto tse tšoanang. E 'ngoe ea tsona, ka lehlakoreng le letšehali, e ne e le Trilateral Commission-liberal internationalists, linaha tse tharo tse kholo tsa indasteri, ha e le hantle tsamaiso ea Carter, ke moo ba tsoang teng. Ke eona e khahlang ho feta [Bothata ba Demokerasi, tlaleho ea Trilateral Commission]. Motlalehi oa Moamerika Samuel Huntington oa Harvard, o ile a hetla morao ka tjantjello matsatsing ao, joalo ka ha a boletse, Truman o ile a khona ho tsamaisa naha ka tšebelisano-'moho ea babuelli ba molao le batsamaisi ba 'maloa ba Wall Street. Joale tsohle li ne li lokile. Demokrasi e ne e phethahetse.
Empa lilemong tsa bo-60 kaofela ba ile ba lumellana hore e ile ea e-ba bothata hobane lithahasello tse khethehileng li ile tsa qala ho leka ho kena ketsong eo, 'me seo se baka khatello e ngata' me mmuso o sitoa ho sebetsana le seo.
CL: Buka eo ke e hopola hantle.
NC: Re tlameha ho ba le tekano ho feta demokrasi.
CL: Eseng seo feela, o ile a fetola mohala oa Al Smith. Al Smith o itse, "Pheko ea demokrasi ke demokrasi e eketsehileng." O itse, "Che, pheko ea demokrasi ena ke demokrasi e fokolang."
NC: It wasn’t him. It was the liberal establishment. He was speaking for them. This is a consensus view of the liberal internationalists and the three industrial democracies. They—in their consensus—they concluded that a major problem is what they called, their words, “the institutions responsible for the indoctrination of the young.” The schools, the universities, churches, they’re not doing their job. They’re not indoctrinating the young properly. The young have to be returned to passivity and obedience, and then democracy will be fine. That’s the left end.
Now what do you have at the right end? A very influential document, the Powell Memorandum, came out at the same time. Lewis Powell, a corporate lawyer, later Supreme Court justice, he produced a confidential memorandum for the US Chamber of Commerce, which has been extremely influential. It more or less set off the modern so-called “conservative movement.” The rhetoric is kind of crazy. We don’t go through it, but the basic picture is that this rampaging left has taken over everything. We have to use the resources that we have to beat back this rampaging New Left which is undermining freedom and democracy.
E amanang le sena e ne e le ntho e 'ngoe hape. Ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea lilemo tsa bo-60 le matla a ho sebetsa, ho ile ha theoha sekhahla sa phaello. Seo ha se amohelehe. Kahoo re tlameha ho khutlisa sekhahla se oelang sa phaello, re tlameha ho nyenyefatsa ho kenya letsoho demokrasi, ho tla eng? Neoliberalism, e nang le litlamorao tseo hantle.
Mamela puisano e felletseng le Noam Chomsky ho Radio Open Source.
ZNetwork e tšehelitsoe ka lichelete feela ka seatla se bulehileng sa babali ba eona.
donate