Kuthiwani uma u-Edward Snowden enziwa ukuthi anyamalale? Cha, angiphakamisi umzamo wokuhumusha we-CIA wesikhathi esizayo noma ithiyori yozungu lokunyamalala kwe-Snowden, kodwa uhlobo olubi kakhulu.
Kuthiwani uma yonke into i-whistleblower eyake yadalula yayingase yenziwe ukuthi ihambe? Kuthiwani uma wonke umbhalo we-National Security Agency (NSA) u-Snowden ededelwa, yonke inhlolokhono ayinikeze, yonke imikhondo ebhaliwe yesimo sezokuphepha kazwelonke esinendaba nokungalawuleki ingenziwa ukuthi inyamalale ngesikhathi sangempela? Kuthiwani uma ukuthunyelwa kwezambulo ezinjalo kungase kuguqulwe kube umsebenzi ongenazithelo nongenarekhodi?
Ngabe ngiphakamisa itulo lenoveli yekhulu lamashumi amabili nanye uGeorge Orwell? Nakancane. Njengoba sibheke emhlabeni wedijithali ngokugcwele, izinto ezinjalo zingase zenzeke maduze, hhayi ezinganekwaneni zesayensi kodwa emhlabeni wethu - nangokucindezela inkinobho. Eqinisweni, ama-prototypes okuqala ohlobo olusha "lokunyamalala" aseyahlolwa. Siseduze neqiniso elishaqisayo, le-dystopian okungenzeka ukuthi kwake kwaba yizinto zamanoveli ekusasa kunalokho esikucabangayo. Siyakwamukela emgodini wenkumbulo.
Ngisho noma uhulumeni othile wesikhathi esizayo engadlula komunye wemigqa ebomvu yokugcina esele emhlabeni wethu futhi avele abulale ababi njengoba bevela, abanye bayohlala bevela. Emuva ngo-1948, encwadini yakhe esabekayo 1984, nokho, u-Orwell uphakamise isixazululo esinobuSathane kakhulu kule nkinga. Wahlanganisa idivayisi yezobuchwepheshe yomhlaba weBig Brother ayibiza ngokuthi "imbobo yenkumbulo." Ekusasa lakhe elimnyama, amabutho ezikhulu, asebenza kulokho ayekubiza ngokukloloda ngokuthi uMnyango Weqiniso, achitha ukuphila kwawo esula noma eshintsha imibhalo, amaphephandaba, izincwadi, nokunye okunjalo ukuze akhe umlando owamukelekayo. Lapho umuntu waphelelwa umusa, uMnyango Weqiniso wamthumela kanye nawo wonke amadokhumenti ahlobene naye phansi embotsheni yenkumbulo Yonke indaba noma umbiko lapho impilo yakhe yayiphawulwe nganoma iyiphi indlela noma yarekhodwa ngayo yayizohlelwa ukuze kuqedwe yonke iminonjana yakhe.
Emhlabeni wangaphambi kwedijithali ka-Orwell, imbobo yenkumbulo kwakuyishubhu yokuvala lapho amadokhumenti amadala anyamalala unomphela. Izinguquko emibhalweni ekhona kanye nokujula kwabanye kwaqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho ukushintsha kungazelelwe izitha zomhlaba nemifelandawonye akusoze kwaba yinkinga kubabheki beBig Brother. Emhlabeni wayecabanga, ngenxa yalawo mabutho ezikhulu, okwamanje kwakuyilokho okwakuhlala kukhona - futhi kwakukhona leyo mibhalo eshintshiwe ukufakazela lokho futhi akukho lutho ngaphandle kwezinkumbulo ezihlulekayo ukusho okuhlukile. Noma ngubani oveze ukungabaza ngeqiniso lamanje, ngaphansi kwerubrikhi ethi โubugebengu bokucabanga,โ akhishwe inyumbazane noma asuswe.
Ukuhlolwa Kwedijithali Kukahulumeni Nebhizinisi
Ngokukhulayo, iningi lethu manje lithola izindaba zethu, izincwadi, umculo, i-TV, amamuvi, kanye nokuxhumana kwazo zonke izinhlobo nge-elekthronikhi. Kulezi zinsuku, i-Google izuza kakhulu imali yokukhangisa kunayo yonke imidiya yokuphrinta yase-US ihlanganisiwe. Ngisho ohlonishwayo Newsweek akasashicileli a iphepha edition. Futhi kulowo mhlaba wedijithali, uhlobo oluthile "lokwenza lula" luyahlolwa. I Chinese, Ama-Irani, futhi abanye, ngokwesibonelo, sebevele basebenzisa amasu okuhlunga iwebhu ukuvimba ukufinyelela kumasayithi nezinto eziku-inthanethi ohulumeni babo abangazigunyazi. Uhulumeni wase-US ngokufanayo (uma kungenazithelo) uvimba abasebenzi bakhe ukubuka I-Wikileaks ne-Edward Snowden impahla (kanye namawebhusayithi afana TomDispatch) kumakhompuyutha abo omsebenzi - nakuba engekho ekhaya. Nokho.
IGreat Britain, nokho, maduze izothatha isinyathelo esibalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi yini isakhamuzi esizimele esingayibona kuwebhu noma sisekhaya. Ngaphambi kokuphela konyaka, cishe bonke abasebenzisi be-inthanethi bazobe "bakhethe ukungena" ohlelweni oluklanyelwe hlunga izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ngokuzenzakalela, izilawuli zizophinde zivimbe ukufinyelela "kokubalulekile okunodlame," "okuqukethwe okuhlobene nokweqisa namaphekula," "amawebhusayithi e-anorexia kanye nezinkinga zokudla," kanye "namawebhusayithi ahlobene nokuzibulala." Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilungiselelo ezintsha zizohlola amasayithi akhuluma ngotshwala noma ukubhema. Isihlungi sizophinde sivimbe "izinto ezi-esoteric," yize inhlangano yamalungelo ezinze e-UK ithi uhulumeni akakacacisi ukuthi leso sigaba sizohlanganisa ini.
Futhi izinhlobo ezixhaswe nguhulumeni zokuhlolwa kwe-inthanethi zenziwa ezizimele. Imikhiqizo yokuthengisa emisha, engekho eshalofini iqinisekisa ukuthi inhlangano ayidingi ukuba yi-NSA ukuze ivimbe okuqukethwe. Isibonelo, inkampani yokuphepha ye-inthanethi Ijazi Eliluhlaza ungumholi wasekhaya kulo mkhakha futhi ungumthekelisi omkhulu wobuchwepheshe obunjalo. Ingasetha kalula isistimu yokuqapha nokuhlunga konke ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi, ivimbe amasayithi ewebhu ngamakheli awo, ngamagama angukhiye, noma ngokuqukethwe akuqukethe. Phakathi kokunye, isoftware yeBlue Coat isetshenziswa yi-US Army ukuze isilawuli lokho amasosha alo akubonayo ngenkathi ethunyelwe phesheya, kanye nohulumeni bengcindezelo Syria, I-Saudi Arabia, neBurma ukuvimba imibono yangaphandle yepolitiki.
Usesho lwe-Google...
Ngomqondo othile, Usesho lwe-Google seluvele "lunyamalala". Njengamanje i-Google iyinsizwa elungile i-vis-ร -vis whistleblowers. Ukusesha okusheshayo kwe-Google (imizuzwana engu-0.22) kuveza izingoma ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-48 ku-Edward Snowden, eziningi zazo zibhekisela kumadokhumenti akhe aputshuziwe e-NSA. Amanye amawebhusayithi abonisa amadokhumenti ngokwawo, asabhalwe ukuthi โImfihlo Ephezulu.โ Ngaphansi kwesigamu sonyaka odlule, bekufanele ube ngomunye weqembu elilinganiselwe kakhulu kuhulumeni noma uxhumeke kuwo ngokwenkontileka ukuze ubone izinto ezinjalo. Manje, zisatshalaliswa kuwebhu yonkana.
I-Google - futhi njengoba i-Google iyinjini yokusesha yokuqala emhlabeni, ngizoyisebenzisa lapha njengesifinyezo sayo yonke injini yokusesha, ngisho nalezo ezisazosungulwa - iyamangalisa ngale ndlela futhi ibukeka njengomshini omkhulu wokusabalalisa, hhayi ukucindezela. , izindaba. Faka cishe noma yini kuwebhu futhi i-Google kungenzeka ithole ngokushesha futhi iyengeze emiphumeleni yosesho emhlabeni wonke, ngezinye izikhathi ngemizuzwana. Njengoba abantu abaningi bengavamile ukuskrola badlule emiphumeleni yosesho embalwa yokuqala ebonisiwe, nokho, ukunyamalala sekunencazelo entsha ku-inthanethi. Akusanele nje ukwenza i-Google ikuqaphele. Ukuyenza ibeke lokho okuthumele phezulu ngokwanele ekhasini layo lemiphumela yosesho ukuze kuqashelwe yilokho okubalulekile manje. Uma umsebenzi wakho uwunombolo 47,999,999 emiphumeleni ye-Snowden, ufana nokuthi ufile, kufana nokuthi unyamalele. Cabanga ngalokho njengesiqalo sezinhlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokunyamalala ngokungangabazeki ezisekusasa lethu.
