"I-United Nations Democracy Fund (UNDEF) iyavuya ukuvakalisa ukuqeshwa kukaMnu Roland Rich, welizwe lase-Australia, njengeNtloko yeSigqeba. UMnu. Rich waqalisa umsebenzi wakhe ngomhla woku-1 ku-Okthobha 2007. Uza namava abanzi kuzakuzo kunye nokukhuthaza idemokhrasi.. " I-UN Democracy Fund (5 Okthobha 2007)
Kumatsha ntliziyo axakekileyo anenkqubela ezi ndaba zibalulekileyo aziyi kuchaphazela ubomi babo, ngokufanelekileyo impendulo eqondakalayo kubo inokuba kukuphendula nje: ke ngoku? Oku kuninzi ngenxa yokungabikho kolwazi olubalulekileyo olujikeleze umsebenzi kaRoland Rich kunye neNgxowa-mali yeDemokhrasi ye-UN: Kulandela ukuba abaninzi abantu abafunda eli nqaku baya kuzibuza imibuzo emithathu: ngubani uRoland Rich, yintoni iNgxowa-mali yeDemokhrasi, kwaye kutheni ibalulekile kubutshantliziyo bam? Eli nqaku liza kuphendula le mibuzo ibalulekileyo. Iza kubonisa kwakhona ukuba iNgxowa-mali yeDemokhrasi ye-UN idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni ukuthathwa kwehlabathi jikelele koko kuye kwabizwa ngokuba. amandla asezantsi idemokhrasi. Kuyathenjwa ukuba ukwazi oku kuya kunceda amatsha ntliziyo kwihlabathi lonke ukuba asebenze ukukhuthaza ulungelelwaniso lwehlabathi olunenkqubela.
Ukukhuthazwa kwedemokhrasi ekumgangatho ophantsi “kudla ngokukhatshwa yimigaqo-nkqubo ye-neoliberal yoqoqosho ukubuyisela ukukhula koqoqosho”, “eyilelwe ukukhuthaza uzinzo” hayi iindlela zokuthatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi. Kuye kwacetyiswa ukuba ukwamkelwa kwedemokhrasi enoxinzelelo oluphantsi “kunokusebenza” kwixesha elifutshane, ikakhulu njengeqhinga lokunciphisa uxinezeleko lwezopolitiko, kodwa lubuthathaka ekuhambeni kwexesha, ngenxa yokungakwazi kwayo ukulungisa iingxaki ezisisiseko kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho. .”[1] UWilliam I. Robinson - obhekiselele kwisicwangciso sokuququzelela ukusasazwa kwehlabathi kweendlela zeneoliberal zedemokhrasi njengoko Ukukhuthaza iPolyarchy (1996) - iphawula ukuba "ingcamango ye-polyarchy iphuma ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba kunye nasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini yethiyori ebalaseleyo eyaphuhliswa zizazinzulu ngezentlalo zase-Italiyane zasesikolweni uGaetano Mosca noVilfredo Pareto." URobinson uthi, ngelixa uParento “esamkela[d] ubufasi njengeyona ndlela ilungileyo” yokugcina ubume obuqhutywa ngabantu abakumgangatho ophezulu, uMosca wayixhasa imbono “yokuba iindlela 'zedemokhrasi' kunezobuFasi zifaneleke kakhulu ukukhusela udidi olulawulayo nokugcina intlalontle. umyalelo”. Kanjalo, URobinson (2000) ibonisa ukuba:
"Ukwakha kule thiyori ye-elitism, i-polyarchic entsha okanye ukuchazwa ngokutsha kwedemokhrasi kwaphuhliswa phakathi kwezifundo zase-US ezinxibelelene ngokusondeleyo kuluntu lokwenza imigaqo-nkqubo yaseMelika kwiminyaka yasemva kweMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi yegunya lehlabathi lase-US. Oku kuchazwa ngokutsha kwaqala ngesifundo sakudala sikaJoseph Schumpeter sika-1942, i-Capitalism, i-Socialism kunye neDemokhrasi, apho wayikhabayo 'ithiyori yamandulo yedemokhrasi' echazwa 'ngentando yabantu' kunye 'nokulunga okuqhelekileyo.' Endaweni yoko, uSchumpeter uqhubele phambili '. enye ithiyori yedemokhrasi 'njengamalungiselelo amaziko' ukuze abantu abakhethekileyo bafumane amandla 'ngomzabalazo wokhuphiswano wevoti yabantu.' 'Idemokhrasi ithetha kuphela ukuba abantu banethuba lokwamkela okanye lokwala amadoda afanele ukubalawula; ' wachaza uSchumpeter. Oku kuchazwa ngokutsha kwafikelela kuvutho-ndaba ngowe-1971 ngokupapashwa kwesifundo sikaRobert Dahl, iPolyarchy. Ngexesha i-United States ithatha ubunkokeli behlabathi emva kweMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, inkcazo yedemokhrasi ye-polyarchic yayisele ilawula isayensi yezentlalo, ezopolitiko kunye neentetho zikawonke wonke.
Ukuwongwa kwePolyarchy
Njengoko uRobert Dahl ebonelele ngesakhelo sokutolika, esathi sasetyenziswa kwi-Robinson's seminal critique 'yokukhuthaza idemokhrasi' imibutho, Ukukhuthaza iPolyarchy (1996), kufanelekile ukuba kuboniswe ngokufutshane ukuba ngo-1995 uDahl - owayesakuba ngumongameli we-American Political Science Association - wawongwa ngokusesikweni. Ibhaso likaJohan Skytte kwiNzululwazi yezoPolitiko evela kwiSkytte Foundation kwiYunivesithi yaseUppsala. Ukufumana kwakhe ibhaso akumangalisi ukuba kunikwe i-elitist nature yebhaso, kuyathakazelisa ukuqaphela, nangona kunjalo, ukuba inani lalo mbasa lidibaniswa ne-key 'democracy' (funda: i-polyarchy) amaqela akhuthazayo. Apha kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo 'idemokhrasi' yokukhuthaza (i-manipulating) imibutho e-US yi-National Endowment for Democracy (NED). Kwabo banqwenela ukuqhelana ngakumbi nalo mbutho ungekho phantsi kukarhulumente, ndibonelela isixhumanisi esilandelayo kuphononongo lwemisebenzi yeqela echasene nedemokhrasi. Ukongeza, apho amagama (mhlawumbi) emibutho engaqhelekanga avela, ikhonkco le-intanethi liya kuqondisa umfundi kwisishwankathelo saloo maqela afanelekileyo imisebenzi 'yedemokhrasi' kunye nezibophelelo.
Ukubuyela kwiBhaso likaJohan Skytte, ngowe-1996, unyaka emva kokuba uDahl efumene ibhaso, uJuan J. Linz, “enye ye abona baphandi ababalaseleyo kuphando ngedemokhrasi neentshaba zayo ngenkulungwane yama-20” bafumana eli wonga. Udume kakhulu phakathi kwabakhohlisayo bedemokhrasi kuba ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1980s waye waququzelela impembelelo enamandla. Idemokhrasi kuMazwe asaphuhlayo i-trilogy kunye noLarry Diamond (ongumntu ophezulu kwiZiko laseHoover, umlawuli oncedisayo we-NED's IForam yeHlabathi yeZifundo zeDemokhrasi, kunye nelungu leKomiti yeeNgcebiso ye-USAID kuNcedo lokuzithandela lwaNgaphandle), kunye nongasekhoyo uSeymour Martin Lipset (owayesakuba ngumlawuli we. Iziko loXolo lase-US, i Albert Shanker Institute, kwaye i IKomiti yeHlabathi yaMahala). U-Linz naye uye wabhala kwaye wahlela Ukungaphumeleli kweDemokhrasi kaMongameli (1994), edibene ‘nedemokhrasi’ Arturo Valenzuela, kwaye ngoku isebenza njenge ilungu yekomiti yeengcebiso zamazwe ngamazwe yeForam yeZizwe ngezizwe yeNED yeDemokhrasi yeZifundo’ Ijenali yeDemokhrasi.
Abanye abaphumelele iBhaso likaJohan Skytte 'ledemokhrasi' baquka:
Ongasekhoyo uAlexander L. George – ngubani umfo obalaseleyo kwiZiko loXolo lase-US, umlawuli we-emeriti we Watson Institute for International Studies, kunye nelungu le IKomishoni yaseCarnegie ekuthinteleni iNgqungquthela ebulalayo
URobert O. Keohane – ngubani ngo-2003 wadibanisa incwadi, Ungenelelo loLuntu, inani labo banegalelo eliye lasekwa kakuhle 'idemokhrasi' iziqinisekiso, okt. UTom J. Farer, UMichael Ignatieff, [2] uSimon Chesterman, [3] kunye noThomas M. Franck [4]
URobert D. Putnam – incwadi yakhe enempembelelo enkulu, UkuBowling Wedwa (2000), eyakhelwe phezu komsebenzi wangaphambili owaqala ukufumana ingqwalasela ebanzi emva kokuba ipapashwe kwi-NED's Ijenali yeDemokhrasi ngo-1995;[5] uPutnam wayekhe wakhokela i IZiko leMozulu yeMicimbi yaMazwe ngaMazwe, kwaye lilungu le Iziko loPhuhliso lwaMazwe ngaMazwe [6] kunye
UTheda Skocpol - obekade "ibandakanywe kumgaqo-nkqubo Iingxoxo kunye noMongameli uBill Clinton kwi-White House kunye neCamp David", ungumcebisi wezemfundo kwi-Open Society Institute-zixhaswe Roosevelt Iziko.[7]
Ezi, 'zedemokhrasi', unxibelelwano lweBhaso likaJohan Skytte alubonisi nto intsha kwaye lubonisa nje indlela amaqela alawula idemokhrasi akumgangatho ophezulu 'ayinxalenye engundoqo yokucinga okuqhelekileyo kwenkululeko e-US. Olunye, oluneenkcukacha ngakumbi, iimviwo zee-ajenda ezidibeneyo zibonelelwe kumanqaku am amabini amva nje Ukuqweqwediswa kwamaLungelo oLuntu kwaye Ukusebenza 'Uxolo' kunye neQela lokufunda lase-Iraq. Nangona kunjalo, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uninzi lwezifundo lugxile kunxibelelwano olucacileyo lwedemokhrasi efana ne-NED kunye ne-USAID, besilela ukukhankanya indima ebalulekileyo ebonelelwa yiZizwe eziManyeneyo ekuxhaseni ukukhuthazwa kwedemokhrasi yehlabathi.
Ukungabikho kohlalutyo olubalulekileyo lomsebenzi we-polyarchal weZizwe eziManyeneyo kunokuqondwa kwinqanaba elithile njenge INgxowa-mali yeDemokhrasi, ethe yaseka ulawulo oluzinikeleyo oluseka umsebenzi we-UN 'wedemokhrasi', yasekwa kuphela ngo-2005. Ngaphaya koko, ukuchongwa kuka-Roland Rich njengentloko entsha yale Ngxowa-mali, okuthe kwatsalela ingqalelo yam kumsebenzi weNgxowa-mali, kwenzeke kuphela kule nyanga idlulileyo. , 2007. Eli nqaku lilonke liza kubonelela ngophando lokuqala olubalulekileyo lwemisebenzi yezizwe ngezizwe kaRoland Rich kunye neNgxowa-mali yeDemokhrasi ye-UN. Kufuneka kugxininiswe ukuba, ngelixa oku kulandelayo kukugxeka umsebenzi 'wedemokhrasi' we-UN, oko akuthethi ukuba ndiza kuphakamisa ukugxeka okufanayo ngokuchasene. zonke imisebenzi yabo ngaphandle kophando olubalulekileyo. Ukongeza, xa kujongwa ubume besi sincoko, ndiza kujolisa kumakhonkco 'edemokhrasi' eNgxowa-mali yeDemokhrasi yeZizwe eziManyeneyo, hayi abantu kunye namaqela aqhagamshelene neNgxowa-mali, abonakala eqhuba. umsebenzi onenkqubela (oko kukuthi, ukukhuthaza iindlela zokuthatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi). Kufanelekile ke ngoko ukuba ndandulele izigxeko zam ze-UN ngokucaphula URobinson (2004) ngubani owaqaphela ukuba:
Kubalulekile ukugxininisa ukuba abantu abaninzi abaziswe kwiinkqubo ze-US 'zokukhuthaza idemokhrasi' ayingonodoli abalula bomgaqo-nkqubo wase-US kwaye imibutho yabo ayingo 'fronts' (okanye kwi-CIA jargon, 'cut-outs'). Rhoqo zibandakanya iinkokeli zokwenyani zengingqi ezifuna ukuqhubela phambili iimfuno zabo kunye neeprojekthi kwimeko yokhuphiswano lwangaphakathi lwezopolitiko kunye nongquzulwano kunye nefuthe elinzima lase-US kwindawo yendawo. Ngaphaya koko, iiklasi ezindala nezintsha eziphakathi, iingcaphephe zobuchwephesha kunye nolawulo lwe-bureaucratic strata zinokuthi zichonge imidla yazo ngokudityaniswa okanye ukuhlanganiswa kwamazwe abo kubungxowankulu behlabathi phantsi kwecanopy yase-US. Ezi ndidi zisenokuba azilungelelananga ngokwezopolitiko okanye ziphantsi kolawulo lwabantu abachasene nemfundo ephakamileyo neengcamango zobuzwe, ezidumileyo okanye ezingqongqo. Badla ngokuba zezona njongo zikhawulezayo ‘zokukhuthaza idemokhrasi,’ ukuze bazuzeke baze baguqulelwe ekubeni libe yindawo yentlalo-ntle yenkqubo yezizwe ngezizwe.
Ngubani uRoland Rich?
U-Roland Rich ngummeli wase-Australia obonisa uxhulumaniso olungaqhelekanga 'lwedemokhrasi', kwaye, ukususela ngo-Oktobha 2007, uye wakhokela i-UN Democracy Fund esandul 'ukusekwa. Ukuqala, eyakhe ezahlukeneyo online Imbali yamabali qaphela ukuba "usebenze iminyaka engaphezu kwe-20 njengegosa leNkonzo yangaphandle yase-Australia", kwaye ukusuka kwi-1994 ukuya kwi-1997 wakhonza njengoMmeli we-Australia eLaos: bakhankanya nokuba uye wenza izikhundla zediplomatic eFransi (1976-9), IBurma (1982-4) kunye neePhilippines (1987-9), kwaye “iye yabamba isikhundla somcebisi wezomthetho kwiSebe laseOstreliya leMicimbi yaNgaphandle noRhwebo” (1997-8). Okona kubalulekileyo kwesi sincoko, nangona kunjalo, yayikukuqeshwa kwakhe ngo-1998 njengomlawuli osisiseko weZiko lase-Australia lamaZiko eDemokhrasi. Oku kuqeshwa, nangona kunjalo, akuzange kwenzeke ngaphandle kwempikiswano, njengoko uStuart Macintyre (2006) esitsho, ngo-1998:
“Ikomiti yokhetho yanyula uGqr John Uhr, isazinzulu kwezopolitiko esiqeqesheke kakhulu, njengomlawuli weziko [lamaZiko eDemokhrasi]. Eso sigqibo safakwa kuMphathiswa wezeMicimbi yezaNgaphandle u-Alexander Downer ukuba asivume, kwaye kutyholwa ukuba uye wabonisana neNkulumbuso. Kwisiganeko owayesakuba ngunozakuzaku wase-Australia, uMnumzana Roland Rich, owayengenazo iziqinisekiso zophando, wonyulwa njengomlawuli weziseko.
Nokuba yeyiphi na le snippet encinci yesiphithiphithi sezopolitiko kuzo zonke iinjongo kunye neenjongo iZiko lamaZiko eDemokhrasi yinguqulelo yase-Australia ye-NED yaseMelika. Ngapha koko, ngaphambi nje kokuba lisekwe eli Ziko, igosa lenkqubo yeNED yaseAsia, uLouisa Coan, wathi “bavuyiswa kukubona ukusekwa kweziko elinjalo eOstreliya.”[9] Iziqinisekiso zeli ziko 'zedemokhrasi' zaqhubeka bomelela xa intetho yabo yonyaka yokusungula yanikelwa ngowayesakuba ngumongameli wakwiiPhilippines, uFidel Ramos, umntu owaye uxhamle ngokuthe ngqo kungenelelo olukhohlisayo lwe-NED kwi-revolution yabantu basePhilippines ngo-1986.. Imvelaphi kaRamos 'yedemokhrasi' ngokucacileyo yayijongwa ifanelekile ekusunguleni i-NED yase-Australia, kwaye ngaphandle kwempoxo. Isityebi saxhwitha iingoma malunga noRamos ekusungulweni kweZiko lakhe, ephawula ukuba:
“Akunakuba nalizwi lifanelekileyo lokuthetha ngedemokhrasi eAsia kunoMongameli uFidel Ramos. Njengoko ndikhumbula kakuhle ngexesha lam ndisebenza kwi-Embassy yase-Australia eManila [ukusuka ngo-1987-9], iiPhilippines zinoshicilelo olukhululekile oluthanda ukusebenzisa abantu abaninzi. iisobriquets. UMongameli uRamos waziwa ngokuba yi-'Steady Eddy', igama elihlala lihamba kunye no Isichazi esifana 'ne-cigar-chomping' okanye 'ukudubula ngokuthe ngqo'. Bakhethwe kakuhle."
Akukho zifundo zibalulekileyo eziphande umsebenzi 'wedemokhrasi' weZiko lamaZiko eDemokhrasi, kodwa usisityebi ngokwakhe - ngexesha lakhe leminyaka esixhenxe apho - waye wabandakanyeka kwezinye iiprojekthi zokucebisa 'zedemokhrasi': ngo-Epreli 1999, Isityebi sakhonza njengomcebisi weFord Foundation awalungiselela indibano yocweyo eCanberra egxile “ekulawuleni inguqu e-East Timor”; ngoko phakathi ko-1999 no-2002 wasebenza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kwi-Arhente yase-Australia yoPhuhliso lwaMazwe ngaMazwe (AUSAID) kwiiprojekthi 'zokukhuthaza idemokhrasi' eKhambodia, e-Indonesia, eThailand naseVietnam; kwaye ngoNovemba 2003 wathatha umcebisi weNational Democratic Institute (umxhasi weNED ongundoqo), owawubandakanya "ukhenketho lokufunda yiKomiti yePalamente yeSizwe yaseTimor-Leste kwiMicimbi yaNgaphandle, uKhuselo kunye noKhuseleko lweSizwe".
Ngo-2004, isityebi someleza umnombo wakhe 'wedemokhrasi' ngokujoyina ibhodi yokuhlela ye. ISiseko saMazwe ngaMazwe seeNkqubo zoNyulo’ imagazini entsha Idemokhrasi enkulu ukuba kuthiwa "nceda ukuzisa kugxilwe eAsia-Pacific” emsebenzini wayo. Njengoko kunokulindeleka onke amalungu e Idemokhrasi enkulu ibhodi yokuhlela banobudlelwane obuqinileyo ‘bedemokhrasi’, kwaye amalungu ambalwa aphawuleka ngakumbi ebhodi yawo nguCarl Gershman (ongumongameli we-NED), uMiklos Marschall (ongumongameli we-NED). I-Transparency International's umalathisi kuMbindi kunye neMpuma Yurophu, kwaye wayesakuba ngumalathisi olawulayo we CIVICUS), kunye noShauna Sylvester (ongumsunguli kunye nomlawuli olawulayo weZiko leMedia, uMgaqo-nkqubo kunye noMbutho woLuntu - ibhodi yakhe yabalawuli iquka u-Ed Broadbent, owayengumongameli waseCanada olingana ne-NED, Amalungelo kunye neDemokhrasi).
Ngokufutshane, xa kujongwe unxibelelwano lukaShauna Sylvester 'lwedemokhrasi', kuyakhathaza ukubona ukuba ngo-2007 wayelilungu lehlabathi. ikomiti yokuseka yejelo leendaba elitsha elinenkqubela Inethiwekhi yeeNdaba eziNgcono. Eli qhina ngokuqinisekileyo lifanele uphando lwexesha elizayo njengoko omnye wabalawuli be Inethiwekhi yeeNdaba eziNgcono, UMichael Ratner, naye a Mlawuli ye-International Endowment for Democracy – iqela eligxeka kabukhali imisebenzi ‘yabagqugquzeli bedemokhrasi’ behlabathi abafana namaLungelo kunye neDemokhrasi.
Isityebi sehla njengomlawuli olawulayo weZiko lamaZiko eDemokhrasi ngasekupheleni kuka-2005, kwaye, kungekhona nje, ngeli xesha wayesebenza njengoMntu weDemokhrasi iReagan-Fascell kwiForam yeZizwe ngezizwe yeNED yeDemokhrasi (ukusuka ku-Agasti ukuya kuDisemba ka-2005) .[10] Isikhundla sakhe kwiZiko lamaZiko eDemokhrasi yaba nguBenjamin Reilly, owathi kwixesha elidlulileyo “wasebenzela iNkqubo yoPhuhliso yeZizwe eziManyeneyo eNew York, Iziko leHlabathi leDemokhrasi kunye noNcedo loNyulo (IDEA) eStockholm, nakurhulumente waseOstreliya eCanberra.” Ukongeza, uReilly wenze umsebenzi wokucebisa Iziko leSizwe leDemokhrasi kunye ne-AUSAID, ngelixa "umsebenzi uye ixhaswe ngamaqela” ‘edemokhrasi’ aquka i ICarnegie Corporation yaseNew York kunye neZiko loXolo lase-US.
Ngexesha eliphakathi kokushiya iZiko lamaZiko eDemokhrasi kunye nokujoyina iNgxowa-mali yeDemokhrasi ye-UN, isiTyebi sisebenza kwiKholeji yoKhuselo yase-Australia "ukufundisa kunye ukucebisa amagosa aphezulu afunda kwiZiko lezoKhuselo neSifundo soBuchule.” Nangona kunjalo, ukuthatyathwa kukaThrikhi kutshanje kulawulo lweNgxowa-mali yeDemokhrasi ye-UN akufanele kube yinto engalindelekanga, njengoko ngo-2004 wadibanisa incwadi kunye no-Edward Newman enesihloko. Indima ye-UN ekukhuthazeni iDemokhrasi: phakathi kweeNgcebiso kunye neNyaniso. Abaxhasi kule ncwadi, kunye nobudlelwane kuluntu olubanzi 'lokukhuthaza idemokhrasi', lubandakanya i-trio ekhankanywe ngasentla uSimon Chesterman, uTom J. Farer, noBenjamin Reilly, kodwa abanye ababhali 'bedemokhrasi' kule ncwadi baquka uTanja Hohe (nguba ni u umfo wangaphambili e I-Watson Institute), uYlber Hysa (ongumlawuli we-Kosova Action for Civic Initiatives - iqela elifumene inkxaso-mali ye-NED kuzo zombini i-2001 kunye ne-2003), kunye no-Laurence Whitehead (osebenza njengengcali kwi-NED). IQela lokufunda laseCuba, yaye ngowama-2002 wayihlela le ncwadi IiDemokhrasi ezisakhulayo zeMarike: iMpuma yeAsia kunye neLatin America, okwakunjalo papashwa ngu Johns Hopkins University Press kwi-NED's Ijenali yeDemokhrasi – apho akuzange kwenzeke ngempazamo uWhitehead emva koko wakhonza (kwaye usasebenza) kubo ibhodi yokuhlela).
Kwi kutshanje (2007) Udliwano-ndlebe nonomathotholo ka-ABC malunga nokuchongwa kwakhe kwiNgxowa-mali yeDemokhrasi yeZizwe eziManyeneyo, isiTyebi sagxininisa ukuba iNgxowa-mali “inokubandakanyeka ngokufanelekileyo [ekukhuthazeni idemokhrasi ngokuthi]… kunzima ukusebenza kakuhle.” Le nkcazo ibalulekile ekuqondeni ukubaluleka kwendima ye-UN ekhokelwa yi-UN 'idemokhrasi yokukhuthaza' amashishini kwihlabathi jikelele, kwaye nangona abaninzi abaphembeleli baseNtshona basenokuthi abaqhelananga nomsebenzi wokulawula idemokhrasi yamaqela afana ne-NED, abaxhasi boluntu ( kunye noorhulumente) kwihlabathi liphela baya beqaphela umsebenzi ochuliweyo ochasene nedemokhrasi wongenelelo oluchasene nedemokhrasi. Ukwenza ungenelelo olunjalo 'lwedemokhrasi' lube mnandi ngakumbi kuluntu lwehlabathi, abaqhubi bedemokhrasi, abanjengoSityebi, bayaqonda ukuba ukugxuphuleka kwezopolitiko okunjalo kwenziwa kakuhle phantsi kwesiseko se-multilateralism, kwaye i-UN ibonelela ngeqonga elibalulekileyo lezenzo ezinjalo. Enyanisweni, njengoko uTyebi waphawula kwi-2001, xa ubhalela i-NED's Ijenali yeDemokhrasi, “iminyaka elishumi edlulileyo ibone ukuvela kwendlela entsha yothethathethwano lwamazwe ngamazwe: intsebenziswano ekukhuthazeni idemokhrasi.” [11]
Ukubuyela kumdlalo kanomathotholo we-ABC, bekumnandi ukubona udliwano-ndlebe noSityebi ethatha isimo esigxekayo malunga nomsebenzi weNgxowa-mali yeDemokhrasi ngokugxininisa indlela idemokhrasi enokusetyenziswa ngayo “njengesixhobo sozakuzo kwezopolitiko”, iChina ixoxa “ngengozi yombono wedemokhrasi. Umanyano lwedemokhrasi olukhokelwa yi-United States neJapan… Nangona kunjalo, akumangalisi ukuba isiTyebi singabonakali sixhalabele ukungenelela okunjalo, ngokungekho mthethweni, kwamanye amazwe-athi, ngengozi, "kuya kuba semthethweni kumaqela angaphandle asebenza eUnited States” - kwaye ke waphawula ukuba: "Ukuba amazwe afuna ukusebenzisa idemokhrasi kwezo njongo zengxwabangxwaba nezopolitiko, kulungile ukuba oorhulumente bamazwe basebenzisane." Udliwano-ndlebe emva koko wabuza ukuba isiTyebi sicinga ukuba le nto uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wayeyenza, "xa kwi-summit yase-Asia Pacific wachaza ukuba i-US ifuna ukuseta i-Asia Pacific intsebenziswano yeedemokhrasi?" Isityebi siphendule, ngendlela engaqhelekanga, kumntu ophambili kumalinge okulawula idemokhrasi kulo lonke elase-Asiya, ngokuthi: “Okwenyani andiqinisekanga ncam, ndiyijongile loo nto kwaye bekukho iinkcukacha ezimbalwa kangangokuba bekunzima ukuzixela ncam. iyakuba yintoni indima yobambiswano.” Oku kungaphenduliyo kuyaphazamisa ukuthetha okuncinci, kodwa kuhambelana ngokupheleleyo nemvelaphi yakhe 'yedemokhrasi', kuba, njengoko ndiza kubonisa kwicandelo elilandelayo, i-ajenda ye-UN, ixesha elithile ngoku, idityaniswe ngokusondeleyo kwiinzame ezikhokelwa yi-US. ukukhuthaza iintlobo zeneoliberal zedemokhrasi kwihlabathi liphela.
Iza kuqhubeka ... Inxalenye elandelayo yeli nqaku iya kubonelela ngovavanyo olubalulekileyo lwemvelaphi 'yedemokhrasi' yomphathi ophambili owayesakuba ngumsebenzi we-UN, uMark Malloch Brown. Inxalenye yesithathu yolu ngcelele iya kuthi ke ihlolisise imbali yeNgxowa-mali yeDemokhrasi yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ngokwayo, kwaye yazise abanye babantu abasebenza nale Ngxowa-mali. Kwaye okokugqibela inxalenye yale nxalenye yecandelo leenxalenye ezine iya kuhlola iziqinisekiso 'zedemokhrasi' zabanye abafumana inkxaso-mali ye-UN Democracy Fund yokuqala. Iya kuthi ke iqukumbele ngokunikezela ngeengcebiso malunga nokuba abaphembeleli abaqhubela phambili banokuthi bajongane njani neminye imiba ekhathazayo ethe yaphakanyiswa malunga nendima yehlabathi ye-UN njengomphathi ophambili wedemokhrasi.
UMichael Barker ngumgqatswa wobugqirha kwiDyunivesithi yaseGriffith, eOstreliya. Unokufikelelwa kwaMichael.J.Barker [kwa] griffith.edu.au, kunye nabanye bakhe. amanye amanqaku anokufumaneka apha.
Endnotes
[1] uBarry Gills, uJoen Rocamora, kunye noRichard Wilson, I-Low Intensity Democracy: Amandla ezopolitiko kwi-New World Order (London: Pluto Press, 1993), iphepha 26-7.
[2] U-Edward S. Herman noDavid Peterson (2005) qaphela ukuba uMichael Ignatieff ukwiqela ‘ledemokhrasi’ ababhekisa kulo INew Humanitarians.
[3] USimon Chesterman nguye owayesakuba ngumlawuli Ubudlelwane be-UN kwi ICrisis Crisis Group, kwaye upapashe Imfazwe Okanye Uxolo Lobulungisa? Ungenelelo loLuntu kunye noMthetho wamazwe ngamazwe (2001), eyawongwa Umbutho waseMelika woMthetho waMazwe ngaMazwe Isatifikethi soMfaneleko, kwaye sikwalungelelanisiwe Ukwenza Amazwe Asebenze: Ukusilela kukaRhulumente kunye neNgxaki yoLawulo (2005) kunye noMichael Ignatieff kunye noRamesh Thakur.
[4] UThomas M. Franck ukhonza kwibhunga lesigqeba se Umbutho waseMelika woMthetho waMazwe ngaMazwe, kwaye ukwangumlawuli we-International Peace Academy (iqela elifumana inkxaso-mali kwi-US Institute for Peace).
[5] URobert D. Putnam, i-Bowling Alone: I-America's Declining Social Capital, Ijenali yeDemokhrasi 6(1), Jan 1995, iphepha 65-78.
[6] I-Watson Institute ibonisa ukuba “[a]t intliziyo Ingqikelelo yentlalo yoluntu ngumbono wobungxowankulu bentlalontle, ethandwa nguRobert Putnam”: baqhubela phambili nokujonga okubalulekileyo ngokuqaphela indlela umsebenzi kaPutnam kwingxowankulu yezentlalo “watsala umdla kaMongameli uClinton, owayejonge ukuhlengahlengisa uncedo lwangaphandle. phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1990.” Kuvavanyo olungacaluliyo lweziphumo zokufunda zikaPutnam, Omar G. Encarnacion (2002) icebisa ukuba: “Iimbono zikaPutnam zikwabelwana ngazo naluluntu loncedo lwamazwe ngamazwe, oluthe kwiminyaka yakutshanje lwamkela uthumo lokomeleza uluntu njengento ephambili ngokwenkqubo kumazwe asandul’ ukumisela ulawulo lwedemokhrasi. I-Arhente yase-United States yoPhuhliso lwaMazwe ngaMazwe (AID) kunye ne-National Endowment for Democracy (NED) baye bahamba phambili ekukhuliseni uphuhliso lwamaqela acingelwa ukuba aquka intliziyo yoluntu: imibutho yentlalo yoluntu, imibutho, imidiya yamahhala, nothotho lwemibutho engekho phantsi kukarhulumente ebandakanyekileyo ekukhuthazeni oothunywashe abanjengamalungelo abantu, ukwenziwa kwezinto elubala kukarhulumente nokukhusela imekobume.” Kwi enye inqaku ebhalwe kwi-2003, imisebenzi ye-Encarnacion ye-Putnam yeqela eliwela ngaphakathi kwe-"neo-Tocquevillean," njengoLarry Diamond, kunye noFrancis Fukuyama (ongumlawuli we-NED).
Kwisigxeko esiqaqambileyo somsebenzi kaPutnam, UDavid Gabbard (2006) ubhala athi: “Nangona eyichaza ngokuchanekileyo isibakala sokungahlonelwa kwabantu baseMerika, iinzame zikaPutnam zokuchonga oothunywashe ababangela oko zisenza sibe nembono ephangaleleyo ngoko “kushicilelo oludlamkileyo lwenkulungwane ye-19 lwabasebenzi” lwakubiza ngokuba “‘bububingeleli obuthengiweyo’” (ecatshulwe nguChomsky). , 1995) yeenkcuba-buchopho ezihloniphekileyo. U-Putnam, emva koko, ubambe isikhundla sikaPeter no-Isabel Malkin uNjingalwazi woMgaqo-nkqubo woLuntu, kwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard yaseJohn F. Kennedy School of Government. Phezu kwayo yonke loo ngxokozelo yakutsha nje malunga nezityholo zokuthandlwa kwenkululeko kunjingalwazi waseMelika, awuqeshwa nje kwezo zikhundla “ezihloniphekileyo” kwiiyunivesithi ezikumgangatho ophezulu (ezingabo obuphezulu bugqitywe ubukhulu becala njengomba wemali yabafundi”. abazali banokukwazi ukuhlawula) ngokuxubusha ngezinto eziye zanegalelo ekungaphazanyiswani kwabantu ekuhlaleni.”
[7] Amanye amalungu ‘edemokhrasi’ kwiziko lezemfundo laseRoosevelt ibhodi yengcebiso zibandakanya Larry Diamond, uRichard Celeste (owayeyintloko ye-Peace Corps, kwaye ebengusihlalo-sihlalo we-Century Foundation Homeland Security Project), u-Elizabeth Coleman (obesakuba ngumlawuli we IBhunga loLuntu lweDemokhrasi), uJames D. Fearon (osebenza kwiZiko likaMichael McFaul kwiDemokhrasi, uPhuhliso kunye noMthetho woMthetho), kunye noKermit Roosevelt (odume ngokuba yi-CIA ekhokelwa yi-1953 e-Iran).
[8] uStuart Macintyre, ‘Iidyunivesithi’, Kwi: S. Maddison kunye noC. Hamilton (eds.) Ukuthulisa ukuphikisa: Indlela uRhulumente waseOstreliya aLawula ngayo iimbono zoluntu kunye nokuthotywa kwengxoxo (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2006), iphepha 49-50.
[9] ULouisa Coan, Ukukhuthaza iDemokhrasi e-Asia, ubungqina be-Congressional yi-Federal Document Clearing House, i-1997.
[10]Ngexesha lakhe Ubudlelwane, uMnu. Rich wabhala incwadi enesihloko I-Asia yePasifiki kuMfuneko weDemokhrasi, evela kuLynne Rienner ngo-2006. Ngokuphonononga amaziko, ulwakhiwo, nenkcubeko kumazwe asusela eJapan, eKorea, naseTaiwan ukuya eIndonesia, eThailand nasePhilippine, uye wavavanya amanyathelo edemokhrasi esele yenziwe ngulo mmandla ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. yabona amandla ayo okuhlanganisa idemokhrasi kwixesha elizayo.”
[11] Rich uhlabela mgama esithi: “Utshintsho lwenzeka ngeNkomfa Yezizwe Ngezizwe yeNewly Restored Democracies, eyayibanjelwe eManila ngoJuni 1988. Ndaba nelungelo lokuya kule ngqungquthela njengomkhi-mkhanya ovela kuNozakuzaku waseOstreliya. Yayityala inkuthazo nobungqongqo bobukrelekrele bayo kuNobhala wezangaphandle wasePhilippine ongasekhoyo uRaul Manglapus; amandla ayo avela kukuzimela geqe kwipolitiki yamagunya amakhulu kunye nokuzinikela kwamazwe ali-13 athatha inxaxheba kumbono wedemokhrasi. ISibhengezo saseManila esamkelwa yinkomfa sathetha ngokuxhasana phakathi kwamazwe anenxaxheba ukuze omeleze iidemokhrasi zawo nokoyisa ‘impembelelo yangaphakathi neyangaphandle ebeka esichengeni idemokhrasi esakhulayo.’ Ingcamango yasemva kweMfazwe Yomlomo yokukhuthazwa kwedemokhrasi nentsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe ngaphandle kolawulo lwamagunya ehlabathi. wazalwa." Roland Rich, Ukuzisa iDemokhrasi kumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, Ijenali yeDemokhrasi, 12 (3), (2001), iphepha 20-34.
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