Ezinye iinxalenye zombutho wemekobume kudala zingumqobo ekutshatyalalisweni kobomi ngamaqumrhu alawulayo nabaveleli bawo. Ngokuchasene noko, ezinye iinxalenye ezinempembelelo kunye nezibhengezwe kakuhle zombutho nazo ziye zadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekujongeleni phantsi amandla enkululeko yendalo esingqongileyo ukuze kwaneliswe iimfuno zombuso. Amaqela okusingqongileyo angena ngokukhululekileyo kolu didi lwamva โloosondalo bendaloโ aquka abo ngokuhlangeneyo babizwa ngokuba yiBig Green, okanye iQela labaShumi, nangona ingumsebenzi welungu elinye leli qela liphezulu, iWorld Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) , iya kuhlolisiswa kweli nqaku. (Ukufumana amagqabantshintshi abanzi malunga ne-ajenda ye-WWF yobungxowankulu, bona inqaku lam lamva nje โIingcambu zePhilanthropic of Corporate Environmentalism, "U Swans, Novemba 3, 2008.)
Ukuqondwa kobume be-impiriyali bemibutho emininzi ebizwa ngokuba yi-green non-governmental organisations, ngokuxakayo, ikhuthazwe ngokubanzi ngabagqabantshintshi abalondolozayo. Ngaloo ndlela umhlali wabafundi kwi Iziko loKhuselo loShishino lwaSimahla, UPaul Driessen, kutshanje ipapashe incwadi ephikisanayo enesihloko I-Eco-Imperialism: Amandla oHlaza uKufa okuMnyama (Merril Press, 2003). Intshayelelo yencwadi kaDriessen yabhalwa ngu Niger Innis, isithethi sikazwelonke seqela lamalungelo oluntu elalinenkqubela phambili yeCongress of Racial Equality - umbutho ngoku oye wajika waba "ngobuqhetsebaโ Iqela eliphambili loshishino. Kwintshayelelo yakhe, u-Innis waphawula ukuba:
โUmbutho ocinga ngemekobume lishishini elinamandla leebhiliyoni ezi-4 zeerandi ngonyaka, igorila yamazwe ngamazwe efumana iidola ezisi-8 zamawaka ezigidi ngonyaka. Uninzi lwamalungu ayo agxile kakhulu kwi-eco-centric, kwaye abeka ixabiso eliphezulu kakhulu kwizilwanyana zasendle kunye nexabiso le-ikholoji kunenkqubela phambili yabantu okanye ubomi bomntu. Banoloyiko olunzulu kwaye bayalucekisa ishishini elikhulu, iteknoloji, iikhemikhali, iiplastiki, amafutha eefosili kunye ne-biotechnology - kwaye bagxininisa ukuba ihlabathi lonke kufuneka livume kwaye liphile ngokoyiko kunye neengcamango zabo. Bangoochwephesha ekusebenziseni inzululwazi engafanelekanga, amaqhinga, ukoyikisa, kunye namabango obuxoki ezoqoqosho nezempilo ukuze bafumane amandla angakumbi.โ (pdf)
U-Innis uchanekile ekuboneni ukuba intshukumo yokusingqongileyo yishishini leebhiliyoni zeedola, kodwa njengoDriessen, uyasilela ngamabom ukuqaqambisa indlela awona maqela anamandla kwaye axhaswa kakuhle ngemali yokusingqongileyo aqhuba eli shishini asebenzisana ngesandla kunye namashishini amakhulu kunye nobukhosi. oorhulumente. Kwelinye icala, loo mibutho yokusingqongileyo icela umngeni ngokunzulu kumalungelo oshishino ifumana inkxaso-mali encinane eluntwini okanye ngalo mba kwiziseko ezibonisa inkqubela ezibonisa inkululeko. Ngenxa yoko ndivumelana no-Innis noDriessen ukuba ezona nxalenye zixhaswa ngemali kakhulu kwintshukumo yokusingqongileyo ezisoloko zixoxwa kumajelo osasazo amaninzi zikhuthaza i-eco-imperialism, kodwa oku akubangelwa kukuba zicela umngeni kwizinto ezinomdla ezinamandla, kodwa ngenxa yokuba zibakhonza njalo. ngempumelelo. Umzekelo, ngo-2007 ingeniso yeGlobal Networks yeWWF yayiyi-US$0.8 yebhiliyoni; ngoko ke, akufanelekanga ukuba simangalise ukuba amaqela anjalo awasekwa ngoosomashishini abanamandla kunye noosopolitiki abanamandla, kwaye ngoku axhaswa ngezimali ngabo baphezulu, kufuneka kuqala akhuthaze umdla wobungxowankulu phantsi kwengubo yokusingqongileyo. Ukufumana okungakumbi kule jonga Elaine Dewar's incwadi emangalisayo Ingubo yoHlaza: Unxulumano phakathi kwamaQela aPhambili okusiNgqongileyo, uRhulumente kunye namaShishini amakhulu (Lorimer, 1995).
I-WWF ngoku ineeofisi kumazwe angaphezu kwama-90 kwihlabathi liphela, ukuzekelisa ngokufutshane ubume be-impiriyali yemizamo yabo โyokulondolozaโ eli nqaku ligxile kwimo yokungavisisani yobukho babo kwizimbiwa zaseMongolia.
Kwabo bangaziyo, iMongolia likhusi leenkampani zemigodi ezifuna ukuphanga ubutyebi bendalo ngexabiso eliphantsi, elilingana neendleko zokusingqongileyo kunye nezentlalo zoqoqosho. Imingcipheko enokubakho ebangelwa yimigodi eMongolia icace ngakumbi kubukho bendawo edumileyo URobert "uBob onetyhefu" uFriedland kwibhodi yabalawuli IBhunga loShishino lwaseMntla Melika-Mongolia โ Iqela elathi ngo-1992 lafumana uncedo ngempazamo kwiNational Endowment for Democracy, unyaka iWWF eyaqala ngawo ukusebenza eMongolia.
Iwebhusayithi yeWWF iphawula ukuba โizoyikiso eziphambiliโ kwizinto eziphambili ezixeliweyo zolondolozo eMongolia ziquka:
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Ukuzingela ngokungekho mthethweni kunye norhwebo lwezilwanyana zasendle
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Amadama kunye nokuvunwa okungazinzanga kobutyebi bamanzi
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Ukutyiswa kwamadlelo ngokugqithisileyo kunye nokuthotywa komhlaba
Inene, ukuvunwa kobutyebi bamanzi ngokungazinzanga, ukusetyenziswa kwemichiza eyityhefu, kunye nokuthotywa komhlaba yimisebenzi enxulumene ngokusondeleyo nemigodi, ngoko kufanelekile ukuba โWWF ngamandla ikhuthaza ukuthembeka kwemigodi ukuze kukhule ngokulinganayo eMongolia.โ Ngokubhekiselele koku, iwebhusayithi ye-WWF iphawula ukuba eyona projekthi yabo yakutsha nje yokukhuthaza imigodi enoxanduva yayi
zaboUkubekw'esweni koBuqhophololo kwiCandelo leMigodi yaseMongoliaโ (pdf) iprojekthi, eyaqhutywa phakathi kukaDisemba 2006 noDisemba 2007 (jonga ingxelo yokugqibela, pdf). Iprojekthi yeWWF ichaza indlela le projekthi eyaxhaswa ngayo ngamaqela amabini, i IBhanki yoPhuhliso yaseAsia, kunye neNgxowa-mali yoBudlelwane obuselubala. Ke ukufumana umbono wohlobo lwamaqela iWWF ngoku esebenza nawo ukuxhasa iziphumo zemigodi "ezizinzileyo" eMongolia eli candelo lilandelayo liza kwazisa ngokufutshane iNtsebenziswano yeNgxowa-mali yokuZicacela.
Ngokusekelwe e-US, i INtsebenziswano yeNgxowa-mali yokuZicacela yasekwa ngo-2000 ngenkxaso yemali evela kwisiseko esingaziwa saseBritane esekwe kwi-philanthropic; kunye nabaxhasi bemali abalandelayo bomsebenzi wabo kubandakanya iNkqubo yoPhuhliso yeZizwe eziManyeneyo, i-Arhente yaseSweden yoBambiswano loPhuhliso lwaMazwe ngaMazwe, kunye neBhanki yehlabathi. Njengoko ubani unokulindela kobu budlelwane benkxaso-mali, iNgxowa-mali iqinisiwe kwidemokhrasi ekhohlisayo. UMongameli kunye noMlawuli oyiNtloko weNgxowa-mali, uPierre Landell-Mills, owayefudula esebenza kwiBhanki yeHlabathi iminyaka engama-26; ngelixa usihlalo webhodi yabalawuli beNgxowa-mali inguKumi Naidoo, umntu ngoku osebenza njengoNobhala Jikelele we. CIVICUS. Ngaphaya koko, uSekela Sihlalo weNgxowa-mali, uAnabel Cruz, ukwasebenza njengelungu lebhodi yeCIVICUS; unondyebo webhodi, uRandolph Andersen, kutsha nje usebenze njengoMlawuli wesebe lemali-mboleko yeBhanki yeHlabathi; ngelixa uGerry van der Linden, owayesakuba nguSekela Mongameli weBhanki yoPhuhliso lwaseAsia ebalwa njengelungu lebhodi yeNgxowa-mali.
Okona kubalulekileyo, iwebhusayithi yeNtsebenziswano yeNgxowa-mali yokuZicacela ichaza ukuba โigcina ikufutshane amakhonkco okusebenzaโ neTransparency International, nangona becebisa ukuba iNgxowa-mali โngumbutho owahlukileyo onomnqophiso owahlukileyo, iinkqubo zokusebenza kunye nabasebenzi.โ Indlela yohluke ngayo le mibutho mibini ivulelekile ukuba kuxoxwe ngayo njengoko iNgxowa-mali ibala phakathi kwebhodi yayo yabalawuli, Peter Eigen, umseki kunye nowayesakuba ngusihlalo weTransparency International (ngoku ungusihlalo webhodi yabo yabacebisi). Phambi kokuseka iTransparency International, uEigen uchithe uninzi lomsebenzi wakhe esebenzela iBhanki yeHlabathi, kodwa ukwasebenzele Carnegie Endowment for International Peace kwaye i Ford Foundation (isiseko esisihlalo esikhoyo ngoku ebesakuba nguMongameli weWWF-US, uKathryn Fuller), kwaye uEigen ngoku uthathwa njengelungu loyilo le-WWF-US. Iklabhu yaseBudapest. Ngaphezu koko, omnye umseki weTransparency International, uFrank Vogl, usebenza kwibhodi yeNtsebenziswano yeNgxowa-mali eNgaphandle. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku akukho babhali bathe bawugxeka umsebenzi weNtsebenziswano yeNgxowa-mali yokuZicacela, kodwa akunjalo nakwiTransparency International eyaziwa ngcono.
Ngokutsho kukaKevin Pina, iTransparency International "ibi ichazwa yimibutho eliqela yaseBritani ngasekhohlo โnjengesixhobo sokungcungcuthekisa ooRhulumente ngenxa yezilangazelelo zenkampani ngokubhenca urhwaphilizo.โโ Noko ke, njengamaqela amaninzi aphembelela idemokhrasi, iTransparency International inembono eyahlukileyo ngokusisiseko ngendima yayo, yaye ngoko ke, njengamaqela amaninzi aphembelela idemokhrasi. baqaphela kwiwebhusayithi yabo ukuba bayi "uluntu jikelele umbutho woluntu okhokela umlo ochasene norhwaphilizoโ. I-Transparency International's umseki UMichael Hershman yingcaphephe echasayo (ngoko ke ungumongameli weQela leFairfax kwaye unceda ukukhokela iQela leCivitas), kwaye wayefudula esebenza njengesekela lomphicothi-zincwadi jikelele weNkqubo yoNcedo lwaNgaphandle kwi-Arhente yase-US yoPhuhliso lwaMazwe ngaMazwe (AID) โ apho โwayenoxanduva lwehlabathi liphela. ukhuseleko kuyo yonke imisebenzi ye-AID yangaphandleโ. KuPhaphaza ibhodi amalungu anobudlelwane obubonakalayo bolawulo lwentando yesininzi aquka usihlalo wamanina u-Huguette Labelle (owayesakuba ngumongameli kwi-Arhente yoPhuhliso lwaMazwe ngaMazwe yaseCanada, nonguceba wengingqi yeManyano yaMazwe ngaMazwe yoLondolozo lweNdalo), Nancy Zucker Boswell (olilungu leKomiti yeeNgcebiso ye-USAID ngoNcedo lokuzithandela lwaNgaphandle), kunye ULaura Puertas Meyer (oyingcali yezoqoqosho kunye nentatheli eyaseka i-Instituto Prensa y Sociedad - iqela lufumene uncedo ukusuka kumlawuli wedemokhrasi owaziwayo, iNdawo yeSizwe yeDemokhrasi).
Ngoku ka KuPhaphaza's INgxelo yoNyaka wama-2005 (pdf) bafumana inkxaso-mali kuyo ii-arhente ezininzi zophuhliso zikarhulumente (kuquka i-USAID), esuka kwiFord Foundation kunye neOpen Soros Development Foundation, kunye nenkitha yamaqumrhu (umz. iBP, iExxon, iRio Tinto, neShell โ eyayiyintloko yayo, UJohn Loudon, wasebenza njengomongameli weWWF International ukusuka ngo-1976 ukuya kutsho ngo-1981), i Iziko loShishino lwaBucala lwaMazwe ngaMazwe, kunye Amaqabane aseMelika. Okokugqibela, uJermyn Brooks, owayesakuba nguMlawuli oLawulayo weTransparency International (2000-03), ngoku usebenza kunye noMongameli weNational Endowment for Democracy kwibhodi yabacebisi yomhleli wemagazini ebizwa ngokuba Idemokhrasi ngokubanzi. Ukufumana ugxeko oluneenkcukacha lweTransparency International, bona ingxelo ebalaseleyo kaJulie Bajolle โImvelaphi kunye nezizathu zogxininiso lwangoku kuRhwaphilizoโ (PDF).
Xa kujongwe amaqhina phakathi komsebenzi weTransparency International kunye neNational Endowment for Democracy, kufanelekile ukuba iNtsebenziswano yeNgxowa-mali yokuFikelela elubala ixhase ngemali iqela leeprojekthi kunye neNdawo yeSizwe yeDemokhrasi [yeNeoliberal]. Ngaloo ndlela omabini axhasa ngemali amaqela amabini aseArgentina, i Iziko lokuPhunyezwa kwemiGaqo-nkqubo yoLuntu eliKhuthaza uBulungisa nokuHluma (elilungu leZiko loThungelwano loHlaziyo lweShishini laBucala laMazwe ngaMazwe), kunye Umbutho woLuntu woLingano kunye noBulungisa. Nangona kunjalo, ukubuyela eMongolia, ngo-2007 i-Partnership for Transparency Fund ibonelele ngemali kwiZorig Foundation, ukuze ukubeka esweni ukuphunyezwa yeSicwangciso sokuSebenza sokuLwa uRhwaphilizo sikaRhulumente waseMongolia. Olu nxibelelwano lubaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yokuba Isiseko seZorig โ eyasekwa ngo-1998 ukuze โukwakheka kwangaphambili yoluntu lwedemokhrasi kunye nokuxhasa uhlaziyo lwezopolitiko eMongoliaโ- hayi kuphela ifumene isibonelelo ukusuka kwiNdawo yeSizwe yeDemokhrasi (ngo-2004), kodwa nayo yayikhe yabalwa UJack Buechner (owayesakuba ngumongameli we-International Republican Institute โ oyena mntu unikwe iMvume yeSizwe yeDemokhrasi) phakathi kwamalungu ebhodi.
Ngelixa olu phando lufutshane lungakhange lugxeke iziphumo zomsebenzi weWWF eMongolia, lubonelela ngokutya okungaphaya kokucinga malunga nokuhambelana kwemisebenzi yabo โyolondolozoโ nabaqhatha idemokhrasi yama impiriyali.
"Thenga ibhokhwe, Gcina ihlosi"!
Njengoko oku kunye nophononongo lwangaphambili lubonisile, iWWF ithatha izixa ezikhulu zemali yeshishini kunye nesiseko senkxaso-mali, kunye nemali encinci kakhulu kuluntu oluchaphazelekayo, ukuxhasa uhlobo lwayo olulodwa lwe-impiriyalizim yokusingqongileyo okanye i-eco-impiriyali. Le meko iyingxaki kumanqanaba aliqela, njengoko kungekuphela nje ukuba oosomashishini bendalo esingqongileyo baqweqwedise ngokufanelekileyo intetho yokusingqongileyo (ukuyibethelela kwii-ajenda zobukhosi), kodwa kwangaxeshanye baphambukisa imfuno enkulu yenkxaso-mali kawonke-wonke kude namaqela amancinane anengca. Amajelo osasazo amaninzi aququzelela le ngxoxo-mpikiswano ngokuthetha ngelizwi elimnandi malunga nemibutho enamandla engekho phantsi kukarhulumente efana ne-WWF, nokungahoyi, okanye ukujongela phantsi ezo ndlela zedemokhrasi ezizama ukukhuthaza ubulungisa kokusingqongileyo, oko kukuthi, ukukhuthaza isoyikiso kwimeko etshabalalisayo eqhutywa yi-imperial.
Imithombo yeendaba eqhelekileyo inokuthenjwa ukuphinda imiyalezo ehambelana nentengiso yeBig Green yendalo esingqongileyo. Nge-US$66 kuphela, amanqaku eWWF, unako โThenga ibhokhwe, Gcina ingweโ โukunceda abantu namahlosi ekhephu eMongolia aphile ngemvisiswanoโ; okanye ngenye indlela, nge-9 yeedola zase-US kuphela, unga โukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoniโ eveliswa ngokuqhuba โimoto enkuluโ i-15,000 km. Ububhanxa abunasiphelo ngenxa yobukhulu babaxhasi abaphezulu. Amazwi angamanye kunye/okanye izisombululo zokupheliswa okuqhubekayo kwesi sijikelezi-langa sethu zithulisiwe egameni lokubanjwa kweshishini โlophuhliso oluzinzileyo.โ
Yintoni ke esinokuyenza? Ngoko ke, kwasekuqaleni singawandisa loo mazwi athuleyo abonisa umngeni wemihla ngemihla (ukuba awuxhaswa ngemali) kukungabikho kobulungisa kokusingqongileyo okwenziwa ngabaphangi basebukhosini. Ngokufanelekileyo umntu unokuthatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kumsebenzi wamaqela anjalo, kodwa iminikelo isoloko yamkelekile. Ngaphaya koko, ukuba kuyenzeka ukuba unike nayiphi na imali oyisebenzele nzima kwiingcali zokusingqongileyo, okanye unabo nabaphi na abahlobo abakwenzayo, ke uncede uqinisekise ukuba le mali ithunyelwa kwizizathu ezigcina ubulungisa bendalo esingqongileyo hayi i-eco-imperialism.
Omnye umsebenzi kaMichael Barker unokufumaneka apha http://michaeljamesbarker.wordpress.com
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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