The Ekuqaleni Mbini nxalenye yeli nqaku iqale yaphanda ngamakhonkco enkxaso-mali 'yedemokhrasi' yeReporters Without Borders, emva koko yajonga iziqinisekiso 'zedemokhrasi' zabanye abasebenzi babo bangoku nabangaphambili. I isavenge sesithathu yeli nqaku yandisa olu phando kwaye yavavanya amaqhina 'edemokhrasi' abanye babamkeli bangaphambili be-RSF's ngonyaka. Ibhaso le-Fondation de France, kunye nenxalenye yokuqukumbela yenqaku ngoku iya kuqhubeka ngale ndlela kwaye ivavanye 'idemokhrasi' yabanye babaphumelele amabhaso eRSF. Okokugqibela, eli nqaku liya kuqukunjelwa ngokunikela amacebiso athile ngendlela imiba ephakanyiswe kweli nqaku enokuthatyathelwa ngayo amanyathelo abo bafuna inkqubela.
Ukunika ingxelo nge-ETA
Kwi-2000, uCarmen Gurruchaga Basurto, intatheli yezopolitiko El Mundo, iphephandaba lemihla ngemihla laseMadrid liphumelele ibhaso leRSF. Yena amanqaku ngobomi ukuba "ubhala rhoqo malunga neqela le-Basque separatist, ETA." Nangona kunjalo, iqhubeka iqaphela ukuba ngenxa yokuba "amabali kaGurruchaga asoyikise kakhulu iqela labanqolobi ... ukusukela ngo-1984 lenze iphulo ngokuchasene naye, ngethemba lokumoyikisa ukuba ayeke ukunika ingxelo ngemisebenzi yabo." Ngo-2001, uGurruchaga wafumana iimbasa kwimibutho emibini enxibelelene 'ngedemokhrasi', iHuman Rights Watch (athe wafumana kuyo iHellman/Hammett Grant), kunye ne Isiseko seendaba sabaseTyhini bamazwe (aye wawongwa ngeMbasa yabo yonyaka yeCourage).
Utshintsho lolawulo eIran?
Ngo-2001, uReza Alijani, umhleli we Iran-e-Farda โ iphephandaba lase-Iran elavalwa umlomo ngo-2000 โ lifumene ibhaso lenkululeko yoshicilelo ye-RSF. Nangona ndingenako ukubonisa ukuba u-Alijani unawo nawaphi na amaqhina 'edemokhrasi', omnye wangaphambili Iran-e-Farda oogxa, Hojjatoleslam Hasan Yousefi Eshkevari, โwabanjwa ngo-Agasti 5, 2000 ngokumalunga nokuthatha kwakhe inxaxheba kwinkomfa yezemfundo nenkcubeko eyayibanjelwe kwi-Heinrich Boll Institute eBerlin ngoAprili 7-9 [2000] enesihloko esithi 'Iran emva konyulo,' apho uhlaziyo lwezopolitiko nezentlalo e-Iran zazisesidlangalaleni. kuxoxweโ. Oku kubalulekile kuba iziseko zezopolitiko zaseJamani (i-Stiftungen) ngokutsho kukaStefan Mair (2000) "ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo phakathi kwabadala, abanamava kunye nabadlali abakhulu kuncedo lwedemokhrasi yamazwe ngamazwe". Ngokwenene NED umbhali-mbali UDavid Lowe uyabhala ukuba ezi Stiftungen zibonelele โngomzekelo obalulekileyo woncedo lwedemokhrasiโ eyanceda ukuphembelela ukudalwa kwesebe lokukhuthaza idemokhrasi yase-US, iNED.[1]
Exhobe ngolu lwazi mhlawumbi ayimangalisi into yokuba urhulumente wase-Iranian angakhetha ukuvalela entolongweni abaninzi bamatsha ntliziyo abathathe inxaxheba kwinkomfa yaseHeinrich Boll ekhankanywe ngasentla. Ngapha koko, kukwaqikelelwa ukuba ezinye ze abanye abazimase inkomfa iya kuba nobudlelwane kwi-NED kunye nabaphathi bedemokhrasi: aba bavukeli baquka uAkbar Ganji (owathi ngo-2000 wafumana IMbasa yeHlabathi yeNkululeko yeendaba evela kwiCanada Journalists for Free Expression, oko kukuthi, iqela elilawula inethiwekhi ye-IFEX edityaniswe 'ngedemokhrasi', kwaye emva kokuchitha iminyaka emithandathu entolongweni - emva kokuzimasa inkomfa - uGanji waye. yanikezelwa Imbasa kaJohn Humphrey yeNkululeko kaJohn Humphrey ka-2007 yamalungelo kunye neDemokhrasi), u-Ali Afshari (owayengumdlali umfo ondwendwelayo kwi-NED's International Forum for Democratic Studies ukususela ngo-Oktobha 2006 ukuya kuFebruwari 2007), kunye noMehrangiz Kar (ngubani osuka Ngo-2000 ukuya ku-2001 ubambe ubudlelwane obuphezulu kunye ne IZiko leToda loMgaqo-nkqubo weHlabathi kunye noPhando loXoloUkusukela ngo-Okthobha ka-2001 ukuya ku-Agasti ka-2002 wayelilungu le-NED Reagan-Fascell Democracy Fellow, ekupheleni kuka-2002 wasebenza njengesifundiswa kwi. Iziko laMazwe ngaMazwe laseWoodrow Wilson labafundi, kwaye phakathi kukaSeptemba 2005 kunye noJuni 2006 wayengumntu kwi Carr Centre for Human Rights Policy).
Iqela lezinye iintatheli zaseIran - ezingazange ziye kwinkomfa yaseBerlin - nabo babanjwa ngoAprili ka-2000, kwaye ababini abanokunxulunyaniswa noluntu 'lwedemokhrasi' nguMashallah Shamsolvaezin (owathi ngo-2000 emva koko wafumana iKomiti yoKhuselo lweeNtatheli zeendaba" IMbasa yeHlabathi yeNkululeko yeendaba), [2] kunye no-Emadeddin Baqi (owayengu-2004 yanikezelwa le Ibhaso lobuNkali boluntu, kwaye ngo-1999 wabhala uthotho lwamanqaku kunye no-Akbar Ganji egxeka urhulumente "owakhuthaza uluntu kwaye, kwisithuba sonyaka wokupapashwa kwawo, wanyanzelisa ukuvalwa ngurhulumente phantse onke amaphephandaba ohlaziyo kweli lizwe").
'Idemokhrasi' yokusiNgqongileyo yaseRashiya
Ibhaso le-RSF Fondation de France lika-2002 lanikezelwa kwintatheli yaseRashiya uGrigory Pasko, owathi ngexesha lokufumana eli bhaso wayethothoza entolongweni ngenxa yokubhenca ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma eqhumayo yinqanawa yaseRussia kuLwandle lwaseJapan, โebhenca urhwaphilizo ngaphakathi kwinqanawaโ kwaye udlulise[ku]inkcukacha zoluntu malunga nemiba yomibini kwiintatheli zaseJapanโ. Ekugqibeleni uPasko wakhululwa ngo-2003, kwaye ngo-2004 waba ngumhleli oyintloko weZiko lamaLungelo okuSingqongileyo (eyaziwa ngokuba yiBellona) Ijenali yeNdalo kunye namaLungelo โ epapashwe ukususela ngoFebruwari 2002 kwaye ixhaswa yi-NED.
Ukuzisa amaLungelo oLuntu eHaiti, eZimbabwe, naseMorocco
kwi 2003 Ibhaso leRSF Fondation de France lanikwa aba bantu balandelayo kunye namaqela, intatheli yaseHaiti egxothiweyo, uMichรจle Montas, kwiphephandaba laseZimbabwe, Iindaba zeDaily, kunye nentatheli yaseMorocco, u-Ali Lmrabet.
Ukongeza, ekubeni ngumlawuli wangaphambili we Radio Haiti Inter, ophumeleleyo wokuqala we-RSF, uMichรจle Montas, naye u Mlawuli yeNational Coalition for Haitian Rights โ iqela elaqala labizwa ngokuba yiNational Emergency Coalition for Haitian Refugees xa laliyilwa ngo-1982. Indlela yaseKirkland (owayesakuba yitrasti yaseRockefeller Foundation, kwaye ukusuka ngo-1979 ukuya ku-1995 wasebenza njengomongameli we AFL-CIO -oyena mxhamli weNED ongundoqo) kunye noBayard Rustin (owayengusihlalo wekomiti yesigqeba Indlu yeNkululeko, kunye nowayesakuba ngumongameli we-NED-mali A. Philip Randolph Institute). [3] Abanye abalawuli abadumileyo be-NCHR baquka uMichael H. Posner (ongumongameli we Amalungelo Abantu kuqala), uMichele D. Pierre-Louis (onguMlawuli oyiNtloko we-FOKAL othi "sisiseko seOpen Society Institute eHaitiโ), noVernon E. Jordan, Omnci. (ongu owayesakuba ngumlawuli yeRockefeller Foundation).
Umlawuli olawulayo ngoku we-NCHR nguJocelyn McCalla, obambe esi sikhundla ukusukela ngo-1988 (ngaphandle kwekhefu lonyaka omnye ngo-2002) kwaye ngoku usebenza kwi-Human Right Watch's 'demokhrasi' eqhagamshelwe. IBhodi yeeNgcebiso zaseMelika. Abanye abalawuli bangoku be-NCHR abanobudlelwane 'bedemokhrasi' baquka uMark Handelman (ongumlawuli we-NED exhaswa ngemali. Iphulo leHlabathi leTibet), uMax J. Blanchet (ongumlawuli weLambi Fund yaseHaiti ethi nangona iqhubela phambili Isahluko ye-USAID exhaswa ngemali Amaqabane aseMelika), uMuzaffar A. Chishti, (ongumlawuli weofisi yeMigration Policy Institute kwiSikolo soMthetho seYunivesithi yaseNew York), kunye noHerold Dasque (ongumlawuli olawulayo weHaitian American United for Progress, kodwa ikwanguye nxu lumene kwiDwa Fanm โ iqela elinabalawuli ababini abanabo esebenze ngaphambili kunye george Soros'Iziko loMbutho oVulekileyo).
Owesibini owafumana ibhaso le-RSF Fondation de France lika-2003 yayiliphephandaba laseZimbabwe, IDaily News. Eli phepha lasungulwa nguGeoffrey Nyarota ngowe-1999, yaye โngokukhawuleza laba lelona phephandaba lithengiswayo nelinempembelelo enkuluโ eZimbabwe. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba uNyarota - ngubani "ngoku uyaphila elubhacweni e-United States apho apapasha khona i-zimbabwetimes.comโ -wongwa ngembasa ye-Committee to Protect Journalists International Press Freedom Award ngo-2001. Ukongeza, kunyaka olandelayo ezifunyenweyo iWorld Association of Newspapers ibhaso leGolden Pen yeNkululeko, ukusuka ngo-2004 ukuya ku-2005 usebenze njenge abanye kwi-US-based Carr Centre for Human Rights Policy, kwaye ngoku u a Mlawuli ye IKomiti yeHlabathi yeNkululeko yeendaba. [4]Iindaba zeDaily imisebenzi evaliweyo ngo-2004 emva โukuxhatshazwa rhoqo ngabahloli bombusoโ kwaye iyenzeka ngoku ipapashwe liCandelo laseIreland leAmnesty International.)
Ibhaso lesithathu le-RSF lika-2003 lanikezelwa kwintatheli yaseMorocco kunye nomhleli we Ngomso uAli Lmrabet, ngoxa โukukhonza a isigwebo seminyaka emithathu entolongweni, ngokuyinxalenye yokupapasha iikhathuni ezigxeka uKumkani uMohammed VIโ. Nangona kunjalo, ngelixa uLmrabet wayegwetywe ngoMeyi kulo nyaka wakhululwa entolongweni kwinyanga enye emva kokuba efumene ibhaso leRSF (awayifumana ngoDisemba 2003). Apha mhlawumbi kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ngoku u a ilungu weMoroccan Association for Human Rights, nangona engabonakali ephethe nayiphi na indima yobunkokeli. Oku kubalulekile kuba lo mbutho ulilungu lothungelwano olubanzi owaziwa ngokuba yi-International Federation for Human Rights-iqela umsebenzi walo ixhaswe ngu Amalungelo kunye neDemokhrasi, iWestminster Foundation yeDemokhrasi, iFord Foundation, kunye neHeinrich Boll Foundation.
Ukukhuthaza 'iDemokhrasi' eAlgeria, eChina, naseMexico
Iimbasa ezintathu zeRSF zahanjiswa kwi-2004. Ummkeli wokuqala webhaso le-RSF ngumlobi weendaba wase-Algeria uHafnaoui Ghoul, ngelo xesha wayengumbhali wephepha lemihla ngemihla. El Wena kwaye wayeyintloko ye-ofisi yengingqi ye-Algerian Human Rights League (LADDH). Ukubambisana kukaGhoul kwiqela lokugqibela kuyaphawuleka kuba i-LADDH ifumene isibonelelo sayo sokuqala kwi-NED kwi-2002, kwaye yafumana ngakumbi. Izibonelelo ze-NED kuzo zombini, 2004 kunye 2005.
Umntu wesibini owafumana ibhaso le-RSF ngo-2004 โyayingutitshala wefilosofi yeYunivesithi yaseBeijing uLiu Xiaobo, okhokela uMbutho wabaBhali abaZimeleyoโ. Ngexesha lokufumana ibhaso, u-Xiaobo wayengusihlalo weZiko le-PEN laseTshayina eliZimeleyo (ICPC), amalungu alo abandakanya amalungu amabini yebhodi yabahleli bemagazini exhaswa yi-NED, Intwasahlobo yaseBeijing, Kuide Chen kunye noZheng Yi. Kukwabalulekile ukuba uLouisa Coan Greve (onguye igosa eliphezulu lenkqubo ye-Asia ye-NED) uvuyisene no-Xiaobo ngokufumana ibhaso lakhe le-RSF, kwaye waphawula ukuba ibhaso "likwayiwonga i-ICPC ngokwayo, kwaye i-NED iyavuya kwaye ithobekile ukuba ibe ngumxhasi waloo migudu." [5]
Ekugqibeleni, umntu wesithathu ophumelele ibhaso le-RSF lika-2004 yaba liphephandaba eliphuma kanye ngeveki I-Zeta -iphepha laseMexico elasekwa ngu Ngo-1998 owachongwa ngembasa yeRSF J. Jesus Blanconelas. UBlanconelas okwangoku Zeta's Umhleli oyintloko, kwaye ukutyunjwa kwakhe kwangaphambili kwibhaso le-RSF akuzange kwenzeke ngengozi, njengoko kulo lonke umsebenzi wakhe ebesoloko ehlanjululwa ngamanzi. iimbasa ezininzi zobuntatheli, elona lokuqala libonakala liyiKomidi yokuKhusela iiNtatheli ngeMbasa yaMazwe ngaMazwe yeNkululeko yeendaba awayifumana ngo-1995. I-Zeta kubonakala ngathi inobudlelwane kunye neKomiti yoKhusela iintatheli, kuba ngo-2007, Zeta's umlawuli, uNavarro Bello, naye wawongwa ngeKomidi yoKhusela iintatheli IMbasa yeHlabathi yeNkululeko yeendaba.
Isandla soNcedo seSomalia, iAfghanistan, kunye neTshayina
Kwi-2005, u-Omar Faruk Osman wafumana ibhaso le-RSF egameni le-National Union of Somali Journalists (NUSOJ). Oku kubalulekile kuba ngo-2002 u-Osman wonyulwa njenge- unobhala jikelele yeSomalia Journalists Network (SOJON), eyathi phantsi kolawulo lwakhe yatshintshwa yaba yiNUSOJ. Eli qela lidityaniswe ne-NED ngeendlela ezininzi. Ngo-2005 bafumana inkxaso-mali kwi-NED yokuqeqesha iintatheli kwaye "bachonge iintatheli njengabaKhuseli beNkululeko yeSizwe yezoShishino ukuba babeke iliso kukuxhatshazwa kwamajelo eendaba simahla", ngelixa kwangaloo nyaka i-International Federation of Journalists yafumana inkxaso-mali eyahlukileyo kwi-NED ukuze isebenze nabo ququzelela inkomfa yobuntatheli. Kutshanje, ngo-2006, u-Osman "wakhethwa ukuba abe lilungu lejaji yamazwe ngamazwe ye-RSF Press Freedom Award".
Abanye abaphumelele iRSF's 2005 Fondation de France Press Freedom Award baquka iTolo TV ese-Afghanistan (eyasungulwa ngo-2004 ngeemali zokuqala ezibonelelwa yi-USAID, kwaye kuxelwe ukuba โokudume kakhulu isikhululo e-Kabul "ngokuqhayisa" ipesenti ye-81 isabelo semarike"), kunye ENew York Times umnikeli, Zhao Yan.
UZhao Yan yintatheli wasebenzela China Reform Magazine (ukususela ngo-2002 ukuya kuMatshi 2004), kwaye kunjalo Bha liweyo ukwenzela amaLungelo oLuntu axhaswa yi-NED e-China. Yan wayeka ukusebenzela China Reform Magazine ngoMatshi 2004 kwaye โimagazini emva koko yavalwa ngurhulumente ngoDisemba 2004โ. Nangona kunjalo, nje ngaphambili Imagazini yavala uYan wabanjwa ngurhulumente waseTshayina ngezityholo zokudiza iimfihlo zombuso, emva koko wagcinwa entolongweni de kwangoSeptemba 2007.
Qaphela ukuba China Reform Magazine Inxulunyaniswe, nangona kunjalo, kumbutho oxhaswa yi-NED ngoNjingalwazi Tiejun Wen, ozinze kwiYunivesithi yaseRenmin yaseTshayina kwaye ngaphambili wayengumhleli oyintloko we China Reform Magazine. Ikhonkco le-NED livela ngokuqeshwa kukaNjingalwazi Wen njengengcali yezoqoqosho kwi-China Macroeconomics Network, apho naye ilungu yeqela labo leengcali "ngaphezu kwe-130 eyaziwayo ye-macroeconomists yaseTshayina" eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Macrochina Economists 100. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba amanye amalungu amathathu eli qela elitekileyo le-macroeconomists ngoku asebenzela iBeijing-based Unirule Institute of Economics - umbutho oye wafumana iigranti ezine ezivela kwi-NED (ezathi zaqhutywa nge- Iziko loShishino lwaBucala lwaMazwe ngaMazwe ngo-1996, 1997, 1998, 1999): aba bathathu bezoqoqosho ngumongameli kunye nomseki we-Unirule uMao Yushi, umlawuli wabo uSheng Hong, kunye nomlawuli-jikelele weZiko uZhang Shuguang. [6]
Idemokhrasi yesine: iBurma, iCuba, iRashiya, iDemocratic Republic of Congo
kwi 2006 kwakukho abawonga abane RSF, intatheli yaseBurma u-U Win Tin, umbhali waseCuba uGuillermo Farinas Hernandez, iphephandaba. Novaya Gazeta (Russia), kunye neqela iJournalist En Danger (Democratic Republic of Congo).
U Win Tin, a owayesakuba lilungu wekomiti yesigqeba esilawulayo seNational League for Democracy (apho wayesebenza njengonobhala wabo), kunye nomhlobo osenyongweni walowo wayesakuba nembasa yeRSF uSan Nweh, wafumana ibhaso lenkululeko ye-RSF ngo-2006. Ebesentolongweni ukusukela ngo-1989 ngenxa yokuzibandakanya kwakhe neqela eliphikisayo laseBurma, kwaye ngelixa uSan San Nweh wakhululwa entolongweni ngo-2001, usagqunywe ngaphaya kwezitshixo nanamhlanje. Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, ngo-2001 iWorld Association of Newspapers yawonga i-U Win Tin ibhaso layo lonyaka lenkululeko yeendaba.
Omnye owafumana ibhaso le-RSF ngo-2006 yayingumchasi we-cyber waseCuba uGuillermo Farinas Hernandez, okhokela abancinci. ICubanacรกn Press arhente yeendaba. Njengangaphambili, inkxaso ye-RSF yabavukeli baseCuba ayothusi into yokuba banikwe inkxaso yemali abayifumana kwiZiko elifumana inkxaso-mali kwi-NED ye-Cuba yasimahla, ngoko ke ayimangalisi into yokuba NED-ixhaswa ngemali Iprojekthi yemidiya yeCubaNet iya kupapasha umsebenzi kaGuillermo.
Iphephandaba laseRashiya eliphuma kabini ngeveki Novaya Gazeta ngoku udume kakhulu ngokuba likhaya lika-Anna Politkovskaya (intatheli eyabulawa ngo-Okthobha ka-2006), intatheli emsebenzi wayo usandul' ukuvunywa yi-NED eyamnika omnye wabo. IMbasa yeDemokhrasi yowama-2007. [7] Ukongeza, ngoSeptemba 2007 uDmitry Muratov, umhleli oyintloko we Novaya Gazeta, wanikwa iKomiti yoKhusela iintatheli IMbasa yeHlabathi yeNkululeko yeendaba.
โUmbutho wamahlakaniโ we-RSF uJournalist En Danger (JED), ulilungu lothungelwano lwe-IFEX, owasekwa ngo-1997, kwaye ukhokelwa ziintatheli uDonat M'Baya Tshimanga kunye noTshivis Tshivuadi. Kwinto enokuthathwa njengokungqubana kwemidla, uTshimanga โ nongumongameli we-JED ngoku โ naye ukhonza kwi i-RSF's jury yezizwe ngezizwe zabo Imbasa yePress Freedom Award (kwaye sele ekwenzile oko ukususela ngo-2002 ubuncinane). Kananjalo ngo-2004, uTshivuadi, ongunobhala jikelele we-JED, waya kwindibano yocweyo yeengingqi eyayibizwe NED-iqhagamshelwe I-Panos Institute. [8]
Ukuphelisa ukuphazamiseka kweMedia ngoku
"Kuyingozi kakhulu xa imibutho yenkululeko yeendaba izifaka esichengeni kwezopolitiko ngokwamkela intlawulo kuye nawuphi na urhulumente. Kubaluleke ngokwenene ukuba yonke loo mibutho izimele ngokwenene. " I-UK National Union of Journalists
Nangona eli nqaku alizange libonise ukuba i-RSF ifumana inkxaso-mali kuye nawuphi na urhulumente, ibonise indlela i-RSF efumene ngayo inkxaso-mali kwi-NED exhaswa yiCongressally, kwaye ibonise indlela umsebenzi we-RSF ohlanganiswe ngayo kakhulu kunye nowoluntu 'wokukhuthaza idemokhrasi', uninzi lweendlela zokuxhasa i-RSF. enxulunyaniswa nemisebenzi ye-NED. Nokuba i-RSF iyasetyenziswa ukuba ibe sisixhobo esiluncedo 'sabakhuthazi bedemokhrasi', okanye ingaba yona ngokwayo ikhokela imiba ephambili enxulumene namajelo eendaba kuluntu lwehlabathi 'lwedemokhrasi' ayingeni ndawo. Okuqinisekileyo kukuba imisebenzi ye-RSF inxulunyaniswe ngokusondeleyo naleyo ye-NED. Izityhilelo kweli nqaku zodwa ke ngoko zibonelela ngaphezu kwezizathu ezaneleyo zokuchitha i-RSF kwangoko. Nangona kunjalo, oku akunakufane kwenzeke kwixesha elizayo elingekude xa kujongwa indima ebalulekileyo ebonelelwa yi-RSF kungokunje kwimidla yabantu abakumgangatho ophezulu egqitywe ekukhuthazeni uhlobo oluphantsi lweniyoliberal yedemokhrasi kwihlabathi jikelele.
Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo izifundo zexesha elizayo ziya kunika iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe malunga nonxibelelwano lwe-RSF olungaphantsi kolubekekileyo 'lwedemokhrasi', kodwa umbuzo omawuwubuze ngowokuba, ingaba oku kuya kwanela ukuyivala umphelo, okanye ukugunyazisa umsebenzi wabo kumajelo eendaba eshishini? Ngelishwa, kucace gca ukuba ulwazi olunjalo, ngaphandle kwamanyathelo amiselweyo (ngendlela yobutsha-ntliziyo basekuhlaleni) ukuyixhasa, mhlawumbi ayisayi kuchaphazela indlela yokwenziwa komsebenzi we-RSF nenqaku elinye. Oku kunokucaciswa ubukhulu becala ngobume bamacande-mbini (kodwa nangona kunjalo umsebenzi wezopolitiko ophakamileyo nohlehlayo) uninzi lweenzame 'zokukhuthaza idemokhrasi', ezisebenza ukukhusela umsebenzi wabo kuphando olubalulekileyo. Kufuneka sijonge kuphela umsebenzi we-NED engundoqo, i-AFL-CIO, ukubona ukuba iingxelo eziqhubekayo ezinzima ezifakwe kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo [27] - eziye zabhala ngokubanzi ukubandakanyeka kwe-AFL-CIO ekuphumezeni i-US ye-antidemokhrasi yangaphandle. imigaqo-nkqubo โ ibe nefuthe elincinane elibonakalayo kwimisebenzi yabo. Inene, inani lemibutho yabasebenzi kunye namanye amatsha ntliziyo adityaniswe kunye kwiKomiti yoBumbano boMsebenzi kuMsebenzi.www.workertoworker.net) ibe ukuqhubeka nokukhankasa ukufumana i-AFL-CIO ukuba iqhawule nawaphi na amaqhina anayo kunye ne-NED. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, abazange baphumelele, nangona bafumana iNgqungquthela yaseCalifornia AFL-CIO State-isinye kwisithandathu samalungu onke ngelo xesha - ukuba ndala ngamxhelo mnye Inkqubo yomgaqo-nkqubo we-AFL-CIO wangaphandle ngo-2004. KwiNgqungquthela yeSizwe ye-AFL-CIO ka-2005 eChicago, iinkokeli ze-AFL-CIO zaqala zatshintsha isisombululo saseCalifornia ekudumiseni umsebenzi wabo we-Solidarity Centre, kwaye emva koko bala ukuvumela nabani na ukuba athethe kwindibano. umgangatho oxhasa esona sigqibo saseCalifornia sigxeka umgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle we-AFL-CIO.
Okona kulungileyo kukuba, iziphumo zeli phepha ziya kunceda ukuqalisa ngemibuzo ebaluleke ngakumbi malunga nabenzi bobugqwetha bedemokhrasi yobukoloniyali bemibutho yobuntatheli. Nangona kunjalo ngokuqinisekileyo lityala labaphengululi beendaba kunye neentatheli ukuba izifundo ezifanayo azizange zenziwe kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Oko kuthethiweyo, mhlawumbi esi sigwebo siqatha, njengoko ukungazi malunga nenkxaso-mali echasene nedemokhrasi kubonakala ngathi ingxaki yamaqela anenkqubela' ngokubanzi. Ngenene, amatsha ntliziyo aqhubela phambili abonakala ezimisele kakhulu ekugxekeni abachasi babo ngokwembono yabo kangangokuba baye batyeshela ukubukela isilayidi sasekunene kwabo baza kuba ngamahlakani abo. Oku kuphelelwa bubuchule kubonakala kushiye imibutho yeendaba zedemokhrasi ivuleleke kuhlaselo lobuqhophololo oluqhutywa ngabo baneenjongo zokukhuthaza icandelo likawonkewonke.
Enye yeendlela zokuchasa abaqhatha bedemokhrasi ngokugxekayo ukusebenzisa ubuntatheli ngokuchasene nedemokhrasi kukuba amaqela anenkqubela aphande ngokucokisekileyo imisebenzi yeqela ngalinye leendaba elisebenzela ukomeleza icandelo loluntu. Le inokuba yiprojekthi elula ukuba iintatheli kunye nabaphengululi beendaba kwihlabathi liphela baphonononge ngokunzulu umsebenzi wemibutho yabo yobuntatheli yasekhaya. Ngale ndlela, ugcino-lwazi lwehlabathi lunokwakhiwa oluya kwenza ukuba izifundiswa, amatshantliziyo, kunye neentatheli ezinenkqubela-phambili, zikwazi ukuphakamisa isigqubuthelo sobuciko esisele sikhusele amaqela amaninzi eendaba ekugxekweni. Ukugqitywa kwezi zifundo kuya kwenza ukuba abaguquli beendaba abanomdla baxhase (kwaye apho kukho imfuneko benze amatsha) imibutho yobuntatheli ethatha inxaxheba ngokwenene enokuthi icele umngeni ngempumelelo kumandla ehlabathi jikelele.
UMichael Barker ngumgqatswa wobugqirha kwiDyunivesithi yaseGriffith, eOstreliya. Unokufikelelwa kwaMichael.J.Barker [kwa] griffith.edu.au. Zone iinxalenye zeli nqaku kunye nezinye amanye amanqaku akhe amva nje anokufumaneka apha.
Endnotes
[1] Ngeminyaka yee-1990 iStiftungen yaseJamani okanye isiseko seqela, โyayinabameli abangabahlali kumazwe angaphezu kwe-100 neeofisi zentsimi kwamanye awo ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-30. Phakathi kuka-1962 no-1997 baye bajongana ne-DM4.5 yezigidigidi xa bebonke befikelela kwi-DM290 yezigidi ngonyaka ngeminyaka yoo-1990. Nangona kwithuba elingaphambi kowe-1990 kuyaxoxwa ukuba yimalini enokuthiwa yinkxaso yedemokhrasi kunemisebenzi ejoliswe ngokuyintloko ukuhlangabezana nezinye iinjongo Kumazwi kaPinto-Duschinsky babe 'zizixhobo ezinamandla kungekhona nje ukukhuthaza idemokhrasi, kodwa nokuqhubela phambili iimfuno kunye noqhagamshelwano lwaseJamani' .โ UStefan Mair, i-Stiftungen yaseJamani kunye noNcedo lweDemokhrasi: I-Advantages yokuthelekisa, imingeni emitsha, ku-Peter J. Burnell (ed.) Uncedo lwentando yesininzi: I-International Co-operation for Democratization (London, Frank Cass: 2000), iphe.128-149.
Ummeli kaHeinrich Boll, uSascha Mรผller-Kraenner, naye wayengumtyikityi kwi- Ileta yakutshanje (ngomhla we-11 kaNovemba 2004) eyathunyelwa yi-NED kumongameli waseVenezuela u-Hugo Chavez ukuba amkhuthaze "ukuba aphinde ahlolisise ukutshutshiswa kobunkokeli be-Sumate, kunye nesiphakamiso sokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho uncedo lwentando yesininzi oluvela phesheya". I-Sumate liqela laseVenezuela elafumana uncedo kwi-NED ukuze liququzelele ukugxothwa kukaChavez ngo-2002.
[2] Omnye owafumana imbasa yeKomiti yoKhuseleko lweeNtatheli zeNdalo ngo-2000 USteven Gan owathi ngelo xesha wayengumseki kunye nomhleli wopapasho lwe-intanethi iMalaysiakini, upapasho olwasungulwa ngo-1999 yiSoutheast Asian Press Alliance (iqela elathi ukususela ekusekweni kwalo ngo-1999 lifumene izibonelelo zonyaka kwi-NED ukuxhasa umsebenzi walo. eMalaysia).
[3] Kwakhona bona uTom Barry, 'IMfazwe eNtsha yee-Globalists zeDemokhrasi', Iziko loBudlelwane baMazwe ngaMazwe, ngo-Agasti 3, 2005; Ezinye iinkokeli ze-NCHR ekuqaleni kwee-1980 zaziquka uBawo Antoine Adrien, u-Anthony Cardinal Bevilacqua, u-Ira Gollobin, uVernon Jordan, uMfundisi Benjamin Hooks, u-Rep. Shirley Chisholm, kunye noBhishophu uPaul Moore.
[4] Ngo-2006 uGeoffrey Nyaro wapapasha incwadi Ngokuchasene neenkozo: Iinkumbulo zoMphathi weendaba waseZimbabwe, kwaye ngo-2006 naye bekhona Inkomfa yesi-7 yaMazwe ngaMazwe ngamaLungelo oLuntu kunye neeMbacu zaseMntla Korea - inkomfa eyayizinyaswe ngumongameli we-NED uCarl Gershman.
[5] http://www.cicus.org/news/newsdetail.php?id=3514 Ifikeleleke kuDisemba 2006.
[6] I-Unirule Institute umongameli, uMao Yushi, ngelixa esekelwe kwi-Unirule Institute phakathi kwe-1996 kunye ne-1997 kwakhona igosa elilawulayo kwi-NED-linked Chinese Economists Society, kwaye "[i] ngoNovemba 2004, uMao wonyulwa yi-International Business Review njengomnye wabalishumi. uninzi lweengcali zezoqoqosho ezinempembelelo eTshayinaโ. Enye eyaziwa kakhulu 'yedemokhrasi' baxhasi Umsebenzi we-Unirule uquka i-philanthropist enkulu yeFord Foundation, iZiko lezoQoqosho lwaMazwe ngaMazwe (abona balawuli 'bedemokhrasi' inguDavid Rockefeller noGeorge Soros), "abameli abaninzi bamazwe angaphandle eBeijing", "kunye namaziko oluntu ehlabathi, njengeBhanki yeHlabathi." , i-International Monetary Fund, iBhanki yoPhuhliso lwase-Asia kunye neBhanki yoPhuhliso lwase-Afrikaโ. Ukufumana uhlalutyo oluthe kratya lwamaqhina 'yedemokhrasi' ye-Unirule Institute bona, uMichael Barker, uKhuthaza iNdawo yoLuntu oluNgamandla: Iinzame ezikhokelwayo zaseMelika zokukhuthaza iMedia yeDemokhrasi eChina. Iphepha eliza kunikezelwa kwi INkomfa yeZiko leMedia laseTshayina (Brisbane, Australia: Creative Industries Precinct, 5-6 Julayi 2007).
[7] Novaya Gazeta: โIphephandaba labucala apho abasebenzi banezabelo ezingama-51%, labona abantu ababini bezopolitiko bethabatha i-49% yekomkhulu ngoJuni 2006. Yayingowayesakuba ngumongameli weSoviet kunye nomsunguli weglasnost (ekuvulekeni), uMikhail Gorbachev, noAlexander Lebedev, usomashishini osisityebi nelungu leDuma.โ
[8] I-Panos Institute ifumene isibonelelo esinye kwi-NED ngowe-1997, ngoxa kutshanje ngoSeptemba 2007, โiZiko leNED loNcedo lweMedia yaMazwe ngaMazwe (CIMA) nePanos London ziye zasungula ingxelo yePanos Institute enomxholo othi Entliziyweni Yotshintsho: Indima Yonxibelelwano kuPhuhliso oluZinzileyo.โ
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