Kuthiwani ukube i-US ibingahlaselanga i-Iraq ngo-2003? Izinto bezizohluka kanjani eMpumalanga Ephakathi namuhla? Ingabe i-Iraq, ngamazwi kamongameli uBernie Sanders, "iphutha elibi kakhulu lenqubomgomo yangaphandleโ emlandweni waseMelika? Ake sithathe uhambo lwezithombe olukhulu lwaseMpumalanga Ephakathi futhi sizame ukuphendula leyo mibuzo. Kodwa okokuqala, isicelo: ngemva kwesigaba ngasinye esilandelayo, ungaqiniseka yini ukuthi uyawengeza umbuzo othi โYini okungenzeka yonakale?โ
Awuqale Umlando
NgoNdasa wezi-2003, ngesikhathi abaphathi bakaBush bethula ukuhlasela kwabo e-Iraq, isifunda, nakuba sasishuba njengakuqala, sasibukeka kanje: ILibya yayizinzile, ibuswa yilesi qhawe iminyaka engu-42; e-Egypt, uHosni Mubarak ubephethe kusukela ngo-1983; ISiriya yayiphethwe umndeni wakwa-Assad kusukela ngo-1971; USaddam Hussein wayephethe i-Iraq kusukela ngo-1969, waba ngumongameli ngokusemthethweni ngo-1979; amaTurks namaKurds ayenomthetho ongemuhle kodwa osebenzayo wokuqeda ukulwa; futhi iYemen yayithule ngokwanele, ngaphandle kokuhlasela kwamaphekula kwe-USS Cole ngo-2000. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-U.S. kanye neningi lalezi zizwe babufudumele kangangokuthi iWashington yayivame ukunikeza โamaphekulaโ emigodini yawo ngenxa yokuhlukunyezwa kwabantu bangaphandle.
Ngokushesha ngemva kuka-March 2003, lapho amasosha ase-US ehlasela i-Iraq, i-Iran engumakhelwane yabhekana namabutho amabili aseMelika lapho inamandla amakhulu. Ngasempumalanga, amasosha ase-US abhubhise ngempumelelo i-Taliban futhi ayenza buthaka kakhulu i-al-Qaeda, izitha zombili zase-Iran, kodwa yabathatha indawo yabo njengebutho elibusayo. Entshonalanga, isitha sase-Iran esinamashumi eminyaka, uSaddam, sasingasekho, kodwa ngokufanayo sathathelwa indawo elinye ibutho elikhulu. Kusukela kulesi sikhundla sobuthakathaka, abaholi base-Iran, ngokungangabazeki besaba ukuthi amaMelika azotheleka emingceleni yawo, bafuna i-diplomatic yangempela. nokubuyisana neWashington okokuqala ngqa kusukela ngo-1979. Imizamo yase-Iranian yaba enqatshiwe ngabaphathi bakaBush.
Umcimbi Wokwehla
Ukukhipha isisu kuyinto enzima. Kodwa njengokubulawa kuka-Archduke Franz Ferdinand ngoJuni 1914 lokho ukukhishwa IMpi Enkulu, ezoqeda zonke ezinye, ukuhlasela kweMelika ngo-2003 yilokho obabhali bamanoveli abakubiza ngokuthi โisigameko esishubile,โ into engase ingabangeli yonke itulo ukuba ize, kodwa lokho kuyabamisa.
Kwakungakaze kube khona ukucasuka okunjalo ekulinganiseni kwamandla eMpumalanga Ephakathi kusukela, kahle, ngeMpi Yezwe I, lapho iGreat Britain neFrance zifinyelela ngasese ISykes-Picot Isivumelwano, phakathi kwezinye izinto, esahlukanisa amazwe amaningi ama-Arab ayekade engaphansi koMbuso Wase-Ottoman. Ngenxa yokuthi imingcele yezizwe eyamiswa ngaleso sikhathi yayingahloniphi amaqiniso asobala esizwe, ezombusazwe, ezizwe, nangokwenkolo, kungathiwa yabeka isisekelo sokuningi okwakuzokwenzeka.
Manje, sibheke phambili ku-2003, njengoba iMpumalanga Ephakathi esasiyazi yaqala ukuvela. Lawo masosha ase-US ayengene e-Baghdad azithola emile lapho, edla imihlathi, egqolozele isiphithiphithi. Manje, qhubekela phambili ngokushesha futhi ku-2015 futhi uvumele uhambo oluhle lokwembula luqale!
Abantu Abagulayo baseMpumalanga Ephakathi: Kulula ngokwanele ukuphithizela emazweni amathathu esifundeni ezifundazweni ezahlukahlukene zokubola ngaphambi kokungena enhliziyweni yesiphithiphithi: I-Libya iyizwe. uhlulekile isimo, isiphithiphithi esophayo enyakatho ye-Afrika; iGibhithe uhlulekile ukuhlolwa kwayo kwe-Arab Spring futhi ithembele e-United States ukuthi isekele uhulumeni wayo wezempi omelene nentando yeningi (kanye nesisekelo esimelene nobuSulumane); futhi iYemen iyinhlekelele uhlulekile isimo, manje isigcawu sika a proxy impi phakathi kweSaudi Arabia esekelwa yi-U.S. kanye namavukelambuso e-Houthi asekelwa yi-Iranian (anengubo echumayo ye-al-Qaeda kanye nengalo encane kodwa ekhulayo ye-Islamic State [ISIS] ephonswe esivumelwaneni).
I-Iraq: U-Obama usengumengameli wesine waseMelika kulandelana ukuthi uyalele ukuqhunyiswa kwebhomu e-Iraq kanti ozongena esikhundleni sakhe cishe uzokuba ngowesihlanu. Uma kwenzeka i-post-Vietnam American adventure ifanelwe ifa le-moniker i-quagmire, Iraq kunjalo.
Futhi nansi ingxenye edabukisa kakhulu yenganekwane: amandla akhululwa lapho ngo-2003 awakafinyeleli esiphethweni sawo semvelo. Imali yakho kufanele ibe kumaShia, kodwa ukucabanga ukuthi kunehhashi elilodwa lamaShia ongalibhejela kusho ukushoda ukuthi inkundla ibanzi kangakanani. Okudlulela โkuhulumeniโ wamaShia eBaghdad namuhla iqoqo lamaqembu anentshisekelo, ngalinye linezalo. amasosha. Ngemva kokuthatha isikhundla sikandunankulu omdala, uNouri al-Maliki, ngobuthakathaka, u-Haider al-Abadi, kanye ne-ISIS exoshwe emasangweni aseBaghdad, iqembu ngalinye lamaShia manje selikhululekile ukugijima esikhundleni. Umthelela ogcwele wokuqhekeka kwe-Iraq usazozwakala. Ngesinye isikhathi lindela impi yombango ngaphakathi kwempi yombango.
I-Iran: Uma kukhona noma yiliphi igunya elihlanganisayo elisele e-Iraq, yi-Iran. Ngemuva kwe-blitzkrieg yokuqala yango-2003, inguqulo yokuphatha kukaBush yokuphatha i-neocolonial e-Iraq yaholela ekwandeni kwamavukela-mbuso amaSunni, amasosha amaShia, kanye nokutheleka kwabalwi bangaphandle abazimisele. UTehran waphuthuma esikhaleni samandla, kwathi, ngo-2011, esivumelwaneni esasungulwa ngabaphathi bakaBush abashiyayo futhi senziwa nguMongameli Obama, abaseMelika bagijimela ukuphuma. Ama-Irani asala. Manje, bangene emshadweni oyinqaba ne-US ngokumelene nalokho iWashington ezenza isitha esivamile - i-ISIS - kodwa ama-Irani kanye nabalingani babo e-Baghdad abayibona njengempi ngokumelene namaSunni ngokujwayelekile. Kuleli qophelo, iWashington isinikele nge-Iraq eMbusweni omusha wasePheresiya; wonke umuntu ulindele ukuthi amaphepha asule.
Ama-Irani ayaqhubeka nokugxambukela eSyria, esekela uBashar al-Assad. Ngaphansi kwesembozo somoya waseRussia, i-Iran yandisa ukuba khona kwebutho layo lapho, futhi. Ngokusho kwakamuva umbiko, iTehran ithumela amasosha ayizi-2,000 5,000 eSyria, kanye nama-Iraqi angu-XNUMX nama-Afghan Shia fighters. Mhlawumbe sebevele beyibiza ngokuthi โUkuhlinzwaโ ngesiFarsi.
AmaKurds: Umqondo we ukudala i-โKurdistanโ yaphuma ohlwini โlokwenzaโ lwangemva kweMpi Yezwe I. Ngo-1920 Isivumelwano sase-Sรจvres ekuqaleni washiya ukuvulwa kwereferendamu yokuthi amaKurds ayefuna yini ukuhlala eyingxenye yalokho okwakusele eMbusweni Wase-Ottoman noma azimele. Inkinga yokuqala: inhlolovo ayizange ifake izinhlelo zamaKurds kulokho okwaba yiSiriya ne-Iraq. Inkinga yesibili: inhlolovo ungalokothi kwenzeka, isisulu salokho okubizwa nge-Turkish War of Independence. Umphumela: amaKurd athukuthele angaba yizigidi ezingu-20 ahlakazeke ezingxenyeni ze-Iran yanamuhla, e-Iraq, eTurkey, naseSiriya.
Lokho kuhlasela kweMelika ngo-2003, nokho, kwavula indlela yokuthi amaKurds akhe isizinda esizimele esibonakalayo, umfelandawonye uma uthanda, noma usavalelwe ngaphakathi kwemingcele yase-Iraq. Ngaleso sikhathi, amaKurds ayebizwa ngokuthi yibona kuphela abangani beqiniso baseMelika e-Iraq futhi aklonyeliswa ngezikhali eziningi nokunye okuningi okubukeka ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengoba izikhulu zokuphatha zikaBush zakhuluma ngezinhloso ze-Iraq ebumbene.
Ngo-2014, amaKurds ahlomula amandla ase-US okwesibili. Ngifuna umuntu ozolwa ne-ISIS ngemuva kwebutho lase-Iraq eliqeqeshwe eMelika waphenduka umsila (futhi ngaphambi kokuthi ama-Irani kanye namasosha aseShia angenele impi ngamandla amakhulu), abaphathi baka-Obama baphinde baqala ukuthumela izikhali nemishini kumaKurds ngenkathi bendiza besekela amasosha abo, i-peshmerga. AmaKurds asabela ngokulwa kahle, okungenani kulokho ayekubheka njengengxenye yamaKurd e-Iraq. Nokho, isithakazelo sabo sokuhileleka empini yombango enkulu yamaSunni namaShia sasincane. Ngokuhamba kahle kwabo, amasosha aseMelika asiza amabutho amaKurd ukuthi athuthele enyakatho yeSyria, eduze komngcele waseTurkey. Ngenkathi elwa ne-ISIS, amaKurds nawo aqala ukubuyisela indawo abeyibheka njengeyabo ngokwesiko. Bangase babe abawinile beqiniso kukho konke lokhu, ngaphandle uma iTurkey ime endleleni yabo.
Igalikuni: Ubudlelwano phakathi kwabaseTurkey nabaseTurkey Ama-Kurds azikaze zibe mnandi, ngaphakathi kweTurkey kanye nasemngceleni we-Iraqi-Turkish.
Ngaphakathi eTurkey, iqembu eliyinhloko lamaKurdish elifuna izwe elizimele yiqembu labasebenzi baseKurdistan (eyaziwa nangokuthi I-PKK). Eyokuqala ukuhlukumezeka kwaqala ngo-1984 kwaze kwaba ngu-1999, lapho i-PKK imemezela ukumiswa kokudubulana okuhlangene. Ukungqubuzana kwezikhali kwaphinde kwaqubuka ngo-2004, kwaphetha ngokuthi kumiswe umbango ngo-2013, nawo owaphuka muva nje. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, amasosha aseTurkey nawo aphinde ahlasela i-PKK e-Iraq.
Ngokuqondene ne-ISIS, abantu baseTurkey kudala benendlela eyodwa โyenqubomgomo yomnyango ovulekileโ emngceleni wabo neSyria, okuvumela ama-Islamic State fighters kanye namavolontiya angaphandle ukuthi adlulele kulelo zwe. I-ISIS iphinde yahweba amanani abalulekile kawoyela wemakethe emnyama igalikuni ukuzixhasa, mhlawumbe ngokusekelwa okuthulile, noma okungenani ukungazi ngamabomu, kweziphathimandla zaseTurkey. Ngenkathi amaTurkey athi abona i-ISIS njengebutho elilwa no-Assad, abanye uzwe ukuphana kweTurkey kulo mbutho kukhombisa ukuthi uhulumeni ufuna ukuba nanoma yini ngaphandle kokwanda kwamaKurd emngceleni wawo. NgoJuni walo nyaka, uMongameli waseTurkey u-Recep Erdogan wahamba waze wafika uthi ukuthi "akasoze avumela ukusungulwa kwesifunda saseKurdish enyakatho yeSyria."
Ngenxa yakho konke lokho, akumangazi ukuthi ukuphathwa kuka-Obama kwasekuqaleni imizamo ukudweba iTurkey ekulweni ne-ISIS akuphumelelanga. Izinto zashintsha ngo-Agasti 2015, lapho isivumelwano sokubambisana okuthiwa siphikisana ne-ISIS sifinyelelwa neWashington. AbaseTurkey bavuma ukuvumela abaseMelika ukuba bandize isiteleka ohambweni lwezisekelo ezimbili zomoya eTurkey ngokumelene ne-ISIS eSyria. Kodwa-ke, kubonakala sengathi kukhona okungashicilelwe quid pro quo: i-U.S. izoba yi- oyimpumputhe iso kwisenzo sezempi saseTurkey ngokumelene nabalingani bayo amaKurds. Ngalo kanye usuku iTurkey eyamemezela ngalo ukuthi izolwa ne-Islamic State ngokuzimisela, yaphinde yaqala umkhankaso womoya ngokumelene i-PKK.
IWashington, ngakolunye uhlangothi, yathi bekukade "bekhohlisiweโ ngamaTurks anobuqili, ngenkathi engeza"Silihlonipha ngokugcwele ilungelo lika-Ally Turkey lokuzivikela." Kulolu hlelo, amaKurds azithola esesekwa yi-U.S. emzabalazweni we-ISIS, nalapho ayephonswa izimpisi (zamaTurkey). Kunenkulumo yesiKurd esikisela ukuthi amaKurds โawanabo abangane ngaphandle kwezintaba.โ Uma kwenzeka befinyelela i-Kurdistan enqamula umngcele, bazobe sebeyitholile.
I-Syria: Ngochungechunge lwezehlakalo okucishe kungenzeki ukuzixazulula, njengoba empeleni besekile i-Arab Spring kwenye indawo, abaphathi baka-Obama bakhetha ukwenza kanjalo eSyria, bezama ukukusebenzisa ukukhipha uMongameli Bashar al-Assad esikhundleni. Ngaleso sikhathi, abaphathi baka-Obama bazithola sebengene shรญ engxabanweni abangakwazi ukuyilawula phakade befuna leyo-unicorn, ngokulinganisela Isihlubuki saseSiriya esingaba baqeqeshiwe ukuphusha u-Assad ngaphandle kokuvumela abalandeli benkolo bamaSulumane ukuthi bangene. Ngaleso sikhathi, ama-spin-offs e-al-Qaeda, okuhlanganisa ne-Islamic State, athole indawo emngceleni ohlakazekayo phakathi kwe-Iraq ne-Syria, nasezindaweni ezimaphakathi zezwe zamaSunni.
UBarack Obama ongenamanqikanqika wavumela ukuzibandakanya kweMelika eSyria ukuthi kunciphe futhi kugeleze. NgoSepthemba 2013, lapho sekusondele isiteleka esikhulu ngokumelene namabutho ombuso wase-Assad, u-Obama kungazelelwe. ibhontshiwe isinqumo esiya kuCongress, okuvele ukuthi singakwazi ukunquma lutho. NgoNovemba 2013, futhi lapho sekusondele ukuhlasela iSyria, umongameli wavuma ukuthi kukhulunywe ngaye ngemuva kokuhlasela. gaffe nguNobhala Wezwe uJohn Kerry wavula umnyango wokuncenga izikhulu zaseRussia. NgoSepthemba 2014, ekuguqukeni okungazelelwe, u-Obama wethula impi emelene ne-ISIS eSyria, ebonakale ingenasinqumo.
I-Russia: Lokho kusiletha ku-Vladimir Putin, umshintshi wegeyimu waseSyria okwamanje. NgoSepthemba, umongameli waseRussia wathumela ibutho elincane kodwa elinamandla enkundleni yezindiza eyayinganakekile eLatakia, eSyria. "Ngokulwa ne-ISIS" okungaphezu kwendaba yabo yekhava, amaRussia manje ukukhonza njengombutho wezempi ka-Assad, kanye nomphakeli wakhe omkhulu wezikhali kanye nomthombo okungenzeka ukuthi "sokuzithandelaโ amasosha.
Into ebaluleke kakhulu, nokho, yilezo zindiza zaseRussia. Empeleni banikezwe isiqinisekiso sokungavikeleki ekudutshulweni ngobukhona obunamandla kakhulu be-U.S. Air Force esifundeni (njengoba iWashington ingenalutho olungazuza futhi nokukhathazeka okuningi ngakho uma kukhulunywa ngokungena ezingxabanweni ezisobala namaRussia). Lokho kubavumela ukuthi bangajeziswa ukuthi bashaye nini futhi kuphi lapho befisa ukweseka bani abamfisayo. Kuphinde kushaye indiva noma yiliphi ithuba lokuthi i-U.S. imise indawo okungeyona impukane ezingxenyeni zaseSyria.
Abantu baseRussia abanaso isisusa esincane sokuhamba, njengoba benikezwe ipasi lamahhala abalinikezwa abaphathi baka-Obama. Ngaleso sikhathi, amasosha aseRussia akhula ngokusondelana nabantu base-Irani abahlanganyela nabo ngesizathu esijwayelekile eSyria, kanye nohulumeni wamaShia eBaghdad, ongase ubameme maduze ukuthi bahlanganyele ekulweni lapho ne-ISIS. Umuntu angacishe azwe uPutin ehayiza. Angase angabi, eqinisweni, abe usomaqhinga onekhono kakhulu emhlabeni, kodwa ngokuqinisekile unenhlanhla enkulu. Uma othile ekunika okhiye, uthatha imoto.
Impi Yezwe I
Njengase-Europe yombuso ngesikhathi esiholela eMpini Yezwe Yokuqala, ukuwa kwe-oda lonke eMpumalanga Ephakathi kusaqhubeka, kuyilapho kukhululwa amabutho osekunesikhathi eside ebanjiwe. Ukuphendula, imibuso yangaphambili yenkathi yeMpi Yomshoshaphansi isiphinde yahlangana, okungenani ngesizotha, nakuba bobabili besaba inhlansi engase ibaqhubekisele ekungqubuzaneni okuqondile. Ngamunye unobudlelwano besifunda obuhilizayo obungabhebhethekisa impi kalula: iRussia neSyria, i-U.S. neSaudi Arabia ne-Israel, kanye nezibopho ze-NATO eTurkey. (AmaRussia asevele akhona kuphenywa I-airspace yaseTurkey kanye namaTurks muva nje shot phansi i-drone ebhalwe ukuthi "imvelaphi engaziwa.")
Cabanga ngesimo esidonsela noma yibaphi balabo ababambisene nabo ekujuleni kobishi: umnyakazo othile wase-Iranian eSyria, obangela impendulo ka-Israyeli eGolan Heights, ekhuthaza umnyakazo waseRussia maqondana neTurkey, okhuthaza ukubizelwa kwe-NATO ukuthola usizoโฆ uthola isithombe. Noma cabanga esinye isimo: cishe wonke umuntu ongenele ukhetho lokuba ngumongameli e-United States evungama ngethuba lokuthi bhekana Putin, bekuzokwenzekani uma amaRussia edubula ngephutha indiza yaseMelika? Ingabe u-Obama angamelana nezingcingo zokuziphindiselela?
Njengangaphambi kweMpi Yezwe I, kukhona ingozi yokusetha okuthile okungenakumiswa.
Imayelana nani Futhi?
Kuthiwani ukube i-US ibingahlaselanga i-Iraq ngo-2003? Ngokungangabazeki izinto beziyohluka kakhulu eMpumalanga Ephakathi namuhla. Impi yaseMelika e-Afghanistan bekungenakwenzeka ukuthi ibe yinhlansi enkulu ngokwanele yokususa uhla lwezinguquko ezidedelwe yi-Iraq. Kwakukhona kuphela 10,000 Amasosha aseMelika e-Afghanistan ngo-2003 (5,200 ngo-2002) futhi akuzange kube khona ukuhlukunyezwa okungakhethi okufana no-Abu Ghraib, okulingana nenqubomgomo yomhlaba oshisiwe edolobheni lase-Iraq i-Fallujah, akukho lutho olungavusa umngcele weSunni-Shia-Kurd. umzabalazo, akukho ndawo yokuthi i-Iran igxambukele. AmaMelika ayebulala amaSulumane e-Afghanistan, kodwa ayengawabulali ama-Arab, futhi ayengawadli amazwe ama-Arab.
Ukuhlasela kwe-Iraq, nokho, kwenzeka. Manje, eminyakeni eyi-12 kamuva, into ekhathaza kakhulu ngempi yamanje yaseMpumalanga Ephakathi, ngokombono waseMelika, ukuthi akekho lapha owaziyo ngempela ukuthi kungani izwe lisalwa. Isizathu esivame ukushiwo - "ukunqoba i-ISIS" - asiqiniseki noma sizichaze. Hlula i-ISIS ngani?
I-Washington engcono kakhulu engaqhamuka nayo yizinsongo ezifanayo ezingacacile zobuphekula ngokumelene nezwe eliye labhebhethekisa izimpi eziyinhlekelele kusukela ngo-9/11. I-White House ingabeka ukuthi u-Assad ungumuntu omubi nokuthi abasebenzi be-ISIS bangabantu ababi ngempela, kodwa abantu ababi abatholakali kalula, kuhlanganise nasemazweni i-U.S. Eqinisweni, i-U.S. inemigomo embalwa ecacile esifundeni, kodwa iyakhula noma kunjalo.
Noma ngabe iluphi uhlelo lomhlaba okungenzeka ukuthi i-U.S. ililwela eMpumalanga Ephakathi, kubonakala okungenani umbuso owodwa noma emibili ephelelwe yisikhathi. IWashington iyenqaba ukuvuma ngokwayo ukuthi imibono ye-Islamic fundamentalism ihambisana nenani elikhulu labantu. Kuleli qophelo, njengoba nje i-U.S. I-TOW imicibisholo isiba yonke indawo njengama-iPads esifundeni, amandla ezempi aseMelika angakwazi ukubambezela izinguquko, angazivimba. Ngaphandle uma ukulinganisa kabusha kwamandla okungahle kuthande uhlobo oluthile lwe-Islamic fundamentalism kuyabambelela futhi kudala ukuzinza okuthile eMpumalanga Ephakathi, thembele entweni eyodwa: i-US izobe ilwa namadodana e-ISIS kusukela manje.
Emuva ngeMpi Yezwe I. Ngesikhathi sokugcina iRussia kanye ne-U.S. bobabili baba nobukhona obunamandla eMpumalanga Ephakathi, isiphetho sabameleli babo ngeMpi YaseYom Kippur yango-1973 cishe nyukliya ukushintshana. Akekho obikezela impi yomhlaba noma impi yenuzi kusuka obishini lwaseSyria. Kodwa-ke, njengalezo zinsuku zokugcina ngaphambi kweMpi Enkulu, umuntu uthola izingcezu eziningi ezidlalwa ngaphakathi kwe-tinderbox.
Manje, sekuhlangene: Yini engase yonakale?
UPeter Van Buren washaya impempe ngokulahlwa koMnyango Wezwe kanye nokungaphathi kahle ngesikhathi kwakhiwa kabusha i-Iraq. Besiqonde Kahle: Ukuthi Ngisize Kanjani Ukulahlekelwa Impi Yezinhliziyo Nezingqondo Zabantu Base-Iraq. A TomDispatch Njalo he ubhala ngezenzakalo zamanje at Besisho Kahle. Incwadi yakhe yakamuva ithi Izipoki zika-Tom Joad: Indaba ye-#99Percent. Umsebenzi wakhe olandelayo kuzoba inoveli, Impi kaHooper.
Lesi sihloko sivele okokuqala ku-TomDispatch.com, i-weblog ye-Nation Institute, enikeza ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, izindaba, kanye nemibono evela ku-Tom Engelhardt, umhleli wesikhathi eside ekushicileleni, umsunguli we-American Empire Project, umbhali we Ukuphela Kwesiko Lokunqoba, njengenoveli, Izinsuku Zokugcina Zokushicilela. Incwadi yakhe yakamuva ethi UHulumeni Wethunzi: Ukubhekwa, Izimpi Eziyimfihlo, kanye Nezwe Lokuphepha Lomhlaba Wonke Ezweni Elinamandla Amandla Amandla (Haymarket Books).n
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