The Ekuqaleni Mbini nxalenye yale nxalenye yesine yamanqaku yaqala yazisa intloko entsha ye-UN Democracy Fund, u-Roland Rich, eyalandelwa luvavanyo olubalulekileyo lwemvelaphi 'yedemokhrasi' yomsebenzi ophambili wangaphambili we-UN, uMark Malloch Brown. Inxalenye yesithathu yolu ngcelele ngoku iza kuphonononga imbali ye-UN Democracy Fund ngokwayo, kwaye yazise abanye babantu abasebenza nale Ngxowa-mali.
โKulilungelo leZizwe eziManyeneyo ukuba iya kukhaba ngokungaphazamisi ngokupheleleyo kwimicimbi yolawulo, ingekuko nje ukungenelela kwiimeko ezimanyumnyezi, kodwa neenzame zokuphembelela idemokhrasi. Kwilizwe lethu, iinkululeko kunye nabalondolozi bavuma ukuba i-US kufuneka isebenze ukukhawulezisa lo mkhwa, kuba ngamanye amaxesha izinto zinokufezekiswa ngokulula kwaye negunya elingaphezulu phantsi kweambrela ye-UN kunokuba macala omabini. " - Isebe likarhulumente wase-US (2006)
I-UN Democracy Fund yasekwa nguNobhala-Jikelele u-Kofi Annan ngoJulayi 4, 2005, kwaye yasekwa njengeNgxowa-mali ye-UN General Trust "eyona njongo iphambili kukuxhasa idemokhrasi kwihlabathi lonke". I-โimbono yeNgxowa-mali yaqala yachazwa nguMongameli Bush kwintetho phambi kweNgqungquthela yeZizwe eziManyeneyoโ ngo-2004, xa engazange axakeke wathi โ[b] kuba ndikholelwa ukuba ukuqhubela phambili kwenkululeko yindlela eya kwihlabathi elikhuselekileyo nelingcono, namhlanje ndicebisa ukuseka. iNgxowa-mali yeDemokhrasi kwiZizwe eziManyeneyoโ. Emva koko, ingqikelelo yeNgxowa-mali yeDemokhrasi yaba โndalwa ngu amazwe ali-141 awayezimase intlanganiso yesithathu yabaphathiswa yoLuntu lweDemokhrasi eSantiago, eChile ngo-Epreli ka-2005โ.
Ibizwe eWarsaw phantsi kobunkokeli base-US, iCommunity of Democracies (CD) yaqala yadibana ngoJuni ka-2000, apho โabameli be ngaphezu kwezizwe ezili-100...okokuqala, zavuma ukusebenzela uluntu lwehlabathi ngokwandayo olusekwe kulawulo lwedemokhrasiโ. Oyena mntu uphambili odibanise iCD ibinguye owayesakuba ngunozakuzaku wase-US kwi-UN kunye nosihlalo we Iziko leSizwe leDemokhrasiMadeleine-sicinga ukuba ixabiso lifanelekile-Albright, [1] kwaye esona siphumo sibalulekileyo sale ntlanganiso yayiyiCD "isibhengezo esidibeneyo esichaza idemokhrasi njengombono omtsha weqhinga lehlabathi". Emva koko, i-US-based IBhunga loLuntu lweDemokhrasi (CCD) โ eyaqala ngo-1979 njengeeKomiti zeNxulumano, yaza kamva yabizwa ngokuba yiCCD โ โibambe ithuba lokuxhasa ukuphunyezwa kwalo mbonoโ. Ukususela ngoko, kwi amazwi abo:
โI-CCD ithathe amanyathelo abalwe ngononophelo, abambekayo ukunceda ukudala inkxaso yokuphuhlisa ikonsathi yedemokhrasi. Amanyathelo asebenzayo abandakanya ukunceda ukuseka a ICaucus ye-UN yeDemokhrasi, ekhokelayo ekomelezeni iQela eliDibayo leCD, elinxibelelene neSebe likaNobhala elisebenza ngokungekho phantsi korhulumente elinamaqela amathandathu emimandla, lincedisa ekuququzeleleni Iziko leHlabathi leNguqu yeDemokhrasi e-Budapest โ umzamo wentsebenziswano phakathi kweedemokhrasi โ ukuphuhlisa iNethiwekhi yaseYurophu esinxulumanisa kunye neCD kumahlakani ethu emveli aseYurophu, nokusungula iwebhusayithi yokukhuthaza iingxoxo kunye nesenzo kwimiba evela kwiingxoxo zoLuntu lweDemokhrasiโ.
Ngaphezu koko, ukubuyela emva ngexesha umzuzwana - kwimbali yokuqala yeCCD - kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba Qaphela oko:
โEmva konyulo lwase-U.S. ngowe-1980, iCCD yabeka usukelo lwayo lokuphembelela umgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle woLawulo olutsha lweReagan. Kwiminyaka emibini emva koko uMongameli uReagan wenza intetho yakhe edumileyo eWestminster Hall exhobe ngeengcinga ezinikezelwe yiCCD, ebiza izizwe kwihlabathi jikelele ukuba zikhuthaze idemokhrasi ngokukhuthaza iziseko zedemokhrasi โ iindaba ezikhululekileyo, imibutho, amaqela ezopolitiko, kunye nomthetho. Ethubeni lalo nyaka iphepha leCCD elithetha ngokubanzi ngeenjongo zoluntu lwedemokhrasi lakhokelela ekuvunyweni nguMongameli uReagan wesiseko sezopolitiko saseMelika esinamaqela amabini akhokelwa nguMhlonishwa. UWilliam E. Brock โukufumanisa eyona ndlela iUnited States enokuba negalelo ngayo njengesizwe kwiphulo lehlabathi lonke ledemokhrasi ehlanganisa amandla ngoku.โ Intlanganiso yokuqala yezizwe ngezizwe yeso siseko, eyaqhutywa ngoNovemba 1982, yakhokelela โkwiSibhengezo saseLondonโ esasihlaba ikhwelo lokuba makubekho umanyano lwezizwe ngezizwe. iidemokhrasi ezenziwe zizo zonke iidemokhrasi zokwenene.
โKunyaka olandelayo uMongameli uReagan wanika iNkongolo โngeProjekthi yakhe yeDemokhrasiโ kunye nesicelo sezigidi ezingama-31 zeerandi ezibekelwe ukusekwa kweNational Endowment for Democracy (NED). Ngo-1985, i-NED ibonelele ngenkxaso-mali yenkomfa yeCCD enkulu eRacine, eWisconsin eyayizinyaswe ngabameli abangama-36 abavela kumazwe angama-26. Ivula ngeleta evela kuReagan, inkomfa yaseWingspread, phakathi kwezinye izigqibo, yamkela isiphakamiso sokusekwa kwentlangano yehlabathi lonke yedemokhrasi nesiphakamiso sequmrhu leedemokhrasi kwiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo.โ
Ukufumana umfanekiso ocacileyo wohlobo lwedemokhrasi ekhuthazwa liBhunga loLuntu lweDemokhrasi, kubalulekile ukwazisa abanye abantu abaphambili abasebenza kwiCCD.
URobert E. Hunter ungusihlalo webhodi yabalawuli beCCD, kwaye ukwasebenza njengomcebisi omkhulu wamazwe ngamazwe kumvelisi omkhulu wezixhobo zehlabathi, uLockheed Martin: ukusuka ngo-1993 ukuya ku-1998 uHunter wakhonza njengonozakuzaku wase-US kwi-NATO, kwaye ngaphambi koko waye. usekela mongameli weZiko loBuchule kunye neZifundo zaMazwe ngaMazwe. Umongameli weCCD, uRichard C. Rowson, usebenza kwikomiti yesigqeba se Iziko leHlabathi leNguqu yeDemokhrasi; ngelixa usekela-mongameli weCCD, uMark Palmer, engusekela sihlalo we Indlu yeNkululeko, kunye nomseki we-NED. Omnye usekela-mongameli weCCD, uJames R. Huntley, wadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimfazwe ebandayo yenkcubeko yase-US, esebenza ngokufutshane njengegosa le-Arhente yoLwazi yase-US ngo-1956, ngaphambi kokuba abe liSekela leGosa leMicimbi yoLuntu kwimishini esanda kuyilwa yase-US kuLuntu lwaseYurophu. โ.[2] Ngexesha lee-1960, uHuntley ngoko usebenze njengegosa lenkqubo kwisebe lezobudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe leFord Foundation, iofisi eyayikho ngelo xesha ukusebenza ngokusondeleyo neCIA. Kamva waba ngumongameli we-Atlantic Council of the US, kwaye ngoku ukhonza kwibhunga leengcebiso le-Streit Council (ukufumana iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu malunga ne-Streit Council 'yedemokhrasi' jonga i-endnote [3]). Umongameli weCCD uJohn Richardson ukwahleli ecaleni kukaHuntley kwiSteit Council's. ibhunga labacebisi. URichardson ukwabonisa ubudlelwane obuqinileyo 'bedemokhrasi' njengoko "wayengumsebenzi oseka i Iziko loXolo laseU.S, [kunye] nelungu lebhodi elisekiyo kunye noSihlalo weNdawo yeSizwe yeDemokhrasiโ.
Abanye abalawuli beCCD โbedemokhrasiโ baquka Robert A. Umfundisi, J. Brian Atwood (owayengumongameli weNational Democratic Institute ukususela ngo-1986 ukuya ku-1993, umlawuli we-USAID ukususela ngo-1993 ukuya ku-1999, umongameli owasekayo Abemi beLizwe ukusuka 1999 ukuya 2002, a trustee we Isiseko soXolo lweHlabathi, ilungu lekomiti yesicwangciso seProjekthi yezoBulungisa ngamaxesha oTshintsho, kwaye usebenza kwikomiti yeengcebiso ye-NED-mali Amaqhinga amatsha kumaLungelo oLuntu), uHarriet C. Babbitt (ngubani a owayesakuba ngusekela-mlawuli we-USAID, owayesakuba ngumphengululi kwi Iziko laseWoodrow Wilson, kunye nomlawuli weNational Democratic Institute), kunye noJack W. Buechner (ongumongameli wangaphambili we Iziko leRiphabhlikhi yeHlabathi). Abacebisi abaphezulu beCCD โbedemokhrasiโ baquka uMax M. Kampelman (ongusihlalo ophumayo kwibhodi yabaphathiswa beFreedom House kunye neWoodrow Wilson Centre, owayesakuba ngumlawuli we. Umanyano lweDemocratic Majority, owayesakuba ngusekela-sihlalo we-US Institute for Peace, ilungu lawo omabini ibhunga leengcebiso I-American Ditchley Foundation kwaye i I-Eurasia Foundation), uJohn C. Whitehead (owawongwa ngeMbasa yeNkonzo yeDemokhrasi ye-NED ngo-2005, kwaye ungumlawuli we Komiti Yo ku hlangula), uJohn Brademas (obesakuba ngusihlalo weNED, ilungu lebhunga leengcebiso KuPhaphaza, kunye nomlawuli we-American Ditchley Foundation kunye ne Franklin kunye no-Eleanor Roosevelt Institute), noWilliam E. Brock (ongumseki we-NED, nowayesakuba ngusihlalo we-NED, kunye nomphathiswa ngoku we-NED. Iziko lezeCwangciso lobuchule kunye neLizwe jikelele).
Emva kokuseka iziqinisekiso ezincomekayo โzedemokhrasiโ zelo qela libandakanyekayo ekuphembeleleni ukuyilwa kweNgxowa-mali yeDemokhrasi yeZizwe eziManyeneyo, eli candelo lilandelayo ngoku liza kuhlolisisa imvelaphi yabanye abantu abasebenza phantsi koncedo lweNgxowa-mali.
Abasebenzi kwiNgxowa-mali yeDemokhrasi ye-UN
Njengoko unokukhumbula ukususela ekuqaleni kweli nqaku, ngo-Oktobha 2007, uRoland Rich uya kuba yintloko entsha ye-UN Democracy Fund. Nangona kunjalo, yayingu-Amir Dossal owathi ekuqaleni wathatha indima yobunkokeli ekusekweni kweNgxowa-mali yeDemokhrasi. UDossal okwangoku ukwangumlawuli olawulayo we-UN Fund for International Partnerships (UNFIP), โi-autonomous trust fundโฆ esebenza phantsi kolawulo lukaSekela Nobhala Jikelele we-UNโ eyasekwa ngo-1998 nguKofi Annan. Iwebhusayithi ye-UN iyaqhubeka ukuqaphela ukuba โi-UNFIP isebenza njengonxibelelwano kunye nomququzeleli wobambiswano phakathi kweNkqubo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye neSiseko seZizwe eziManyeneyo (UNF), umbutho wesisa woluntu onoxanduva lokulawula, kwithuba leminyaka eli-15, i-US$1 kaTed Turner. ibhiliyoni yegalelo lokuxhasa izizathu zeZizwe eziManyeneyoโ.
Mhlawumbi kungekhona nje, amabini amanye amalungu asibhozo ebhodi yeengcebiso ze-UNFIP (ngaphandle kwe-Dossal) banobudlelwane obuqinileyo 'bedemokhrasi', nguLincoln C. Chen noFranklin A. Thomas. UChen wayesakuba ngusekela mongameli weqhinga leRockefeller Foundation, esebenza njengommeli weFord Foundation eIndiya naseBangladesh ngeminyaka yoo-1970 no-1980, kwaye ngoku ungusihlalo we. CARE-USA; ngelixa uThomas esebenza njengomongameli kunye ne-CEO yeFord Foundation ukusuka ngo-1979 ukuya ku-1996, wayengusihlalo weKomishoni yoFundo exhaswa ngemali yiRockefeller Foundation kuMgaqo-nkqubo waseMelika obhekiselele eMzantsi Afrika ukusuka ngo-1979 ukuya ku-1981 - ikomishoni athi uRoelofs (2007) wanceda abantu abaphezulu baseNtshona "Ukuqhawula uqhagamshelo iinjongo zobusoshiyali nezocalucalulo zeAfrican National Congressโ. (Ukususela kwi1977, UTomas ube ngumlawuli we-Alcoa, enye ye iinkampani ezinkulu zokunyibilikisa i-aluminium emhlabeni, ibhodi yakhe yabalawuli ikwabandakanya ngoku u-Ernesto Zedillo - bona ngaphambili.)
Njengoko i-UNFIP isebenza "njenge-interface kunye nomququzeleli wobambiswano" phakathi kwe-UN kunye nomsunguli we-CNN, i-Ted Turner's, i-UN Foundation, kuyafaneleka ukukhankanya ngokufutshane amakhonkco 'edemokhrasi' yebhodi yabalawuli ye-UN Foundation. Okokuqala, uTurner ngokwakhe wayengumseki we ICarter Centre, ngusihlalo we- Imeko yeQonga leHlabathi kwaye i Inyathelo lokuTya iNyukliya, usebenza kwibhunga leengcebiso le ISiseko seNyukliya yoSondlo, kwaye ungumalathisi we-UN Association of the United States of America (ongumongameli wayo UWilliam H. Luers). Ngaphaya koko, abathandathu kwabasithoba abanye abalawuli be-UN Foundation banamaqhina โedemokhrasiโ, abandakanya URuth Cardoso, Graca Machel (osebenze kwibhodi ye ICrisis Crisis Group, lilungu le IHuman Rights Watch's IKomiti yeeNgcebiso ngeziXhobo, kwaye ifunyenwe eAfrika IMbasa yeNkonzo yoLuntu eBalulekileyo), u-Emma Rothschild (utshatile no-Amartya K. Sen owathi naye ungumlawuli we Iziko loPhuhliso lweHlabathi, ilungu lebhunga leengcebiso ze Ukufezekisa Amalungelo, kunye nomlawuli wangaphambili we IZiko laMazwe ngaMazwe loPhando lwaBasetyhini), uNafis I. Sadik (owayengumongameli we Umbutho woPhuhliso lwaMazwe ngaMazwe ukusuka ku-1994 ukuya ku-1997, ungumlawuli we IZiko laMazwe ngaMazwe loPhando lwaBasetyhini, kwaye ungumthenjwa ohloniphekileyo we Asia Society), u-Andrew Jackson Young, Jr. (osebenza kwibhodi yeengcebiso yeSiseko soXolo lweSizwe, ungumlawuli weDrum Major Institute, owayengumlawuli we-International Alert, kwaye ungumphathiswa wangaphambili we-Freedom House), kwaye Mohammad Yunus (okwibhodi yabacebisi yeStockholm Challenge, apho ahlala ecaleni komlawuli we-NED uEsther Dyson, kunye nelungu lebhodi yeengcebiso zeZiko le-US uJohn Gage) [4].
Ukubuyela kubantu abanxulumene ngokuthe ngqo neNgxowa-mali yeDemokhrasi yeZizwe eziManyeneyo: ibhodi yabacebisi yeNgxowa-mali inamalungu ali-17, uAmir Dossal, abameli abavela kumazwe angamalungu (iOstreliya, iBenin, iChile, iFransi, iJamani, iHungary, iIndiya, iIndonesia, iQatar, uMzantsi Afrika, kunye iunited States), abameli kwiiNGO ezimbini, CIVICUS kwaye i IKhomishini yaMazwe ngaMazwe yoBugqwetha, kunye nabanye abameli abathathu abachongwe nguNobhala-Jikelele. Abantu abathathu bokugqibela abakwibhodi yabacebisi yeNgxowa-mali yeDemokhrasi ye-UN nguMichael Doyle, uRima Khalaf Hunaidi, kunye noGuillermo OโDonnell.
UMichael Doyle ngaphambili sebenza iminyaka emibini njengomcebisi okhethekileyo kaNobhala Jikelele we-UN uKofi Annan, engumalathisi we-International Peace Academy, kwaye ngo-1997 wadibanisa incwadi enesihloko. Ukugcina Uxolo kunye noRobert C. Orr (bona iCandelo 2) kunye no-Ian Johnstone. UDoyle ngoku unguNjingalwazi kaHarold Brown we-United States yoMgaqo-nkqubo weZangaphandle kunye noKhuseleko KwiYunivesithi yaseColumbia Isikolo seMicimbi yaMazwe ngaMazwe kunye neyoLuntu, kwaye sisebenza kwibhunga loMbutho weSayensi yezoPolitiko waseMelika.
U-Rima Khalaf Hunaidi nguNobhala-Jikelele onguNcedisi weNkqubo yoPhuhliso lwe-UN kunye UMlawuli weNgingqi ye-Regional Bureau for Arab States, kwaye isebenza njengomlawuli we Iziko loPhuhliso lweHlabathi. Kwaye ekugqibeleni ukusukela ngo-1997, uGuillermo O'Donnell, uye waba nguye Umntu oMkhulu weFaculty leKellog Institute for International Studies kwiYunivesithi yaseNotre Dame. U-O'Donnell usebenze njengosekela mongameli we-American Political Science Association ukusuka kwi-1999 kunye ne-2000, kwaye ukhonza kwibhodi yokuhlela ye-NED's. Ijenali yeDemokhrasi, nakwikomiti yeengcebiso yamazwe ngamazwe (ngo-2001 ubuncinane) ye-NED-mali Iziko leZifundo zoMthetho nezeNtlalo. Emva kokuphanda ukuqhelaniswa 'kwedemokhrasi' yabasebenzi beNgxowa-mali yeDemokhrasi ye-UN, eli candelo lilandelayo kunye nelokugqibela kweli phepha ngoku liza kuphonononga ngokunzulu iindidi zemibutho exhaswa yiNgxowa-mali kumjikelo wayo wokuqala wenkxaso-mali.
Iza kuqhubekaโฆ Inxalenye yokugqibela yolu ngcelele lweenxalenye ezine iya kuphonononga iziqinisekiso 'zedemokhrasi' zabanye babamkeli beNgxowa-mali yeDemokhrasi ye-UN yomjikelo wokuqala wenkxaso-mali. Iya kuthi ke iqukumbele ngokunikezela ngeengcebiso malunga nokuba abaphembeleli abaqhubela phambili banokuthi bajongane njani neminye imiba ekhathazayo ethe yaphakanyiswa malunga nendima yehlabathi ye-UN njengomphathi ophambili wedemokhrasi.
UMichael Barker ngumgqatswa wobugqirha kwiDyunivesithi yaseGriffith, eOstreliya. Unokufikelelwa kwaMichael.J.Barker [kwa] griffith.edu.au, kunye nabanye bakhe. amanye amanqaku anokufumaneka apha.
Endnotes
[1]NgoJanuwari 1999, uMadeleine Albright, unobhala welizwe likaMongameli uClinton, uxelele iLos Angeles Times ukuba eyona nto iphambili kuye ngaphambi kokuba ashiye isikhundla yayikukudala uluntu lwedemokhrasi yehlabathi.
Ngenkumbulo, ku 60 Imizuzu udliwano-ndlebe (ngoMeyi 1996) ULesley Stahl, ethetha ngezohlwayo zaseUnited States nxamnye neIraq, wabuza uAlbright: โSivile ukuba abantwana abasisiqingatha sesigidi baye bafa. Ndithetha ukuba, baninzi abantwana abafa eHiroshima. Kwaye-kwaye uyazi, ngaba ixabiso lifanelekile?" U-Albright waphendula wathi: "Ndicinga ukuba olu khetho lunzima kakhulu, kodwa ixabiso - sicinga ukuba ixabiso lifanelekile."
[2] Giles Scott-Smith kunye noHans Krabbendam (eds.), IMfazwe ebandayo yeNkcubeko eNtshona Yurophu, ngo-1945-1960 (London: Frank Cass, 2003), p.99.
[3] I Amanqaku eBhunga leStreit ukuba "isebenzela intsebenziswano esondeleyo phakathi kweedemokhrasi ezinamava njengesiseko sokuzibandakanya okusebenzayo kwe-US kwimicimbi yehlabathi". Unondyebo weBhunga laseStreit, u-Erik Johnson, usebenze njengoMlawuli weZifundo zoMgaqo-nkqubo kwiZiko loShishino lwaBucala lwaMazwe ngaMazwe ukususela ngo-1996 ukuya ku-1999, nomlawuli olawulayo weBhunga, uTiziana Stella, naye wasebenzela iCCD ekulungiseleleni iCD yokuqala. inkomfa eWarsaw. Omnye umlawuli weBhunga laseStreit โwedemokhrasiโ nguRichard T. Arndt, okhe wasebenza kwibhodi yabacebisi ye IBhunga laseMelika laseMelika.
[4] Ngokutsho USusan FeinerDrucilla Barker ubhala kwiDominion ngo-2007: โUmseki weBhanki yaseGrameen uMuhammad Yunus uphumelele iBhaso loXolo likaNobel ngenxa yokuba indlela yakhe yokujonga ibhanki ibethelela imbono yeneoliberal yokuba ukuziphatha komntu kungumthombo wentlupheko kunye ne-neoliberal agenda yokucutha uncedo lukarhulumente kwabona bantu basesichengeni xa kwaye phi imfuneko yoncedo lukarhulumente inzima kakhulu.โ
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