Ukufihla okuthile kubasebenzisi ngokuhlela kabusha izinjini zokusesha kuyisinyathelo esimnyama esizayo. Enye empeleni ukususa okuqukethwe, inqubo elula njengokuguqula ikhodi yekhompuyutha ngemuva kwenqubo yokusesha ibe yinto edla abanye abantu. Futhi uma i-Google yenqaba ukusebenzisa ushintsho "kusesho olubi," i-NSA, ebonakala ikwazi ukufinyelela ngaphakathi kwe-Google, ingatshala inguqulo yayo yekhodi enonya njengoba isivele yenzile okungenani 50,000 izimo.
Kodwa ungalinaki ikusasa: nansi indlela isu lokusesha elibi elisebenza ngayo, noma ngabe namuhla ukugxila kwalo - ikakhulukazi kuma-pedophiles - kulula ngokwanele ukukwamukela. I-Google isanda kwethula isofthiwe eyenza kube nzima kubasebenzisi ukuthola izinto zokuhlukumeza izingane. Njengenhloko yenkampani Eric Schmidt ukubeka, Usesho lwe-Google kube โicushwe kahleโ ukuze kuhlanzwe imiphumela yamagama angaphezu kuka-100,000 asetshenziswa abanukubezi ukuze babheke izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zezingane. Manje, ngokwesibonelo, lapho abasebenzisi bebhala imibuzo engase ihlobane nokuhlukunyezwa kwezingane ngokocansi, bazothola ayikho imiphumela leso sixhumanisi sokuqukethwe okungekho emthethweni. Kunalokho, i-Google izobaqondisa kabusha kumasayithi osizo nokwelulekwa. "Maduze sizokwethula lezi zinguquko ngezilimi ezingaphezu kuka-150, ngakho-ke umthelela uzoba emhlabeni wonke," kubhala uSchmidt.
Ngenkathi i-Google iqondisa kabusha ukusesha kwezingane ezingcolile zocansi kumasayithi okululekwa, i-NSA ithuthukise ikhono elifanayo. I-ejensi isivele ilawula isethi yamaseva aqanjwe ngekhodi I-Quantum ezihlala kumgogodla we-inthanethi. Umsebenzi wabo ukuqondisa kabusha โokuhlosiweโ kude nendawo ezihlosiwe ukuya kuyo kumawebhusayithi akhethwa yi-NSA. Umbono uthi: uthayipha kuwebhusayithi oyifunayo bese ugcina ungaphazamisi kangako i-ejensi. Nakuba okwamanje lobu buchwepheshe bungahle buhloselwe ukuthumela okungaba ku-inthanethi amajihadi kuya kokubalulekile kwe-Islamic okumaphakathi, ngokuzayo, ngokwesibonelo, kungahle kuhloswe kabusha ukuqondisa kabusha abantu abafuna izindaba kusayithi elifana ne-Al-Jazeera elinokuqukethwe okushintshiwe okuhambisana nenguqulo kahulumeni yemicimbi.
... futhi Destroy
Kodwa-ke, ukuvimbela nokuqondisa kabusha ubuchwepheshe, okumele bukhule buyinkimbinkimbi, ngokungangabazeki buyoba obuncane kakhulu esikhathini esizayo. I-Google isivele ithatha izinto iziyisa kwelinye izinga enkonzweni yesizathu cishe noma ubani angasishayela ihlombe. Basebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokubona izithombe ukuze bakhombe izithombe zokuhlukunyezwa kwezingane noma nini lapho zivela kumasistimu abo, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuhlola obungasusa amavidiyo angekho emthethweni. Izenzo ze-Google ezimelene nezithombe ezingcolile zobulili zezingane zingase zibe nezinhloso ezinhle ngempela, kodwa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukiswayo ukuze benze izenzo ezinjalo ezimelene nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kufanele zipholise sonke. Cabanga nje uma, emuva ngo-1971, i Ama-Pentagon Amaphepha, amazwibela okuqala abantu baseMelika abaningi ababenawo ngamanga angemva kweMpi YaseVietnam, ayesulekile. Ubani okholelwa ukuthi i-Nixon White House ibingeke ishabalale leyo mibhalo nokuthi umlando ubungeke uthathe inkambo ehlukile, ebuhlungu kakhulu?
Noma cabanga ngesibonelo esesivele sinathi. Ngo-2009, abanikazi abaningi be-Kindle bathola ukuthi i-Amazon ifinyelele kumadivayisi abo ngobusuku obubodwa futhi kususwe ukude amakhophi ka-Orwell's Ipulazi lezilwane futhi 1984 (akukho indida ehlosiwe). Le nkampani yachaza ukuthi izincwadi, โezishicilelweโ ngephutha emishinini yayo, empeleni zazingamakhophi amanoveli abhalwe nge-boot. Ngokufanayo, ngo-2012, i-Amazon usule okuqukethwe ye-Kindle yekhasimende ngaphandle kwesixwayiso, ethi i-akhawunti yakhe "ihlobene ngokuqondile nenye ebivalwe ngokuhlukumeza izinqubomgomo zethu." Ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obufanayo, i-Amazon manje inamandla okwenza shintsha izincwadi kudivayisi yakho enezinguqulo "ezibuyekeziwe", okuqukethwe okushintshiwe. Ukuthi wazisiwe noma awaziswa ku-Amazon.
Ngokungeziwe ku-Kindle yakho, isilawuli kude kwamanye amadivayisi sesivele singokoqobo. Isoftware eningi kukhompyutha yakho ixhumana ngemuva neziphakeli zayo zasekhaya, kanjalo ivulekele โizibuyekezoโ ezingase. shintsha okuqukethwe. I-NSA isebenzisa uhlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha - isofthiwe eyingozi efakwe ukude ekhompyutheni - ukuze shintsha indlela umshini uyasebenza. I Stuxnet Ikhodi okungenzeka ilimaze ama-centrifuge ayi-1,000 ama-Irani ayeyisebenzisa ukunothisa i-uranium iyisibonelo sendlela lolu hlobo lwento olusebenza ngayo.
Kulezi zinsuku, yonke i-iPhone iyahlola futhi nekomkhulu ukuze imemezele ukuthi yiziphi izinhlelo zokusebenza ozithengile; ekuphrintiwe okuncane kwesisho esichofozwa njalo, i-Apple igodle ilungelo lokuthi nyamalala noma yiluphi uhlelo lokusebenza nganoma yisiphi isizathu. Ngo-2004, i-TiVo yamangalela i-Dish Network ngokunikeza amakhasimende amabhokisi aphezulu athi i-TiVo iphula amalungelo obunikazi esofthiwe yayo. Yize icala lixazululwe ngenkokhelo enkulu, njengekhambi lokuqala, ijaji liyalele uDish ukuthi khubaza ngogesi imishini engu-192,000 eyayivele iyifakile ezindlini zabantu. Ngokuzayo, kuzoba nezindlela eziningi zokuhlasela nokulawula amakhompuyutha, ukushintsha noma ukunyamalala okufundayo, nokukuyisa kumasayithi obungawafuni.
Izambulo zika-Snowden zalokho i-NSA ekwenzayo ukuqoqa ulwazi nokulawula ubuchwepheshe, obuhlasimulise iplanethi kusukela ngoJuni, kuyingxenye nje ye-equation. Ukuthi uhulumeni uzowathuthukisa kanjani amandla akhe okugada nokulawula esikhathini esizayo kuyindaba okusamele ixoxwe. Cabanga ngamathuluzi okuhlanganisa ukuze ufihle, uguqule, noma ususe okuqukethwe ngemikhankaso yokuhlambalaza ukuze udicilele igama noma uxoshe labo ababika izindaba, futhi amandla okungenzeka atholakale kubo bobabili ohulumeni nezinkampani aya acaca nakakhulu.
Ikhono lokudlulela ngale kokuguqula okuqukethwe kuguqule indlela abantu abenza ngayo ngokusobala liku-ajenda kahulumeni nezinkampani. I-NSA isihlangene kakade idatha ye-blackmail kusukela kumikhuba yokubuka izithombe zocansi ezidijithali zamaMuslim "radical". I-NSA yayifuna thinta uKhongolose ngaphandle kwemvume. Ikhono lokuqoqa ulwazi ngamajaji eFederal, abaholi bakahulumeni, nabaqokelwe isikhundla sokuba ngumongameli kwenza u-J. Edgar Hoover's 1950s ama-blackmail schemes zinhle njengamasokisi e-bobby neziketi ze-poodle zangaleso sikhathi. Izimangaliso ze-inthanethi zihlala zisenza sibambe ongezansi. I-dystopian, amathuba e-Orwellian e-inthanethi, kuze kube muva nje, awazange asibambe ngendlela efanayo. Kufanele.
Funda Lokhu Manje, Ngaphambi kokuthi Kususwe
Ikusasa labakhuluma izindaba lifiphele. Esikhathini esingekude kangako, lapho cishe yonke into idijithali, lapho ukugcwala kwe-inthanethi okuningi emhlabeni kugeleza ngokuqondile e-United States noma emazweni ahlangene, noma ngengqalasizinda yezinkampani zaseMelika phesheya, lapho izinjini zokusesha zingathola noma yini ku-inthanethi. ngezingxenye zesekhondi, lapho i I-Patriot Act kanye nezinqumo eziyimfihlo ngu Inkantolo Yezobunhloli Bangaphandle yenza i-Google neziqhwaga zobuchwepheshe ezifanayo Amathuluzi yombuso wezokuphepha kuzwelonke (kucatshangwa ukuthi izinhlangano ezifana ne-NSA azimane zithathe ibhizinisi lokusesha ngokuqondile), futhi lapho ubuchwepheshe obuyinkimbinkimbi bungavimba, buguqule, noma bususe izinto ezidijithali ngokucindezela inkinobho, imbobo yenkumbulo ayikho. inganekwane ende.
Izambulo eziputshuziwe zizoba yize njengezincwadi ezindala ezinothuli kwelinye i-attic uma kungekho owaziyo ngazo. Qhubeka ushicilele noma yini oyifunayo. Isichibiyelo Sokuqala sikuvumela ukuthi wenze lokho. Kodwa liyini iphuzu uma kungekho muntu ozokwazi ukuyifunda? Ungase wenze inzuzo eyengeziwe ume ekhoneni lomgwaqo umemeze abadlulayo. Okungenani esikhathini esizayo esilula ukulicabanga, isethi yezambulo ezifana ne-Snowden zizovinjelwa noma zisuswe ngokushesha okukhulu njengoba noma ubani angakwazi (futhi) ukuzithumela.
Ubuchwepheshe bokusesha obuhlala buthuthuka, obuphenduke ama-degree angu-180, buzokwazi ukunyamalala izinto ngendlela enkulu. I-inthanethi iyindawo enkulu, kodwa hhayi engapheli. Iya ngokuya iba sendawo eyodwa ezandleni zezinkampani ezimbalwa ezingaphansi kohulumeni abambalwa, kanti i-US ihlezi emizileni emikhulu yezokuthutha enqamula umgogodla we-inthanethi.
Manje kufanele uzizwe ubanda. Sibuka, ngesikhathi sangempela, njenge 1984 iphenduka isuka kuphupho lekusasa lesikhathi esidlule ibe imanuwali yeziqondiso. Ngeke kube nesidingo sokubulala u-Edward Snowden ozayo. Uzobe esefile kakade.
UPeter Van Buren washaya impempe ngokulahlwa koMnyango Wezwe kanye nokungaphathi kahle ngesikhathi kwakhiwa kabusha i-Iraqi encwadini yakhe yokuqala, Besiqonde Kahle: Ukuthi Ngisize Kanjani Ukulahlekelwa Impi Yezinhliziyo Nezingqondo Zabantu Base-Iraq. A I-TomDispatch ejwayelekile, ubhala ngezenzakalo zamanje kubhulogi yakhe, Besisho Kahle. Incwadi yakhe elandelayo, Izipoki zika-Tom Joad: Indaba ye-#99Percent, izotholakala ngo-April 2014.
Lesi sihloko sitholakala kuqala TomDispatch.com, ibhulogi yewebhu ye-Nation Institute, enikeza ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, izindaba, nemibono evela ku-Tom Engelhardt, umhleli wesikhathi eside ekushicileleni, umsunguli we i-American Empire Project, Umbhali we Ukuphela KweMasiko Okunqoba, njengenoveli, Izinsuku Zokugcina Zokushicilela. Incwadi yakhe yakamuva ithi Indlela Yempi YaseMelika: Izimpi ZikaBush Zaba Ngaka-Obama Kanjani (Izincwadi zeHaymarket).
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela