Inxalenye yokuqala yeli nqaku iphonononge ezinye zeendlela ii-philanthropists zenkululeko ezisebenza ngazo ukubandakanya imisebenzi yamaqela anenkqubela phambili kwihlabathi liphela. Le nxalenye yesibini yenqaku iya kuqhubeka nokuphonononga uncwadi lwakutsha nje olubhekiselele kwimisebenzi echuliweyo yokuchasana ne-radicalising ye-liberal philanthropists kunye nesiseko sabo, kwaye iqukumbele ngokunikezela ngeengcebiso malunga nendlela amatshantliziyo anenkqubela anokuthi aqalise ngayo ukuhamba ngaphaya kwe-Non-Profit Industrial Complex.
Ukunyelisa uMsongelo wamaLungelo oLuntu
Intshukumo yamalungelo oluntu ngoo-1960 yaba yintshukumo yokuqala ebhaliweyo yentlalontle eyafumana inkxaso yemali eninzi evela kwiziseko zoncedo.[28] Njengoko kunokulindelwa, inkxaso yesiseko senkululeko yahamba phantse ngokupheleleyo kwimibutho yentshukumo yobuchwephesha efana, uMbutho weSizwe woPhuculo lwaBantu beBala kunye neNgxowa-mali yabo yoKhuselo olusemthethweni kunye neMfundo, i-Urban League, kunye neziseko nazo zanceda ukusungula iProjekthi yeMfundo yoMvoti kaMongameli Kennedy. [29] Kwimeko yokugqibela, inkxaso yesiseko seProjekthi yeMfundo yoMvoti yacwangciswa ngabalawuli bakaKennedy, ababefuna ukuchitha inkxaso yabantu abamnyama kwimibhikisho yokuhlala ngelixa kwangaxeshanye befumana iivoti zabaninzi base-Afrika-baseMelika, indawo eyanceda u-Kennedy ukuba aphumelele ukhetho lwe-1960. .[30]
Umzekelo omnye wohlobo loxinzelelo olungathanga ngqo olujongene neentshukumo zentlalo ezixhomekeke kwinkxaso yesiseko unokubonwa ngokuphonononga imisebenzi kaMartin Luther King, Omnci. njengoko iphulo lakhe laba nempikiswano ngakumbi kwiminyaka nje ngaphambi kokubulawa kwakhe. Ngomhla we-18 ngoFebruwari 1967, uKumkani wabamba intlanganiso yesicwangciso apho wathi ufuna ukuthatha indawo esebenzayo ekuchaseni iMfazwe yaseVietnam: eqaphela ukuba wayezimisele ukuhlukana nolawulo lukaJohnson nangona iNkomfa yobuNkokheli bamaKrestu yaseMzantsi ilahlekelwe yinkxaso yemali ( nangona sele ikwimeko ebuthathaka yezemali, namagalelo angaphantsi kwama-40 epesenti kunonyaka ophelileyo). Kule meko, kubonakala ngathi, uKumkani wayebhekiselele kwilahleko enokwenzeka yenkxaso yesiseko njengoko, emva kwentetho yakhe yokuqala echasene nemfazwe emva kweveki (ngomhla we-25 kaFebruwari), waphinda wavakalisa inkxalabo yakhe yokuba isikhundla sakhe esitsha siza kubeka engozini iFord Foundation ebalulekileyo. isibonelelo.[31]
Ngoko ke, ngokubonelela ngenkxaso ekhethiweyo yamaqela amatsha ntliziyo ngeminyaka yoo-1960, iziseko zenkululeko zakhuthaza ukuzimela kwamaqela anjalo kumalungu awo angahlawulwayo asebenza emazantsi, eququzelela ubugcisa bombutho kunye nokusekwa kwamaziko. Oku kuvumele iziseko "ukuqondisa ukungavisisani kwiitshaneli ezisemthethweni kunye nokunciphisa iinjongo zokuphucula kunenguqu enkulu"[32] , kwinkqubo yokukhuthaza "ukunciphisa kunye nokunciphisa amandla okuphikisa okubanzi".[33] U-Herbert Haines (1988) uyayixhasa le ngongoma kwaye uthi ukunyuka kwe-militancy yeKomiti yoLungelelaniso yoMfundi engenabuNdlobongela kunye neCongress for Racial Equality kwakuthetha ukuba isiseko senkxaso-mali sasijoliswe kumaqela avakalisa ngokwawo ngezenzo ezilinganiselweyo.[34] Ubize oku njenge "radical flank effect" - inkqubo echaza indlela inkxaso-mali eyandiswe ngayo kumaqela angalwi okanye aphakathi (axhomekeke kubuchule beziko) njengoko uqhanqalazo oluthe ngqo luye lwanda.[35] Njengoko uJack Walker (1983) equkumbela, kwisifundo sakhe sempembelelo yeziseko kumaqela anomdla, ukuqiqa emva kwesicwangciso songenelelo esinjalo silula. Uxoxa ngelithi โ[a]amagosa esiseko akholelwa ekubeni uzinzo lwexesha elide lwenkqubo emele ukwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo lunokuqinisekiswa kuphela ukuba imijelo yombutho esemthethweni inokubonelelwa ngonxunguphalo nomsindo obonakaliswa kuqhanqalazo kunye nokuqhambuka kobundlobongela bezopolitiko.โ[36] ]
Ukusuka kuCalucalulo ukuya kwi'Demokhrasi' ukuya phambili
Ukutshintshela kwinguqu yoMzantsi Afrika ukuya 'kwidemokhrasi', uRoelofs (2007) uthi:
โKwimeko yoMzantsi Afrika, umceli mngeni kubantu abadumileyo baseNtshona yayikukuqhawula unxibelelwano kwiinjongo zobusoshiyali nezocalucalulo zeAfrican National Congress. Iziseko ezincediswayo kule nkqubo, ngokuyila ingxoxo-mpikiswano e-United States kunye nokudala ii-NGO zohlobo lwamalungelo oluntu eMzantsi Afrika. Ngo-1978 iRockefeller Foundation yabiza iKomishoni yoFundo yabantu abali-11 ngoMgaqo-nkqubo wase-US obhekisele kuMazantsi e-Afrika, usihlalo wayo nguFranklin Thomas, uMongameli weFord Foundation; ikwaquka uAlan Pifer, uMongameli weCarnegie Corporation yaseNew York. EMpuma Yurophu, isivumelwano soKhuseleko se-East-West Yurophu ngo-1975, esaziwa ngokuba yi-"Helsinki Accords" yabangela ukuba iziseko zenze i-Helsinki Watch (ngoku eyi-Human Rights Watch), i-NGO yamazwe ngamazwe yokubeka iliso kwizivumelwano; IRockefeller, iFord, kunye neSoros Foundations ngabaxhasi ababalaseleyo.โ[37]
I-Roelofs (2003) iphinda ibonise ukuba ngaphezu kokubambisana kweentshukumo zentlalo, iziseko ziye zadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni "izopolitiko zesazisi" eziye zasebenza ekukhuthazeni ukuhlukana phakathi kweentshukumo zentlalo ezinengqondo ezifanayo. [38] UMadonna Thunder Hawk (2007) ukwagxeka umda omxinwa womsebenzi wamatsha ntliziyo:
Ngaphambili, abaququzeleli babewubeka phantsi umcimbi wabo xa kuyimfuneko baze baxhase omnye umba. Ngoku, uninzi lwabaququzeleli banobuchule kakhulu, kwaye akukho nto banokuyenza ngaphandle kokuba banohlahlo lwabiwo-mali kuqala. Ngaphezu koko, iziseko zihlala zilindele ukuba imibutho ibe yincutshe kakhulu kwaye ayiyi kuxhasa ngemali umsebenzi ongaphandle kokubaluleka kwayo kwenkxaso-mali. Le nyaniso inokusikela umda amandla ombutho wokuyila nokubhetyebhetye njengoko izinto zitshintsha kuluntu lwethu.โ[39]
UStephanie Guilloud noWilliam Cordery (2007) bayazixhasa izimvo ezinjalo, kwaye bacebisa ukuba itshantliziyo:
โโฆ umsebenzi uba yimveliso eyahlulwahlulwayo, enqwenelwayo okanye engafunwayo yimarike esisiseko, ihlelwa ngokweendlela okanye ubudlelwane bezopolitiko kunobunzulu bomsebenzi. Kukangaphi sisiva ukuba 'umsebenzi wolutsha ushushu ngoku'? Abaxhasi-mali bamisela iindlela zenkxaso-mali, kwaye ii-non-profits ziphuhlisa iinkqubo zokugoba kwezi zicelo kunokuvavanya iimfuno zokwenyani kunye neenjongo zokwenyani. Ukuba sitshintsha 'imveliso' yethu ukuhlangabezana nezigunyaziso ezisisiseko, imibutho yethu isenokufumana inkxaso-mali eyongezelelweyo kunye nokhuseleko lwemali. Kodwa amaxesha amaninzi, siye sabeka esichengeni umbono wethu kwaye sangcatsha uluntu olusakhele ukujongana neemfuno, iinkxalabo kunye nemibono ethile. โ [40]
Ngokunjalo, uAna Clarissa Rojas Durazo (2007) usungula indawo ebanzi efanayo ngokuchasene neenkcubeko ezininzi, exoxa ngelithi:
โUbukho beenkqubo 'ezizodwa' kunye 'nezingezozabamhlophe' buvela kwingqiqo yeprojekthi yenkululeko yobuninzi beenkcubeko. Ngelixa kukho imigangatho yobuhlanga ecacileyo eyakhiwe yaba yimibutho, ezi nkqubo ziphuhliswa phantsi kwemodeli yeenkcubeko ezininzi ezinikezela ubuhlanga ngokubhengeza ukongama kwenkcubekoโฆ Ngelixa iinkonzo neenkqubo ezithile ngokwenkcubeko zinokubonakala zijongana nokwenzakala kocalucalulo, esi sicwangciso-qhinga sombutho siyalususa uhlanga. ukusuka kuhlalutyo olubanzi ngokusebenzayo ukungahoywa kwesakhiwo samandla okongamela kwabamhlophe kunye nokulawulwa okucwangcisiweyo kwabantu bebala, okuchaphazela iintlobo ezininzi zobundlobongela obujoliswe kwabasetyhini. Ngokongeza inkqubo ecacileyo eyenzelwe ukunceda iimfuno zoluntu olunikiweyo lombala, umbutho omkhulu uyakuphepha ukuphendula ngokuthe ngqo kuloo ndawo. Ngamanye amazwi, ukongama kombutho kwabamhlophe kuhleli kuhleli kwaye akuphikiswanga ngokusisiseko, njengoko zinjalo iintlobo ezininzi zogonyamelo nxamnye namabhinqa oluphenjelelwa lucalucalulo.โ[41]
...
โNgoko ke, imibutho 'enobuchule ngokwenkcubeko' kunye/okanye imibutho yeenkcubeko ezininzi isebenzisana nokubangamela kwabamhlophe kunye nobundlobongela obujoliswe kubafazi bebala, oko kukuthi ngenxa yokuba le ngqiqo yenza ukuba imibutho ingayihoyi eyona nto iphambili yobuhlanga kuwo onke amaziko nemibutho yase-United States."[42]
IForam yezeNtlalo yeHlabathi: Biza iTune yabaxhasi
Ngenxa yokunqongophala kophando olubalulekileyo kwimpembelelo yobubele obukhululekileyo kwimibutho eqhubela phambili, iziseko zenkululeko ziye zangena ngokuzolileyo kwindlela yazo entliziyweni yombutho wehlabathi wobulungisa boluntu, zidlale indima ephambili ekusekweni kweForam yezeNtlalo yeHlabathi (WSF). ). Ngaphaya koko, ayimangalisi into yokuba, xa kusenziwa izigxeko ze-WSF, zikholisa ukuqubisana nenzolo ethe cwaka ngamatsha ntliziyo anenkqubela kunye namajelo eendaba abo (uninzi lwawo oluthe lwasekwa kwaye lwaxhaswa ngemali yiziseko zenkululeko, bona kamva).[43] ]
IYunithi yoPhando kuQoqosho lwezoPolitiko (2007) iphawula ngobuchule, i-WSF โyenza ungenelelo olubalulekileyo lweziseko kwimibutho yentlalontle kumazwe ngamazweโ ngenxa yokuba (1) uninzi lwee-NGOs ezihambela i-WSF zifumana inkxaso-mali karhulumente kunye/okanye yesiseko, kwaye (2) โ Isiseko se-WSF sezinto eziphathekayo โ inkxaso-mali yomsebenzi wayo โ sixhomekeke kakhulu kwiziseko ezisisiseko.โ[44] Mhlawumbi ichaza into ecacileyo ukuqaphela ukuba ingqwalasela ethe kratya ifanele inikwe kwezo ngcamango zibalulekileyo; nangona kunjalo, ukuba uphando olongezelelekileyo olubalulekileyo lufumanise ukuba amabango anjalo akanabungqina ngoko ke i-WSF inokomelezwa kuphela. Kwelinye icala, ukuba amatsha ntliziyo agqibe ngokudibeneyo ukuba ukufunyanwa kwenkxaso-mali yesiseko senkululeko kuyingxaki - njengoko kwenzekile kwi-WSF ka-2004 eMumbai - ngoko ke amanyathelo angaphezulu kufuneka athathwe ngokukhawuleza ukulungisa lo mba. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko iYunithi yoPhando kuQoqosho lwezoPolitiko ichaza, nangona:
โโฆ Isigqibo sekomiti ye-WSF India sokuchitha imali kumaziko athile siphawule uloyiso lwabagxeki be-WSF, asikhange siwusombulule lo mba. Ukuba abaququzeleli baye bachitha imali kule mithombo ngokomgaqo (kunokuba nje kuba imibuzo engathandekiyo iphakanyisiwe), kunzima ukuqonda ukuba kutheni le mithetho ingahambelani nemibutho. Kuxhaswa ngemali ngabo. Oku kushiye umda wokuba iWSF yamkele imali kwimibutho exhaswa ngemali yiFord. Ngaphezu koko, ... ubuninzi beendleko zeWSF buthwalwa yimibutho ethatha inxaxheba, uninzi lwayo luxhaswa ngemali yiFord neminye imithombo โethintelweyoโ.โ[45]
Ngokucacileyo ibalulekile (kunye malunga) imibuzo ephakanyisiweyo malunga nokuba semthethweni kwedemokhrasi ye-WSF, kodwa uninzi lwamatsha ntliziyo lusahleli lungazi ngobukho bezo zigxeko zisekelwe kakuhle. Oku kuyingxaki kwaye, njengoko uStephanie Guilloud kunye noWilliam Cordery (2007) bexoxa, nangona unyuso lwengxowa-mali โiyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yemigudu yokulungelelanisa eUnited Statesโ:
โโฆ idla ngokubonwa ngamatsha ntliziyo njengesivumelwano sethu esibi ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo esikhohlakeleyo songxowankulu. Logama nje sibeka unyuso lwengxowa-mali kumsebenzi omdaka osingathwa ngcono ngababhali bezibonelelo nabalawuli bophuhliso kunabaququzeleli, siyaphoswa lithuba lokuyila amatye okuya kuqoqosho olusekwe kuluntu.โ[46]
Nangona kunjalo, njengoko uDylan Rodriguez (2007) ephawula:
โโฆ xa ubani ezama ukubandakanyeka [kwingxoxo] egxekayo malunga neengxaki zezopolitiko zokusebenza kunye nezi kunye nezinye iziseko, kwaye ngakumbi xa umntu enomdla wokubathiya njengabazala 'abakhohlakeleyo' abacinezelayo bephiko lasekunene elibonakala likhohlakele. iziseko, ukusekwa eKhohlo iba lukhuselo olunzulu kubaxhasi bayo bezemali. Ndingatsho ukuba lo ngumbono wenkululeko-uqhubela phambili ojongela bucala iindlela ezikhawulezayo, zoguqulo, kunye neproto-revolutionary, ukuvukela, kunye nokuchasa ukwala ukuthatha inxaxheba [kuGeorge] Soros charade 'yemilinganiselo ekwabelwana ngayo,' kwaye abanamdla. ekuzameni 'ukuphucula ukungafezeki.' Inyaniso yentlalo yoluntu ekhoyo kukuba kunjalo ngenxa ye ukuveliswa kokungavunyelwa okukhulu, ukungalingani, kunye nokucwangciswa okucwangcisiweyo okucwangcisiweyo, ukubandezeleka, kunye nokufa kwabo bantu bajoliswe ekuthinteleni kunye nokupheliswa kwezopolitiko / kwezentlalo-ucwangco lwentlalo olunobundlobongela oluveliswe phantsi komyalelo 'wedemokhrasi,' 'uxolo,' 'ukhuseleko, ' kunye 'nobulungisa' obumba i iziseko zembali nezopolitiko yombutho wasekuhlaleni omhlophe ofanayo nalapho iNPIC [iNdawo yoShishino lweNzuzo] eKhohlo isekelwe kuyo.โ [47]
UGuilloud noCordery (2007) "bakholelwa ukuba kungcono ukuchithwa luluntu kunokudada kwiziseko." Ngokwenene, baqhubeka bechaza ngokuchanekileyo oko kucacileyo, ngokuphawula ukuba imibutho exhaswa ngabahlali iya kuthi, ngokuyimfuneko, ifezekise iimfuno zedemokhrasi kuba โ[amalungu] anegalelo kwintlangano aya kuyeka ukufaka isandla xa umsebenzi ungasaxabisekanga. [48]
Ukuhamba Ngaphaya kweNdawo yoShishino olungaSebenziyo lweNzuzo
โAbantu abangenzi ngeniso abasoloko becinga ukuba 'bayathengisa.' Kodwa ngokuzama nje ukugcina inkxaso-mali kunye nokuhlawula imivuzo yomntu wonke, baqala ukunqanda ukucinga kwabo koko bakwenzayo. nako yenza. Ukongeza, iqumrhu elingenzi ngeniso lixhasa ubudlelwane bobuzali apho abangenzi ngeniso abangaphandle koluntu lwethu baxhasa ngemali abaququzeleli abakhethwe ngesandla, endaweni yokuba basixhase ngemali ukuba senze umsebenzi ngokwethu. (Madonna Thunder Hawk, 2007) [49]
Ngenxa yokuphononongwa kwembali yeziseko ezikhululekileyo ezichazwe kweli nqaku akukho mpikiswano ukucebisa ukuba abantu abathanda inkululeko - abakwaxhasa amaqela acwangcisiweyo aphezulu - abayi kuququzelela utshintsho olukhulu lwentlalo oluya kukhuthaza ukwamkelwa kwehlabathi kwidemokhrasi yokuthatha inxaxheba.[50] Ethatha imbono yehlabathi, uJames Petras noHenry Veltmeyer (2004) bathi uninzi lwenkxaso-mali โyokulwa nentlupheko ngee-NGOs nayo ibe neziphumo ezincumisayoโ kwaye:
โNgokwahlukileyo koko, uncedo lwangaphandle olujoliswe kwii-NGOs lujongele phantsi ukuthathwa kwezigqibo zesizwe, kuba uninzi lweeprojekthi nezinto eziphambili zimiselwe yi-NGOs yaseYurophu okanye yase-US. Ukongeza, iiprojekthi ze-NGO zikholisa ukusebenzisana neenkokeli zasekhaya kwaye zijike zibe ngabasebenzi abalawula iiprojekthi zasekhaya ezisilelayo ukujongana neengxaki zesakhiwo kunye neentlekele zamazwe abafumanayo. Okubi nangakumbi, inkxaso-mali yeNGO ikhokelele ekwandeni kwamaqela akhuphisanayo, nto leyo ebeka uluntu kunye namaqela ngokuchaseneyo, ejongela phantsi imibutho esele ikho. Kunokuba ibuyekeze umonakalo owenziwe ekuhlaleni owenziwe yimigaqo-nkqubo yeemarike zasimahla kunye neemeko zobukhoboka bamatyala, i-NGO itshayele uncedo lwangaphandle izalisekisa i-IFIs' [amaziko emali ehlabathi] neo-liberal agenda.โ[51]
Ebhekisa kwimpembelelo eyonakalisayo ye-philanthropy yase-US, u-Andrea Smith (2007) ukwaphawula ukuba:
โ[T] yena NPIC [iNdibaniselwano yoShishino lweNzuzo] inegalelo kwindlela yolungiselelo engazinzanga ekugqibeleni. Ukutshintsha uluntu ngokumandla, kufuneka sakhe iintshukumo zesininzi ezinokubhukuqa iinkqubo zolawulo, ezifana nobukhapitali. Nangona kunjalo, i-NPIC iyasikhuthaza ukuba sicinge ngokuququzelela ubulungisa bentlalo njengomsebenzi; oko kukuthi, uyawenza umsebenzi ukuba unokuhlawulwa ngawo. Nangona kunjalo, intshukumo yesininzi ifuna ukubandakanyeka kwezigidi zabantu, uninzi lwabo olungafumani ntlawulo. Ngokuzama ukwenza ulungelelwaniso olusezantsi ngale modeli yomsebenzi, ngokusisiseko sicela abantu abambalwa ukuba basebenze ngaphezulu kwexesha elizeleyo ukwenza umsebenzi ekufuneka wenziwe zizigidi.
Ukongeza, i-NPIC ikhuthaza inkcubeko yentshukumo yentlalontle engasebenzisaniyo, igxile emxinwa, kwaye inokhuphiswano. Ukugcina inkxaso yabaxhamli, amaqela kufuneka akhuphisane omnye nomnye ngenkxaso-mali ngokukhuthaza umsebenzi wabo kuphela, nokuba izicwangciso zabo zokulungiselela ziyimpumelelo okanye hayi. Le nkcubeko ithintela amatsha ntliziyo ekubeni abe neengxoxo zentsebenziswano apho sinokuthi sabelane ngokunyanisekileyo ngeentsilelo zethu kunye nempumelelo yethu. Ukongeza, emva kokunyanzelwa ukuba siqulunqe yonke into esiyenzayo 'njengempumelelo,' siye sibambeke ekubeni siphinde kwaezo zicwangciso kuba sinyanzelise ukuba abaxhasi baphumelele, nokuba abaphumelelanga. Ngenxa yoko, siba ngabaguqukiyo kunokuba siguquguquke kwaye sisoloko sitshintsha kwizicwangciso zethu, eyona nto ifunwa yintshukumo yenguqu kwezentlalo. Kwaye njengoko sizixhalabisa kakhulu ngokutsala abaxhasi ngemali kunokuba siququzelele iintshukumo ezisekelwe kubuninzi, siqala ukuthengisa umsebenzi wemibutho yethu. " [52]
U-Amara H. Perez kunye noSisters in Action for Power (2007) nabo bongeza ukuba:
"Ukongezelela kumandla kunye nempembelelo yesiseko senkxaso-mali, imodeli engenzi nzuzo ngokwayo ibe negalelo ekulungelelaniseni umsebenzi wethu kwaye imisele isakhiwo esiye saqhelanisa inkcubeko yoshishino ngendlela umsebenzi wethu ekugqibeleni owenziwa ngayo."[ 53]
Ngethamsanqa, iimpendulo kwiingxaki zenkxaso-mali eziphakanyiswe kweli nqaku zilula. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kophando olubalulekileyo kwimpembelelo echasene nedemokhrasi yeziseko zenkululeko kwinguqu yentlalo eqhubela phambili, okokuqala kwaye phambili amatshantliziyo anenkqubela phambili kufuneka avume esidlangalaleni ukuba ingxaki ikhona phambi kokuba izisombululo ezifanelekileyo ziqulunqwe kwaye ziphunyezwe. Ngoko ke, inyathelo lokuqala endiliphakamisayo ekufuneka lithatyathwe ngamatsha ntliziyo anenkqubela kukusungula ingxoxo yoluntu edlamkileyo yendima ebanzi yeziseko ezikhululekileyo ekuxhaseni ngemali utshintsho lwentlalo-isenzo esiya kuxhomekeka ubukhulu becala kumdla nakwinkxaso yabantu abaphantsi. amatsha ntliziyo kulo lonke ihlabathi.
Xa kujongwa imisebenzi echuliweyo yeziseko zenkululeko, โubukho bemibutho yobulungisa kwezentlalo kaninzi buhlala buxhomekeke ngakumbi ekusebenzeni kwababhali bezibonelelo abaziingcali (nabangaqeqeshwanga) kunakwizakhono-kakhulu ngaphantsi 'abanobugocigoci' - abafundisi-ntsapho nabaququzeleli bezopolitikoโ (Rodriguez, 2007). Ke ngoku kunanini na ngaphambili, kubalulekile ukuba abemi abanenkqubela bazibophelele kumsebenzi wedemokhrasi wokuthatha inxaxheba ukuphuhlisa iindlela zokuxhasa inkxaso-mali ezizezinye ukuze kugcinwe ubutshantliziyo besiseko soluntu ukuze bakwazi ukwaphula โumjikelo wobuqhophololo wokhuphiswano kunye nomanyanoโ olusekwe ziziseko zenkululeko kunye namahlakani abo. [54] Ngokwenene njengoko uGuilloud noCordery (2007) bechaza, โ[d] ukuphuhlisa inkqubo yokwenene yezoqoqosho esekwe kuluntu esasaza ngokutsha ubutyebi kwaye ivumele bonke abantu ukuba bafikelele koko bakudingayo kubalulekile ukugqibezela umbono wethu wehlabathi elikhululekileyo. Amacebo okunyusa ingxowa-mali yeGrassroots linyathelo eliya kweli cala. โ [55]
Ngelishwa, ukwazisa abantu ngemiba ekhathazayo echazwe kweli nqaku kunokuba nzima kunokuba ubani ebenokulindela kuqala. Oku kungenxa yokuba kwezinye iimeko amajelo eendaba anenkqubela ngokwawo anokuthintela ingxoxo evulekileyo yempembelelo yobubele obukhululekileyo kutshintsho lwentlalo - ngenxa yokuthembela kwabo (okanye ubuncinci ubudlelwane obuhle) neziseko zenkululeko. Ngokudabukisayo njengoko uBob Feldman (2007) ephawula, "[w]ingxelo enqabileyo itsalela ingqalelo ekunokwenzeka kwempembelelo yesiseko kumajelo eendaba asekhohlo okanye iitanki zokucinga, isimo sengqondo esiqhelekileyo kukukhanyela okungafanelekanga."[56] uFeldman uqukumbela ngelithi:
โโฆ ukuba imibutho kunye namajelo eendaba ajongwa njengephiko lasekhohlo kwiminyaka yakutshanje afumene inkxaso-mali eninzi evela kwiziseko zenkululeko. Olu lwazi lulodwa lubalulekile, njengoko amatsha ntliziyo asekhohlo kunye nabaphengululi bengenalwazi okanye abanamdla wokuhlola ubume neziphumo zolo ncedo-mali. Ngaphaya koko, nangona uphononongo oluqinisekileyo luya kufuna iprojekthi enkulu yohlalutyo lomxholo, kukho ubungqina obuninzi bokuba imali eshiyekileyo iye yahambela phambili njengoko inyuse ukuxhomekeka kwayo kwiziseko. Oku kuboniswa 'kwinkqubela-phambili,' yokufuna uhlaziyo kwimibutho eyayifudula inenzondelelo yempambano; ukunyamalala ngokuthe ngcembe kwemingeni kumandla ezoqoqosho nezopolitiko eenkampani okanye imfazwe yase-United States kunye ne-impiriyalizim; kunye nokuthula kubudlelwane beziseko ezikhululekileyo nokuba zezopolitiko kunye nenkcubeko ngokubanzi, okanye kwimibutho yabo. Ukugxeka iziseko zephiko lasekunene, imithombo yeendaba, kunye neetanki zokucinga kunokuba ngumdlalo olungileyo, kodwa ukucacisa imeko yethu yangoku, okanye ukufumanisa ukuba kwenzeke ntoni ngasekhohlo, uphando olubandakanya ngakumbi luyafuneka. โ [57]
Kucacile ukuba imiqobo ekusasazeni ilizwi malunga nenkululeko ye-philanthropy's colonization yotshintsho oluqhubekayo lwentlalo mikhulu kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo ayinakoyiswa kumatsha ntliziyo azinikeleyo. Kusekho intaphane yemithombo yeendaba ekufanele ukuba ikulungele ukusasaza izigxeko ezingenabugocigoci zobubele benkululeko enikwa uxinzelelo oluzingisileyo olusuka kuluntu lwamatshantliziyo, ngelixa iibhlog ze-intanethi zinokongeza kwiinzame zonxibelelwano zomntu ngamnye zokwandisa ingxoxo. Ukuba amatsha ntliziyo ayasilela ukujongana nomba obalulekileyo wobubele bothando ngoku ngokungathandabuzekiyo oku kuya kuba neziphumo ezibi kwikamva lobutshantliziyo obunenkqubela-kunye nedemokhrasi ngokubanzi - kwaye kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba iziseko zenkululeko azinamandla onke kwaye ikamva, njengoko rhoqo, lilele ezandleni zethu kwaye hayi zabo.
UMichael Barker ungumfundi wobugqirha kwiYunivesithi yaseGriffith, eOstreliya. Unokufikelelwa kwaMichael.J.Barker [kwa] griffith.edu.au
Ucaphulo
[28] Inkxaso-mali esisiseko yemibutho yezentlalo ubukhulu becala ibingekho phambi koo-1960, kunye nenkxaso-mali esisiseko ejonge ukugxila kwimiba eqhelekileyo ngakumbi njengemfundo. Ngo-1970 oku kwakutshintshile kwaye iziseko ezingama-65 zasasaza izibonelelo ezingama-311 kumatshantliziyo ezentlalo ezixabisa malunga ne-11 lezigidi zeedola.
[29] UCraig J. Jenkins kunye noCraig M. Eckert, 'UChanneling Black Insurgency: I-Elite Patronage kunye neMibutho yoBuchule beNtshukumo yeNtlalo kuPhuhliso lweNtshukumo yabaMnyama', Review American Sociological Review, 51, 1986.
[30] UCraig J. Jenkins, 'UkuTyelwa koMbhikisho weNtlalo: iSiseko sokuXhaswa kweeNtshukumo zeNtlalo yanamhlanje', p.212.
[31] UDavid J. Garrow, Ukuthwala uMnqamlezo: UMartin Luther King, Omnci., kunye neNkomfa yobuNkokheli baMakristu aseMzantsi ( Random House, 1988), iphepha 545-6.
[32] UFrances B. McCrea kunye noGerald E. Markle, Imizuzu ukuya ezinzulwini zobusuku: Uqhanqalazo lwezixhobo zeNyukliya eMelika (Newbury Park, Calif.: SAGE, 1989), p.37.
[33] UJohn D. McCarthy, uDavid W. Britt, kunye noMark Wolfson, 'I-Institutional Channeling of Social Movements nguRhulumente eUnited States', ku: L. Kriesberg kunye noM. Spencer (eds.) Uphando kwiiNtshukumo zeNtlalo, iiNgqungquthela kunye noTshintsho (Greenwich, CT.: JAI Press, 1991), iphepha 69-70.
[34] Herbert H. Haines, IiRadicals eziMnyama kunye neNkcazo yamaLungelo oLuntu, i-1954-1970 ( Knoxville: IYunivesithi yaseTennessee Press, 1988), iphepha 82-99.
[35] U-Herbert Haines, 'I-Black Radicalization kunye neNkxaso-mali yamaLungelo oLuntu', Iingxaki zeNtlalo, 32, 1984, iphepha 31-43.
[36] Jack L. Walker, 'Imvelaphi kunye noLondolozo lwamaqela anomdla eMelika', Ukuhlaziywa kweNzululwazi yezobupolitika eMelika, 77, 1983, p.401.
[37] Joan Roelofs, 'Iziseko kunye neNtsebenziswano', i-Critical Sociology, uMqulu 33, iNombolo ye-3, i-2007, i-497.
[38] UJoan Roelofs, Iziseko kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo woLuntu, iphe.44.
Ukufumana okungakumbi ngalo mbandela jonga uDavid Rieff, 'Iqabane Elithuleyo le-Multiculturalism',Harper kaThixo, Agasti 1993, iphepha 62-72.
U-Alisa Bierria (2007) uthi: โNgamaxesha amaninzi, ngokuqukeneyo kuye kwathetha ukuba siqala ngemodeli elungelelanisiweyo ephuhliswe ngabantu abamhlophe, abakumgangatho ophakathi engqondweni, size songeze icandelo leenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo kulo. Kufuneke si zibandakanya amazwi amaninzi kangangoko, ngaphandle kokubuza ukuba yintoni kanye kanye esifakwe kuyo? Nangona kunjalo, njengoko uKimberle Crenshaw ephawulile, 'akwanelanga ukuba nobuntununtunu kumahluko, kufuneka sibuze ukuba yintoni umahluko owenzayo. Oko kukuthi, endaweni yokuthi, singenza njani zibandakanya abafazi abanebala, abafazi abakhubazekileyo, njl., kufuneka sibuze, ingaba uhlalutyo lwethu kunye nolungiselelo lwethu luya kujongeka njani ukuba sijolise kubo? Ngokulandela ipolitiki yokuphinda kugxininiswe endaweni yokubandakanya, sihlala sifumanisa ukuba umcimbi siwubona ngokwahlukileyo, hayi nje kwiqela ekuthethwa ngalo, kodwa wonke umntu.'โ Alisa Bierria, 'Uluntu oluchasene nodlwengulo kunye nokuphathwa gadalala (CARA)', In : QHUBEKA! Abasetyhini abanebala elichasene noBundlobongela (eds.) Uguquko aluyi Kuxhaswa ngezimali: Ngaphaya kweNdawo yoShishino oluNgenaNzuzo (South End Press, 2007), iphepha 153-4.
[39] UMadonna Thunder Hawk, 'uMthonyama oQuquzelelayo Phambi kweNdawo yoShishino oluNgenaNzuzo', Kwi: INCITE! Abasetyhini abanebala elichasene noBundlobongela (eds.) Uguquko aluyi Kuxhaswa ngezimali: Ngaphaya kweNdawo yoShishino oluNgenaNzuzo (South End Press, 2007), p.106.
[40] UStephanie Guilloud kunye noWilliam Cordery, 'Inkxaso-mali ayilogama elimdaka', Ku: INCITE! Abasetyhini abanebala elichasene noBundlobongela (eds.) Uguquko aluyi Kuxhaswa ngezimali: Ngaphaya kweNdawo yoShishino oluNgenaNzuzo (South End Press, 2007), p.108.
[41] uAna Clarissa Rojas Durazo, 'โasizange senzelwe ukuba sisindeโ Ukulwa uBundlobongela obuNxamnye namaKhosikazi kunye neMfazwe yeHlabathi yesiFrentshi', Kwi: INCITE! Abasetyhini abanebala elichasene noBundlobongela (eds.) Uguquko aluyi Kuxhaswa ngezimali: Ngaphaya kweNdawo yoShishino oluNgenaNzuzo (South End Press, 2007), iphepha 115-6.
[42] uAna Clarissa Rojas Durazo, 'โasizange senzelwe ukuba sisindeโ Ukulwa uBundlobongela obuNxamnye nabaseTyhini kunye neMfazwe yeHlabathi yeSibini', p.116.
[43] UMichael Barker, 'Iziseko zeLiberal zoHlaziyo lweMedia? Ukuyila amaThuba eNkxaso-mali aZinzileyo kuHlaziyo lweMidiya yeRadical Media', iGlobal Media (Ithunyelwe); UBob Feldman, 'iNgxelo evela kwiNdawo: Imithombo yeendaba eKhohlo kunye neTanki yokuCinga eKhohlo-Uqhankqalazo oluLawulwayo lweSiseko?', I-Critical Sociology, 33 (2007).
[44] Iyunithi yoPhando lwezoQoqosho lwezoPolitiko, 'Iziseko kunye neeNtshukumo zeMisa: Ityala leForam yeNtlalo yeHlabathi', i-Critical Sociology, i-33 (3), i-2007, i-506.
[45] ICandelo loPhando lwezoQoqosho lwezoPolitiko, 'Iziseko kunye neeNtshukumo zeMisa', iphe.529-30.
[46] UStephanie Guilloud kunye noWilliam Cordery, 'Inkxaso-mali ayilolizwi elimdaka', iphe.107.
[47] UDylan Rodriguez, 'Ingqiqo yezoPolitiko yeNgcaciso yezoShishino eziNgenaNzuzo', Ku: INCITE! Abasetyhini abanebala elichasene noBundlobongela (eds.) Uguquko aluyi Kuxhaswa ngezimali: Ngaphaya kweNdawo yoShishino oluNgenaNzuzo (South End Press, 2007), p.35-6.
[48] UStephanie Guilloud kunye noWilliam Cordery, 'Inkxaso-mali ayilolizwi elimdaka', iphe.110.
[49] Madonna Thunder Hawk, 'Native Organising Phambi kokuba Indawo yoShishino lweNzuzo', iphe.105-6.
[50] Iziseko ezibini zenkululeko enempembelelo enkulu, iFord Foundation kunye neRockefeller Foundation, zidalwe kwaye ziqhubeke nokubonelela ngoncedo lwemali olukhulu kumaqela acwangcisiweyo akumgangatho ophezulu njengeBhunga lezoBudlelwane bamazwe angaphandle kunye neKhomishoni ye-Trilateral. Umzekelo, i Ingxelo yoNyaka ka-2006 yeFord Foundation (p.62) iphawula ukuba banike iBhunga lezoBudlelwane bamazwe angaphandle isibonelelo se-$ 200,000 "Ngophando, iisemina kunye neempapasho malunga nendima yabasetyhini ekuthinteleni ungquzulwano, ukwakhiwa kwakhona emva kongquzulwano kunye nokwakhiwa kombuso." Ngaphaya koko, njengoko uRoelofs (2003, iphe.98-9) ephawula:
โNgexesha lengxoxo-mpikiswano ngeSivumelwano soRhwebo ngokuKhululwa kuMntla Merika (NAFTA), i-EPI [Iziko loMgaqo-nkqubo wezoQoqosho] (elixhaswa ngemali ngabakwaFord nabanye) yenze inkcaso yobugcisa kwiimodeli ezixhasa isivumelwano sorhwebo. Ngelo xesha, umphumo omkhulu kakhulu waveliswa yi-Ford inkxaso-mali kwelinye icala, elibandakanya izibonelelo kwi-Institute for Economics International, itanki yokucinga egxininisa inzuzo ye-NAFTA. Ukongeza, 'iFord Foundation inikezele ngezibonelelo kumaqela okusingqongileyo kunye neZiko loPhando labavoti elikumazantsi ntshona ukuze libize iiforam kwi-NAFTA. Oku kubangele imanyano ye-100 yemibutho yaseLatino kunye namagosa anyuliweyo, ebizwa ngokuba yiLatino Consensus kwi-NAFTA, eyanikezela ngenkxaso enemiqathango kwisivumelwano.'
Kwakhona bona uLaurence H. Shoup, kunye noWilliam Minter, I-Imperial Brain Trust: IBhunga lezoBudlelwane baNgaphandle kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo wase-United States wezangaphandle (ENew York: Monthly Review Press, ngowe-1977); Holly Sklar, I-Trilateralism: iKomishoni yoButhathu kunye noCwangciso oluPhezulu loLawulo lweHlabathi (EBoston: South End Press, 1980).
[51 James Petras noHenry Veltmeyer, 'Age of Reverse Aid: Neo-liberalism as Catalyst of Regression', Ku: Jan P. Pronk (ed.) Uphuhliso lweCatalysing (Abapapashi bakaBlackwell,
2004), iphepha 70-1.
[52] U-Andrea Smith, 'Intshayelelo: I-Revolution ayiyi kuxhaswa', p.10.
[53] U-Amara H. Perez, kunye nooSista abaSebenzayo kuMandla, 'Phakathi kweTheory Radical kunye ne-Community Praxis: Ukucamngca ngoLungiselelo kunye neNgcaciso yeNzuzo yeNzuzo', Ku: INCITE! Abasetyhini abanebala elichasene noBundlobongela (eds.) Uguquko aluyi Kuxhaswa ngezimali: Ngaphaya kweNdawo yoShishino oluNgenaNzuzo (South End Press, 2007), p.93.
[54] UBrian Tokar, Umhlaba othengiswayo: Ukubuyisela kwakhona i-Ecology kwiXesha leGreenwash yoShishino (Boston, MA: South End Press, 1997), p.214.
[55] UStephanie Guilloud kunye noWilliam Cordery, 'Inkxaso-mali ayilolizwi elimdaka', iphe.111.
Ukwenza olu tshintsho kunokuba lula kunokuba bekulindelwe, kuba uRodriguez (2007) ucebisa ukuba "umsebenzi oqhubekayo wokugcina kunye nethemba lesiseko semali, udityaniswe nezibophelelo zolawulo kunye nophuhliso lweziseko ezingundoqo, wawunerhafu kwaye udinwe ngaphezu kokujongana nalo naliphi na iziko lokulwela utshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo. .โ UDylan Rodriguez, 'Ingqiqo yezoPolitiko yeNgcaciso yoShishino oluNgenaNzuzo', iphe.27.
[56] uBob Feldman, 'Ingxelo evela kwiNdawo: iMedia yeKhohlo kunye neTanki yokuCinga eKhohlo - Uqhankqalazo oluLawulwayo lweSiseko?', p.428.
[57] uBob Feldman, 'Ingxelo evela kwiNdawo: Imithombo yeendaba eKhohlo kunye neTanki yokuCinga eKhohlo-Uqhankqalazo oluLawulwayo lweSiseko?', iphe. 445.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela