Isekelwe kuyo
Ngokutsho kweNew Journalism Foundation, "iprojekthi yabo engundoqo" yiNkqubo yabo ye-Iberian-American Journalism Workshop, ethi "kuxhasiwe le UMbutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo weMfundo, iNzululwazi neNkcubeko (UNESCO), kunye nezinye iziseko zabucala nezikawonke-wonke". Ke ngoko ngenxa yokuba iSiseko sasekwa yintshatsheli yoncwadi oluqhubela phambili, uGabriel García Márquez, ndiye ndaphazamiseka ukuba ndithethe kancinci, xa ndafumanisa ukuba iSiseko siqhagamshelene kakuhle nabaninzi abakhohlisayo bedemokhrasi. , kubandakanywa ubuncinci, i iNdawo yeSizwe yeDemokhrasi edume kakubi (NED). Ke ngoko eli nqaku liza kubonelela ngoshwankathelo lokuqala olubalulekileyo lwemibutho yeNew Journalism Foundation kunye nedemokhrasi ekhohlisayo.
Ukuqala, iNew Journalism Foundation izingca ngokuba isemina yabo yokuqala yaququzelelwa (ngoMatshi 1995) ngoncedo lwe engathandabuzekiyo Ikomiti esekwe eNew York yokukhusela iintatheli. Le semina iphinde yasetyenziselwa ukunceda "ukuqalisa
Xa umjonga nje uGuillermoprieto unokubonakala eneziqinisekiso ezichubekileyo phakathi kwezinye izinto, "igubungele i imvukelo nxamnye Anastasio Somoza e Nicaragua ngenxa Guardian kwaye, ngoJanuwari 1982, wayengomnye weentatheli ezimbini ezaphula ibali le El Mozote, ukubulawa kwabantu e-El Salvador (enye intatheli yayi Raymond Bonner of The New York Times)". Nangona kunjalo ngaphandle kwenzuzo yokuhlalutya umxholo wayo yonke imibhalo yakhe, kufanelekile ukuthi kwiminyaka yakutshanje umsebenzi kaGuillermoprieto uhambelana kakhulu nomdla woluntu olukhohlisayo lwedemokhrasi yehlabathi. Ngo-Oktobha 2005, uGuillermoprieto waba negalelo profile kaHugo Chavez ukuya Ukuhlaziywa kweeNcwadi eNew York (2005) enesihloko esithi "The Gambler" apho wabhala khona:
"Iqela eliphikisayo lihlala kwimeko engapheliyo yomsindo nakurhwaphilizo lorhulumente, ukusetyenziswa kwemali yoluntu ngokuzimela, kunye nokuhlaselwa kukaChavez kumaziko okwenza idemokhrasi emele ikwazi ukuba khona (ukhetha uhlobo lwakhe lwentando yesininzi. idemokhrasi ethatha inxaxheba, enendawo encinci kumaqela aphikisayo okanye amalungelo oluntu)." (p.24) [3]
Emva koko wongeza:
"Amadoda anamandla okanye i-caudillos njengoChavez, kunye noozwilakhe, nabo, baye bahlala bexhomekeke kwinkxaso ethandwayo yokuqinisa amandla abo. Bangayityhala njani imilinganiselo ekhanyela abachasi babo ukuba bafikelele kwingxoxo yetyala okanye ityala elinobulungisa, okanye unyulo olunobulungisa. , bawuxinzelele phantsi ushicilelo lweendaba? (iphe.26) [4]
UTariq Ali ebhala ngo-2006, waphawula ukuba "[w] phakathi kweenyanga zoloyiso lukaChavez" ngokuchasene nobhukuqo-mbuso olungaphumelelanga luka-2002, umhleli we Ukuhlaziywa kweeNcwadi eNew YorkURobert Silvers, "sigqibo qhubeka nokukhubekisa ", oko kukuthi, ipropaganda ehlasela uChavez. UAli uthi ekuqaleni iiSilvers - "ilungu elide le- IBhunga loBudlelwane baNgaphandle"(kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo a Mlawuli ye I-American Ditchley Foundation) - "wasondela Imbasa yeNobel VS Naipaul, umgcini wexesha lakudala onosiba oluhlabayo" ukuba 'anike ingxelo' ngengxaki kaChavez. Nangona kunjalo, xa uNaipaul waqala ukufumana "kutshanje alukahlelwanga kwaye mhlawumbi lwahlelwa ngokuphakathi
“Into etyhilwa sesi siqendu uluhlu lwenkxaso yasekhaya - ukusuka kwi I-NYRB kwiFox TV - ukuba waye wabanjwa
Ukuqinisekisa ubuntatheli 'beDemokhrasi'
Njengoko icandelo langaphambili libonisile, xa kujongwa ucweyo lwabo lokuvula, iNew Journalism Foundation ibotshelelwe ngokubonakalayo kwimibutho emininzi ekhohlisayo yedemokhrasi. Nangona kunjalo, eli candelo lenqaku ngoku liza kuchaza inkxaso ethe ngqo iSiseko esiyifumene kwiNational Endowment for Democracy (NED), kunye neenkcukacha zonxibelelwano lwabo namanye amaqela amaninzi ahlukeneyo 'edemokhrasi'.
I-New Journalism Foundation yafumana isibonelelo sabo sokuqala se-NED ngo-2000, xa bafumana i-75,000 yeedola ukuze "qeqesha iintatheli kwimiba yobugcisa yengxelo yemfazwe kunye nokuseka uthungelwano lokukhusela iintatheli kunye nenkululeko yokuthetha kwi
ISiseko ayenzi mzamo wokufihla amakhonkco abo enkxaso-mali kwi-NED, kwaye dwelisa ngokuvulekileyo i-NED kwiwebhusayithi yabo njengamahlakani eProjekthi ye-Antonio Narino (Proyecto Antonio Nariño): iprojekthi yentsebenziswano eyasungulwa ngoMatshi 2001 njenge "inyathelo lokuqala ukwenza iindlela eziyimfuneko zokukhusela nokuhlonipha umsebenzi wobuntatheli kunye nokufikelela ngokukhululekileyo kulwazi phakathi kongquzulwano oluxhobileyo lwaseColombia". Abarhwebi ngaphandle kweeMida bakwamanyene neProjekthi ye-Antonio Narino. Ukongeza, iwebhusayithi yeNew Journalism Foundation iqaqambisa la maqela mane alandelayo ngokuba "yimibutho edityanisiweyo" yomsebenzi wabo, iAsociación de Noticias de Derechos de la Infancia, Observatorio da Imprensa, Iziko Prensa y Sociedad, kwaye i Iziko laMazwe ngaMazwe leeNtatheli. Njengoko ndibonisile kumanqaku angaphambili le mibutho mibini yamva ngabaqhubi abaphambili bedemokhrasi abafumana mali ukusuka kwi-NED.
Ngelishwa, amakhonkco eSiseko 'wedemokhrasi' awapheli apha, kwaye ngoFebruwari 2004, uRicardo Corredor. zimelwe iSiseko kwiNdibano yesiThathu yeNtshukumo yeHlabathi yeDemokhrasi eyaqalwa yi-NED. Ngaphezu koko, ukusuka ngo-2000 ukuya ku-2002 isigqeba seSiseko, uJaime Abello, nxaxheba kwiprojekthi 'yeNkululeko yeNdaba' eqhutywa ngu Ingxoxo ye-Inter-American -umlawuli ophambili wedemokhrasi oxhaswa yi-US osebenza kulo lonke elaseMelika. [7] Umongameli wangoku weNgxoxo, uPeter Hakim, usebenza kwiibhodi kunye neekomiti zeengcebiso kwimibutho emininzi elawula idemokhrasi kubandakanya iSiseko saseMelika, iBhanki yeHlabathi, iBhanki yoPhuhliso lwaseMelika, Human Rights Watch, kwaye ngaphambili wayengusekela mongameli we Isiseko se-Inter-American. [8]
Kuyamangalisa ngakumbi ukuqaphela ukuba i-CEMEX ephantsi kweMexico - enye yeenkampani ezinkulu zehlabathi zesamente - idweliswe njenge ihlakani lobuchule kunye/okanye umxhasi yeNew Journalism Foundation (nabo umxhasi iMbasa yeNtsha yobuNtatheli kunye neSiseko). This ikhonkco iqala ukwenza ingqiqo ngakumbi nangona xa isaziwa ukuba usihlalo kunye noMlawuli oyiNtloko weCEMEX, uLorenzo Zambrano - owenzeka ukuba a ilungu yeqela elicwangcisiweyo elite IKomishoni emacala amathathu, kunye nomalathisi wempikiswano LoLondolozo lwaMazwe ngamazwe – ikwangu a Mlawuli yelona qela leendaba likhulu laseMexico, iGrupo Televisa – ekwayeyona nkampani inkulu yonxibelelwano ethetha iSpanish ehlabathini. [9]
Ngo-2001, iGrupo Televisa "iseke ubambiswano nompapashi waseColombia u-Abrenuncio ukusungula uhlelo lwaseMexico lwemagazini [yaseColombia] iCambio". [10] Oku kubalulekile kuba ngo-1999, UJon Lee Anderson waphawula ukuba uGabriel García Márquez "yaba uninzi lwabanini bamaphephancwadi eendaba eveki nganye Tshintsha"kwi
"Ngokumangalisayo, inikwe ukuba ubuntatheli bukaGarcía Márquez buphenjelelwe kakhulu ziimbono zakhe zezopolitiko, uCambio akathathi sikhundla sicacileyo sokuhlela. Iphakathi kwendlela, kunye nenani elikhulu leempawu zobomi, kwaye sele ipapashe amanqaku avakalisa izimvo ezicekisekayo kuGarcía Márquez. Ngokomzekelo, inqaku lomhleli lamva nje lixhasiwe
Ngamafutshane, kubonakala ngathi ayinguye wonke umsebenzi kaGabriel García Márquez ongaphezulu kwebhodi; okanye mhlawumbi kungachaneka ngakumbi ukuthi umsebenzi wakhe ungaphezulu kwebhodi - njengoninzi lwemisebenzi ye-NED - kodwa kunzima kakhulu nangona kunjalo.
As The New York Times waphawula ngo-1986: "Kwezinye intlonipho, inkqubo ye [NED] ifana noncedo olwanikwa yiCentral Intelligence Agency ngeminyaka yoo-1950, 60's kunye no-70's ukuxhasa amaqela ezopolitiko axhasa iMelika".
"...umhlobo uMaría U-Elvira Samper uthi, [uthanda] 'ukwenza izinto ngokufihlakeleyo. Uthanda idiplomacy, hayi ezopolitiko. Uthi nguye un gran iyelenqe.' Kodwa uye wagxekwa kakhulu ngokuyonwabela indima yakhe kakhulu, nangokuthandlwa ngamadoda asemagunyeni. Abahlobo abavumayo ukuba kukho inyani ekugxekweni bathi ukuchaphazeleka kwakhe kumakhubalo kaCastro kunye noClinton ngokuyinxenye kuchulumanco lokuba kude kangaka kwiingcambu zakhe. "
Yintoni ngoku?
Eli nqaku libe nethuba elilishwa lokubonisa indlela ezinzulu ngayo iintente zoluntu olukhohlisayo lwedemokhrasi zifikelela kwihlabathi lobuntatheli obunenkqubela. Ewe, njengoko ubhala uGabriel Garcia Marquez uyathandwa kuzo zonke iikona zehlabathi, ikhonkco yakhe yeSiseko kwi-NED inzima kakhulu, njengoko i-udos eqhotyoshelwe kwigama lakhe iya kunceda ngokusemthethweni umsebenzi we-NED ochasene nedemokhrasi. Le ngxaki, ngokuqinisekileyo, ayiphelelanga nje kwimeko kaMarquez, njengoko amatsha ntliziyo amaninzi anenkqubela axakeke yimisebenzi yoluntu olulawula idemokhrasi yehlabathi.
Ezi zinxulumene 'nedemokhrasi' zingachazwa ngcono ngokujonga umsebenzi we-NED (kunye nolo iziseko zenkululeko ngokubanzi) njengokwandiswa kwemfazwe yenkcubeko ebandayo eyayifudula isiliwa zizo zombini ii-arhente zobuntlola kunye neziseko zenkululeko. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, le mfazwe yeengqondo 'zethu' yayiliwa ngokufihlakeleyo - kunye "nophawu oluphambili lwale nkqubo" "kukuqhubela phambili ibango lokuba yayingekho" [12] - kodwa ngoku imfazwe iyaqhubeka. ziqhutywa ngokugqithisileyo egameni ledemokhrasi, uxolo nenkululeko. Ke ngelixa imfazwe yenkcubeko yeCIA yahlala ingabonakali kwinkqubela phambili yokwenyani iminyaka, [13] ipropaganda yangoku ekhubekisayo eyenziwa ngabaqhubi bedemokhrasi kwihlabathi jikelele yenziwa ngokuphandle kangangokuba bambalwa kakhulu abantu abaye bayigxeka impembelelo yayo eyonakalisayo kwidemokhrasi.
Imeko elolo hlobo ayikukhuthazi ukusinda kwedemokhrasi, ngakumbi kwiindlela zokuthatha inxaxheba ngakumbi kwidemokhrasi, kungoko kubalulekile ukuba abemi abaxhalabileyo baqalise ukukhanyisela ngakumbi kwihlabathi elinomthunzi labarhwebi bedemokhrasi. Ukuququzelela le nkqubo ndingathanda ukunika uncedo lwam kubo nabaphi na abaphembeleli abanqwenela ukuphonononga umsebenzi wabaphathi bedemokhrasi kumazwe abo. Ukufumanisa ukuba ngawaphi amaqela afumana inkxaso-mali chwetheza nje igama lelizwe lakho kwi IDatabase yeeProjekthi zeDemokhrasi yeNED kunye nemizuzwana embalwa kamva uya kuba noluhlu lwemibutho emininzi exhaswa yi-NED. Emva koko ndithumele i-imeyile kuMichael.J.Barker [AT] Griffith.edu.au kwaye ndiza kubona into endinokuyenza ukunceda.
Endnotes
[1]Njenge ye NgoMeyi 2007, malunga ne-4,300 yeentatheli zaseLatin America naseSpain ziye zathatha inxaxheba kwiindibano zocweyo kunye neesemina ezingama-230 [FNPI], eziqhutywe kwizixeko ezingama-45 zaseLatin America, kwiCaribbean naseSpain."
[2]Ngaphambili, [Abello] usebenze njengomncedisi kurhulumente waseColombia ekuguquleni umthetho malunga nomabonakude, unxibelelwano, kunye noshishino lwefilimu. Ulilungu lebhodi yemibutho eliqela ezinikele kwishishini lefilimu kunye nenkululeko yokuthetha. "Ngaphezu koko, iSiseko siphawula ukuba: "Iqela abahlobo beentatheli, kuquka nombhali waseArgentina, UTomás Eloy Martínez, usebenzisane ekusulungekiseni isigunyaziso sesiseko."
[3] USimon Tisdall (2005) ukubhala kwiphephandaba laseBritani Guardian wathi: "
[4] Ukhetho lokucaphula olubhekiselele kuChavez oluthathiweyo The New York Times ziquka:
- "ingaba-indoda enamandla" (Disemba 1998)
- "UMnu. Chavez akazange nje ahluthe onke amagunya ayo kwiNkongolo elawulwa yinkcaso, kodwa kwakhona wathatha ulawulo.
- "indoda eyomeleleyo ekhethiweyo egobileyo kwimithetho yedemokhrasi yelizwe lakhe" (April 2002)
- "Ulawulo lukaChavez lwasekhohlo" (April 2002)
- "Ulawulo lukaChavez lwalusongela inkqubo yedemokhrasi yelizwe" (April 2002)
- "indoda enamandla yomlilo" (April 2002)
- "Abantu baseVenezuela bahlala belindele ukubuya kwegorha labo" (April 2002)
- "umongameli uHugo Chavez, umongameli onomsindo kunye nekholoneli yomkhosi othe wagxotha indlu yowiso-mthetho kunye nenkundla" (April 2003)
- "Hugo Chavez,
- "Ulawulo lukaHugo Chavez" (February 2006)
- "U-Hugo Chavez akakwazanga ukuvelisa kwakhona ulawulo lwakhe nakweliphi na elinye ilizwe ngaphandle kwalapho
- "Ngenxa ye-rhetoric kaChavez engaqhelekanga, kuyahenda ukumgxotha njengegeza" (January 2007, UDavid Rieff kwakhona)
- "ifomula yakudala yendoda eyomeleleyo ye-cronyism, urhwaphilizo kunye nokungakwazi ukusebenza" (Matshi 2007)
- "UChavez uye wakhula ngokuzimeleyo" (Juni 2007)
- "igorha elinamandla onke" (Agasti 2007)
- "indoda enamandla ethandekayo" (Disemba 2007)
- "ilizwi lendoda eyomeleleyo" (Disemba 2007)
- "indoda enamandla yaseVenezuela" (Disemba 2007)
[5] UTariq Ali, IiPirates zeCaribbean: I-Axis yeThemba (Verso, 2006), p.60.
[6] Ukuseka amalungu yeProjekthi ye-Antonio Narino ibandakanya iSiseko esiNtsha soBuntatheli, i Isiseko seFryrich Ebert yaseColombia (Fescol), Andiarios, INkululeko yeSiseko seendaba, kunye neSiseko soMbutho kunye neMedia yoXolo.
[7] Ngo-2005 i-Inter-American Dialogue yakhupha ingxelo enesihloko esithi, Ikhefu emafini-iLatin America kunye neCaribbean, u-Edgard Hernandez athi "calanye ulawulo lukaHugo Chavez kwi
[8] I Isiseko se-Inter-American umsebenzi ufana naleyo ye-Inter-American Dialogue, kwaye kuyaphawuleka ukuba kwi 2005 ibhodi yabo yabalawuli yayilikhaya kuRoger F. Noriega. UNoriega wasebenzela i-USAID kunye neSebe likarhulumente lase-US phakathi ko-1986 no-1990, apho phakathi kwezinye izinto imali efihliweyo ukuya kwi-Contras, ngamanye amaxesha nge
Kunyaka ophelileyo i I-Inter-American Isiseko, esithi "imali yokuqala intsebenziswano phakathi kwemibutho ephantsi kunye nengenzi nzuzo, amashishini kunye noorhulumente basekhaya, ejoliswe ekuphuculeni umgangatho wobomi babantu abahluphekayo kunye nokomeleza ukuthatha inxaxheba " ukhuphe inani lezibonelelo kwiiprojekthi ezinxulumene neendaba. Ngo-2006, Formación Solidaria (FORMASOL) kwi IBolivia ifumene i-$140,348 (ngaphezu kweminyaka emibini) ukuze "yomeleza unomathotholo iinkqubo zeeChiquitano neeGuarayos zomthonyama ezingama-20,000 42, zinikela iindibano zocweyo zeenkokeli zasekuhlaleni ezingama-XNUMX, zize zivelise iWeb site, zonke ezijoliswe ekukhuthazeni ulwazi oluphangaleleyo ngamalungelo abantu bomthonyama, ukuphucula ubuchule bobugcisa nokwakha inkcubeko yedemokhrasi.” Kwakuloo nyaka omnye omnye media ezimbini iiprojekthi nazo zaxhaswa ngemali
[9] Idibeneyo INgxelo yoNyaka wama-2005 zombini Umbutho waseMelika kwaye i IBhunga laseMelika waphawula ukuba: "UMbutho waseMelika ubhiyozele i-40th Anniversary yayo ngokuhlonipha oosomashishini ababini abahloniphekileyo baseMerika, ohloniphekileyo uPaul Desmarais waseCanada kunye noLorenzo H. Zambrano" kunye neMbasa yabo yeGolide yeNkonzo eBalulekileyo.
[10] Umhleli wohlelo lwaseMexico lwe Tshintsha imagazini yi URamon Alberto Garza.
[11] Enye i-twist kweli bali yongezwa ngo-Okthobha ka-2000 xa i-America Online Latin America, Inc. (i-subsidiary ye-Time Warner) "kubhengezwe a Umanyano lobuchule" nomshicileli waseColombia u-Abrenuncio, "ukwenza umxholo woqobo ovela kwiCambio kunye nolunye upapasho oluphambili lufumaneke kuwo wonke ummandla, ovela kwiinkonzo zeAOL Latin America eBrazil, Mexico naseArgentina".
[12] UFrances Stonor Saunders, Ngubani ohlawule iPiper ?: I-CIA kunye neMfazwe yeNkcubeko yeCold ( Granta Books, 1999), p.1.
[13] Njengoko uSaunders (1999, p.2) wathi: ngaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amabini, isiseko sobuntlola saseMelika sasebenza a ubucukubhede, obunesiphiwo senkcubeko eNtshona, kuba iNtshona, egameni lenkululeko yokuthetha. Ukuchaza iMfazwe yoMlomo 'njengedabi leengqondo zamadoda' kuye kwaqokelela uluhlu oluninzi lwezixhobo zenkcubeko: iijenali, iincwadi, iinkomfa, iisem.iinars, imiboniso yobugcisa, iikonsathi, amabhaso."
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