The Ekuqaleni Mbini nxalenye kolu ngcelele lwenxalenye ezine yazisa intloko entsha yeNgxowa-mali yeDemokhrasi yeZizwe eziManyeneyo, uRoland Rich, kwaye yabonelela ngovavanyo olubalulekileyo lwemvelaphi 'yedemokhrasi' yalowo wayesakuba ngumsebenzi we-UN, uMark Malloch Brown. I inxalenye yokugqibela kolu ngcelele iphande ngembali ye-UN Democracy Fund ngokwayo, ngelixa le nxalenye iphonononga iziqinisekiso 'zedemokhrasi' zabanye babamkeli beNgxowa-mali yeDemokhrasi ye-UN kumjikelo wokuqala wenkxaso-mali. Iqukumbela ngokunikezela ngezicwangciso-qhinga zokunceda amatsha ntliziyo anenkqubela ajongane nemiba exhalabisayo ethe yaphakanyiswa malunga nendima yehlabathi ye-UN njengombhuqi ophambili wedemokhrasi.
Ngo-2006, uNobhala Jikelele we-UN yavuma inkxaso-mali ye Iiprojekthi ze-125 isasazwa kwihlabathi liphela yiNgxowa-mali yeDemokhrasi ye-UN. Eli candelo ekuqaleni liqhuba eminye yemibutho eyaziwa ngcono yedemokhrasi ethe yafumana inkxaso kumjikelezo wokuqala weNgxowa-mali, kwaye iphanda ngobudlelwane 'bedemokhrasi' bamaqela angaziwayo afumana inkxaso-mali kwi-UN.
Ukwenzela lula ireferensi ndibeke ngokwahlulahlulo amaqumrhu afumana izibonelelo zeNgxowa-mali yeDemokhrasi ngokwamaqela amathathu: lawo adityaniswe ngokuthe ngqo kwi-UN, lawo bendikhe ndawanxibelelanisa namaziko alawula idemokhrasi yehlabathi, kwaye ekugqibeleni loo mibutho ndiya kuyidibanisa nabaqhatha bedemokhrasi kule miqobo. kweli nqaku. Ngaloo ndlela ukuqalisa ngeenkxaso ezilishumi elinesihlanu zanikelwa kwiNkqubo yoPhuhliso yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, ezinye ezine kwiNgxowa-mali Yophuhliso Yamabhinqa yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, yaye ezintathu ezingakumbi zanikelwa kwiOfisi yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo yeZiyobisi noLwaphulo-mthetho. Ukongeza, igranti enye nayo yanikezelwa kwiNkqubo ye-UN eGuatemala, nakwiMishini ye-UN eLiberia. Amanye amaqumrhu adityaniswe ne-UN athe afumana inkxaso-mali aquka Inter Press Service (abathenjwa bamazwe ngamazwe baquka uBoutros Boutros-Ghali), kunye ne-Arab NGO Network for Development - umlawuli wakhe olawulayo, uZiad Abdel Samad, ungumlawuli we CIVICUS, kwaye uyi ilungu yeKomiti yeNgcebiso yeMibutho yoLuntu yeNkqubo yoPhuhliso ye-UN.
Eminye imibutho elishumi elinesine esele inxulunyaniswe nomsebenzi wabalawuli bedemokhrasi yehlabathi ifumene izibonelelo ze-UN Democracy Fund, ezi zibandakanya. I-CARE International (isibonelelo esinye seKosovo, kunye nesinye sokusebenza eSudan), i Iklabhu yaseMadrid, i IBhunga loLuntu lweDemokhrasi, i I-Eurasia Foundation, Amalungelo ehlabathi, i Ingxoxo ye-Inter-American, Alert International, i Iziko leHlabathi leNguqu yeDemokhrasi, i ISiseko saMazwe ngaMazwe seeNkqubo zoNyulo, i Iziko leHlabathi leDemokhrasi kunye noNcedo loNyulo, i IBhodi yoPhando noTshintshiselwano lwaMazwe ngaMazwe, i-Konrad Adenauer Foundation (ebandakanyiweyo apha ngenxa yokuba ezi ziseko zaseJamani zibonelele "imodeli ebalulekileyo yoncedo lwedemokhrasiโ eyanceda ukukhuthaza ukuyilwa kweNED),[1] i Iziko leSizwe leDemokhrasi (umxhasi ongundoqo we-NED), Abantu Abasweleyo, kwaye ekugqibeleni KuPhaphaza.
Okokuqala, kodwa alukho uphando olupheleleyo lukwabonisa ukuba amanye amaqela alishumi elinesihlanu afumene iimali zeNgxowa-mali yeDemokhrasi ye-UN anokudityaniswa noluntu olukhohlisayo lwedemokhrasi ngokubanzi. Ke ngoko, eli candelo lilandelayo leli nqaku liza kwazisa ngokufutshane le mibutho (ngolandelelwano lwealfabhethi) kwaye lichaze amanye amaqhina abonakalayo 'edemokhrasi'.
Actionaid India Umbutho - eyinxalenye ye-Actionaid, i-arhente yophuhliso lwamazwe ngamazwe eyasekwa ngo-1972 kwaye ijolise "ukulwa intlupheko kwihlabathi jikeleleโ. IActionaid ifumana inkxaso emandla evela kwiSebe lase-UK loPhuhliso lwaMazwe ngaMazwe, yaye ngowama-2005 kuphela, bafumana imali engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-30 zeerandi kubo. Enye yeeActionaid's abaphathiswa bamazwe ngamazwe, UCandido Grzybowski, ukwalilungu le IKomiti yeeNgcebiso kuMbutho woLuntu weNkqubo yoPhuhliso ye-UN.
Umbutho wamagosa oNyulo eBosnia naseHerzegovina (AEOBiH) - yasekwa kwi-1999 "phantsi kwe-OSCE" (izimele kwi-OSCE kwi-2000). I-US-based ISiseko saMazwe ngaMazwe seeNkqubo zoNyulo (IFES) ibonelele ngobuchule bobugcisa kwi-AEOBiH de kube ngoMatshi ka-2003.โ Ngokwewebhusayithi yabo babala phakathi kwabo abaxhasi bamazwe ngamazwe le mibutho ilandelayo 'yedemokhrasi', IFES, USAID, i Iziko leRiphabhlikhi yeHlabathi, i Iziko leSizwe leDemokhrasi, kunye ne-World Learning - iqela elisebenza ngokusondeleyo ne-NED kuyo yonke i-1980s ukuya ukubhukuqa urhulumente waseNicaragua. Amalungu ahloniphekileyo we AEOBiH ziquka uJuliana Geran Pilon, uRichard W. Soudriette (obengumongameli we-IFES ukususela ngo-1988, kwaye ulilungu le-IFES IKomiti yeeNgcebiso kaNobhala weSizwe malunga nokuKhuthazwa kweDemokhrasi), kunye noMichael Yard (osebenze kwi-IFES, kwaye wasebenza Idemokhrasi yamazwe ngamazwe phakathi kuka-2004 no-2006 eGuyana).
Iziko laseCaucasian loXolo, iDemokhrasi kunye noPhuhliso - yasekwa eTbilisi, eGeorgia ngo-1992 kwaye yitanki yokucinga yomgaqo-nkqubo okhethekileyo "kwindawo ebanzi indawo yophuhliso lwedemokhrasiโ. Usihlalo weZiko, uGhia Nodia, ngumntu odlulileyo weNED Reagan-Fascell Democracy (2000-01), kwaye ukhonza kwi ikomiti eqhubayo weWorld Movement for Democracy. I-Caucasian Institute nayo ifumene inkxaso-mali ye-NED kule minyaka ilandelayo, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1999, kunye ne-2001.
Iziko losasazo loluntu nophuhliso - yasekwa kwiiPhilippines"liqela yeentatheli nabasebenzi bophuhliso ngoJulayi ka-2001โ. Ngo-2002, bafumana a $ 200,000 isibonelelo ukusuka kwiFord Foundation.
I-Centro de Investigaciones Regionales de Mesoamerica (iZiko loPhando lwaseMesoamerican okanye iCIRMA) โ ikwiAntigua Guatemala, iCIRMA yasekwa ngo-1978 kwaye โnamhlanje lelinye lamaziko ophando lwenzululwazi yoluntu aphambili kulo mmandlaโ. Okumangalisayo kukuba, iCIRMA iyinxalenye "yeyona nkqubo inkulu yakha yaxhaswa yiFord Foundation", iFord Foundation International Fellowships Programme (IFP), ethi ijolise ku- babonelele โngamathuba emfundo ephakamileyo kubantu abakhethekileyo abaya kusebenzisa le mfundo ukuze babe ziinkokeli kumacandelo aboโ. Njengoko benditshilo ekuqaleni kwesi sincoko, ngenxa yokunqongophala kwamagqabantshintshi ngemisebenzi yemibutho emininzi 'ekhuthaza idemokhrasi' ayimangalisi into yokuba ngamanye amaxesha namatsha ntliziyo abona nkqubela phambili aye abhajwe kwimisebenzi yawo. Yiyo loo nto inika umdla ukuqaphela ukuba uGreg Grandin, umbhali wencwadi egqwesileyo Iworkshop yoBukhosi: eLatin America, eUnited States, kunye nokuPhakamisa kweNew Imperialism (2006) โ ethetha ngokubanzi malunga ne-US-'yokukhuthaza idemokhrasi' ishishini - lihleli kwi-CIRMA's ukufunda ikomiti yeengcebiso kumazwe angaphandle.
IKomiti yokukhuthaza uThatho-nxaxheba lwabaseTyhini kwezopolitiko - yasekwa eCambodia ngo-Agasti ka-2005, kwaye iKomiti iqulunqwe ngee-NGO ezisixhenxe zendawo, ezininzi zazo ezinobudlelwane kwidemokhrasi yamazwe ngamazwe ekhohlisa uluntu. Amalungu adityaniswe 'ngedemokhrasi' eKomiti abandakanya iZiko loPhando loPhuhliso lwaseCambodia (elifumanayo inkxaso yemali ukusuka kuninzi lwee-arhente zophuhliso lwamazwe ngamazwe, kunye namaqela afana neRockefeller Foundation kunye ne-Asia Foundation), abafazi baseCambodian for Peace and Development (ababo. umsebenzi uxhaswa ngu USAID, CARE (Cambodia), kunye PACT (eKhambodiya), kunye neRockefeller Foundation), iKomiti yoNyulo oluKhululekileyo noluLungileyo eCambodia (ebenalo ifumene inkxaso ukusuka kwiZiko leSizwe leDemokhrasi), kunye neKomiti engathathi cala nengathathi cala yoNyulo oluKhululekayo noluFanelekileyo eCambodia (enalo kananjalo ifumene inkxaso kwiZiko leSizwe leDemokhrasi).
I-Conectas Direitos Humanos (i-Conectas yamaLungelo oLuntu) - yi-NGO yamazwe ngamazwe "eyasungulwa eSao Paulo, eBrazil ngo-Oktobha 2001" ukukhuthaza "intlonipho yamalungelo oluntu kunye negalelo ekuhlanganiseni uMgaqo woMthetho kwiGlobal South (Afrika, Asia, kunye neLatin America)". Yabo amanqaku website ukuba โ[i]imali yokuqala yokusungula umbutho ibonelelwe yiFord Foundation kunye neZizwe eziManyeneyo Foundationโ, ngelixa abaxhasi babo abaphambili namhlanje baquka phakathi kwezinye iOpen Society Institute, iFord Foundation, kunye ne Isiseko seTinker. Bafumana uncedo kwi-Ashoka kunye neBhunga laseBrithani.
INgxowa-mali yoThintelo loLwaphulo-mthetho - yasekwa kwi-1998, kwaye yi-NGO "ebandakanyekayo ekunciphiseni izinga lolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokunyusa izinga lokubandakanya uluntu" eBulgaria. INgxowa-mali yoThintelo loLwaphulo-mthetho ifumana enye yayo mali ukusuka kwi-Open Society Institute, iBhunga laseBritane, kunye neNkqubo yeKhomishini yeDemokhrasi ukuya kwi-Embassy yase-US eBulgaria.
I-Femmes Africa Solidarite - yasekwa ekupheleni kuka-1996 kwiDemocratic Republic of the Congo emva kwe-NGO yamazwe ngamazwe ese-Geneva, "i-Synergies Africa ibambe iseshoni yokubonisana kunye neqela lamagqwetha abasetyhini, abagwebi, izifundiswa kunye noosomashishini, kunye nabameli bezinye ii-NGO kunye nemibutho yehlabathi". Iyafumana inkxaso yemali evela kuGeorge Soros Vula iNyathelo laseNtshona Afrika, iFord Foundation, i Ubambiswano olutsha kuPhuhliso lwe-Afrika, intlaninge yemibutho yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, kunye neqela loorhulumente baseYurophu. Kwi-2004, umlawuli olawulayo we-Femmes, uBineta Diop, naye bekhona iNdibano yesiThathu yoMbutho weHlabathi weDemokhrasi eDurban, eMzantsi Afrika. Ngaphaya koko, u-Esi Sutherland-Addy โ ilungu lebhodi yesigqeba yeFemmes Africa Solidarite โ ebefudula esebenza ibhodi yebaphathi yePhulo eliVulekileyo leNtshona Afrika.
Iziko loMzantsi Afrika weDemokhrasi (IDASA) - yasekwa ngo-1987 kwaye izichaza "njengombutho ozimeleyo womdla woluntu ozibophelele ekukhuthazeni idemokhrasi ezinzileyo esekelwe kubumi obusebenzayo, amaziko edemokhrasi, kunye nobulungisa bezentlalo". UJulie Hearn (2000) uthi: โNgowe-1996 yafumana i-$1.165 yezigidi zeerandi kwiFord Foundation. Esi sisibonelelo esikhulu kakhulu ngokwemigangatho yeSiseko, esidla ngokubonelela ngenkxaso-mali ukusuka kwi-$200 000 ukuya kwi-$50 000 kwiiCSOs eAfrika, kwaye sesona sibonelelo sikhulu kuye nawuphi na umniki-mali eMzantsi Afrika. Ngaxeshanye i-IDASA ifumene isibonelelo sesigidi esi-1 seedola kwi-USAID isithuba seminyaka emibini.โ[2] Iwebhusayithi ye-IDASA ikwaqaphela ukuba bafumana inkxaso-mali kwi Westminster Foundation. Ngaphaya koko, ngo-1992 nabo bafumana isibonelelo se-$300,000 (esibhalwe njengeNgxowa-mali ye-AID) kwi-NED. Ngaphaya koko, ngo-1990, 1991 no-1993 iZiko eliManyeneyo leZifundo zezoPolitiko nezoQoqosho nalo lafumana inkxaso-mali ye-NED (exabisa phakathi kwe-$230,000 kunye ne-$330,000 inye) eyathi yayidlulisela kwi-IDASA. Owayesakuba ngumlawuli weIDASA, uWilmot G. James, kungoku nje usebenza njengetrasti yeFord Foundation, kwaye ulilungu leqela lamazwe ngamazwe elisebenzayo nelicebisayo leComparative Human Relations Initiative, apho ahlikihla khona amagxa afanayo. Peter D. Bell, yaye UFranklin A. Thomas (jonga ngaphambili).
Iintatheli zamaLungelo oLuntu โ ngowona mbutho mkhulu wamazwe ngamazwe wophuhliso lweendaba eKhanada. Iintatheli zamaLungelo oLuntu umseki kunye Mlawuli Jikelele, uBen Peterson, ngaphambili โwayesebenzela uMphathiswa Wezangaphandle waseKhanada Lloyd Axworthyโ, kwaye โkwaye uhlala kwiKhomishini yaseKhanada yekomiti ye-UNESCO yeengcebiso kulutshaโ. Iintatheli zamaLungelo oLuntu zikwaqaphela ukuba phakathi kwezinye izinto basebenze ngokubambisana kunye Amalungelo kunye neDemokhrasi, iGhana Journalists Association (eyafumana inkxaso-mali ye-Westminster Foundation ngo-1996), kunye neeNgxelo ezingenayo imida (umbutho igcina amakhonkco aqinileyo kwabaninzi abakhohlisayo kwidemokhrasi).
Iziko laseMossawa - esekelwe kwaSirayeli, iZiko "lifuna ukuphucula imeko yentlalo, ezoqoqosho, ezomthetho kunye nezopolitiko zabemi basePalestina basePalestina kwaSirayeli". Iziko laseMossawa ifumana inkxaso-mali ukusuka kumaqela abandakanya i Ford Israel Fund, iFriedrich Ebert Stiftung, iHeinrich Boell Foundation, iMoriah Fund, Ingxowa-mali entsha yakwaSirayeli, kunye ne-Open Society Institute.
Non c'e' pace senza giustizia (Akukho Luxolo Ngaphandle Kobulungisa) - "Ngamazwe ngamazwe umbutho ongajonganga ngeniso, owazalwa ngo-1993 ngephulo leTransnational Radical Party (PRT), esebenzela ukhuseleko kunye nokukhuthazwa kwamalungelo oluntu, idemokhrasi, umthetho nobulungisa bamazwe ngamazweโ. Enye yeenkokeli ze-PRT, u-Emma Bonino, ukwasebenza kwibhodi yeengcebiso zamazwe ngamazwe Iprojekthi yoManyano lweDemokhrasi, kwaye i PRT ngokwayo ikwanceda ukulungelelanisa i ICaucus ye-UN yeDemokhrasi kunye neProjekthi yoManyano lweDemokhrasi kunye Indlu yeNkululeko. Akukho Uxolo Ngaphandle Kobulungisa isebenza ngokusondeleyo kunye ne-Istanbul-based ukucinga itanki ye-Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation, eyafumana isibonelelo se-$ 40,000 kwi-NED kwi-2004, kwaye lilungu le-World Movement for Democracy. womnatha.
Omar Dengo Foundation - ngumbutho wabucala, ongenzi nzuzo owasekwa eCosta Rica ngo-1987 "uphuhlisa kwaye uqhube iiprojekthi zelizwe kunye nezengingqi kwiinkalo zophuhliso lwabantu, ukuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha kunye nobuchwepheshe bedijithali". Umsebenzi weSiseko ngu ixhaswe ngu I-USAID, iNkqubo yoPhuhliso ye-UN, i IBhanki yoPhuhliso yaseMelika, uMbutho waMazwe aseMelika, kunye ne ICandelo loPhando loPhuhliso loLuntu.
Olu ayilulo uhlalutyo olubanzi lwawo onke amaqela axhaswa ngemali yi-UN Democracy Fund. Ngumzekeliso nje wendlela imisebenzi yeNgxowa-mali esondelelene ngayo naleyo yoluntu olulawula ngedemokhrasi ngokubanzi - umsebenzi wabo ubonakaliswa kakuhle yiNED. Kuthathelwa ingqalelo ngokudibeneyo neziphumo zolu phononongo lwangaphambili lwendima 'entsha' ye-UN kushishino lokukhuthaza umgaqo-nkqubo we-polyarchy, kuyabonakala ukuba, ubuncinane, abemi abachaphazelekayo kufuneka bathathe indlela ebaluleke ngakumbi kwindima edlalwa yi-UN. emhlabeni.
Ukuphelisa i-Multi-Lateral Imperialism
Okulusizi kukuba ubudlelwane obunzulu bepolyarchal obukhoyo phakathi kweNgxowa-mali yeDemokhrasi yeZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye namaqela e-NED abukho kakuhle kuluntu olunenkqubela phambili olunethemba lokubuyisela/utshintsho iZizwe eziManyeneyo njengesixhobo sokukhuthaza ulungelelwaniso lwehlabathi olunobulungisa. Ewe, njengoko eli nqaku libonisile, i-UN ngoku isetyenziswa ngabaphezulu bezopolitiko abagxekayo ukukhuthaza idemokhrasi ephantsi yoxinzelelo kwihlabathi jikelele. Kunokuba kuxhamle uninzi lwabemi behlabathi, ukukhuthazwa kobunzulu obuphantsi, nokuncipha kweentlobo zedemokhrasi ekugqibeleni kunceda kuphela iimfuno eziphezulu ezichasene nedemokhrasi.
As Edward S. Herman (2007) kutshanje ibonise ukuba, โidemokhrasi esele ibuthathaka (yenkqubo yesininzi) isengxakini enzulu eUnited Statesโ yaye โkusenokwenziwa iingxoxo ezilungileyo zokuba kusenokwenzeka ukuba ihluthwe imbonakalo yayo kungekudala.โ Oku kufuneka kukhathaze wonke umntu kwihlabathi liphela, ekhumbula ukuba i-US lilizwe elikhokela idemokhrasi ukuthumela ngaphandle / umenzi.
UHerman uyaqhubeka eqaphela ukuba, "[P] ulongamo, hayi ulongamo oludumileyo" lulawula ezopolitiko zase-US,
"Iqela laseBush-Cheney sele lenze umonakalo omkhulu kwiziseko zedemokhrasi zeli lizwe: inkqubo yokuhlola kunye ne-balances iphazamiseka kakhulu, amandla olawulo lokungawuhoyi umthetho we-congressional ngoku ugxininisekile kwaye usekho, amandla okulawula ukuvumela ukuhlushwa. kwaye ukungawuhoyi umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe womelezwa, ilungelo lokuba neemfihlo kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo liye lenziwa buthathaka kwaye i-habeas corpus isesichengeni, kwaye amandla esigqeba esilawulayo ukuya emfazweni aqhube ukubulala kunye neminye imisebenzi efihlakeleyo kunye nomkhosi kumazwe angaphandle nawo omeleziwe.
Akukho mfuneko yokutsho ukuba olu hlaselo lwedemokhrasi ayiyonto intsha. Ngelixa, kwixesha elingekude kangako, abemi abaqhubela phambili bebeya kuyichasa ngamandla le migaqo-nkqubo, iNxele eliqhelekileyo lilele emacaleni kwaye kuyabonakala ukuba engafuni ukuphakamisa impendulo. Bambalwa abagxeki abaqhelekileyo abazimisele ukuyiqonda, singasathethi ke ngokuphikisa, into yokuba ngoku omnye wabaxhasi abaphambili behlabathi 'Uxolo','amalungelo abantu'kwaye'idemokhrasi' lulawulo lukaBush ngokwalo. Ngokuqinisekileyo inkcazo yale migaqo inikwe nguBush kunye nabalingane bakhe ishiya okuninzi okufunwayo, ngakumbi abo bemi abakhetha iimali zabarhafi berhafu zichithwe ekuqiniseni iinkqubo zokuthatha inxaxheba kunokuba i-polyarchal / plutocratic. Ke, ngelixa abaqhubela phambili bekhankasa ngokuchanekileyo kwimiba enxulumene neGlobal Warming Catastrophe, kunye nezinye 'inkqubela phambili' zijongela phantsi idemokhrasi ngokusebenzela ukukhuthaza. ungenelelo lobukhosi (edla ngokubhekiswa kwi-peacespeak 'njengongenelelo loluntu'); ngokudibeneyo ukuthetha uninzi lwasekhohlo lubonakala lumanyene ekulibaleni ukuba ulawulo lukaBush luseluphelweni lokusungula kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi elandelayo. (Oko kukuthi, ukunyuka kwe Imfazwe ende sele belwa).
Amaphulo aqhubekayo adlamkileyo okuchasa ukufudumala okugquba ngolo hlobo kufuneka abe ngumba ophambili kubo bonke abemi abachaphazelekayo; Oku akuthethi, nangona kunjalo, ukuba ubutshantliziyo obunjalo kufuneka butyeshele eminye imiba ephambili yehlabathi. Ngokwenene utshintsho lwemozulu sele lukhona enxulumene ngokusondeleyo kwiinkxalabo 'zokhuseleko lwesizwe' zase-US. Ngaphaya koko, abakhankasi abanenkqubela akufuneki babeke imida ekugxekeni kwabo lo myalelo wehlabathi wangoku ukuhlalutya izenzo 'zophambeneyo'. neocons, kodwa kufuneka bandise uphando lwabo kwimibutho (ebonakala ngathi) enenkqubela phambili efana neNgxowa-mali yeDemokhrasi ye-UN, kunye nezinye ezininzi. iiphilanthopists zenkululeko abasebenza ngokubambisana nabaninzi abenzi bedemokhrasi ukukhuthaza 'ungenelelo loluntu' kunye nedemokhrasi ephantsi kakhulu kwihlabathi jikelele. Ukuthatha umsebenzi omkhulu ngolo hlobo akuyi kuba lula, ngakumbi xa kujongwa ukuba iindawo eziphambili ze-US anti-war movement are. ihlanganiswe neDemokhrasi. Nangona kunjalo, ngumsebenzi ekufuneka wenziwe ngokukhawuleza. Ngokuqinisekileyo, umlo wobomi uya kuhlala ude kwaye unzima, kodwa ukuba le miba ayilungiswanga ngoku inani lababuthathaka zi tyhafile phantsi kweenyawo zethu zobukhosi iya kuqhubeka jikeleza phezulu.
UMichael Barker ungumgqatswa wobugqirha kwiDyunivesithi yaseGriffith, eOstreliya. Unokufumaneka kuMichael. J. Barker [e] griffith.edu.au. Zone iinxalenye zesi sincoko seZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye nezinye zakhe amanye amanqaku anokufumaneka apha.
Endnotes
[1] Ngeminyaka yee-1990 iStiftungen yaseJamani okanye isiseko seqela, โyayinabameli abangabahlali kumazwe angaphezu kwe-100 neeofisi zentsimi kwamanye awo ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-30. Phakathi kuka-1962 no-1997 baye bajongana ne-DM4.5 yezigidigidi xa bebonke befikelela kwi-DM290 yezigidi ngonyaka ngeminyaka yoo-1990. Nangona kwithuba elingaphambi kowe-1990 kuyaxoxwa ukuba yimalini enokuthiwa yinkxaso yedemokhrasi kunemisebenzi ejoliswe ngokuyintloko ukuhlangabezana nezinye iinjongo Kumazwi kaPinto-Duschinsky babe 'zizixhobo ezinamandla kungekhona nje ukukhuthaza idemokhrasi, kodwa nokuqhubela phambili iimfuno kunye noqhagamshelwano lwaseJamani' .โ
UStefan Mair, iStiftungen yaseJamani kunye noNcedo lweDemokhrasi: Izinto eziluncedo zokuthelekisa, imingeni emitsha, Ku: Peter J. Burnell (ed.) Uncedo lweDemokhrasi: iNtsebenziswano yaMazwe ngaMazwe yeDemokhrasi (London, Frank Cass: 2000), iphepha 128-149.
Ummeli kaHeinrich Boll, uSascha Mรผller-Kraenner, naye wayengumtyikityi kwi- Ileta yakutshanje (ngomhla we-11 kaNovemba 2004) eyathunyelwa yi-NED kumongameli waseVenezuela u-Hugo Chavez ukuba amkhuthaze "ukuba aphinde ahlolisise ukutshutshiswa kobunkokeli be-Sumate, kunye nesiphakamiso sokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho uncedo lwentando yesininzi oluvela phesheya". I-Sumate liqela laseVenezuela elafumana uncedo kwi-NED ukuze liququzelele ukugxothwa kukaChavez ngo-2002.
[2] UJulie Hearn, eNcedisa iDemokhrasi? Abaxhasi kunye noMbutho woLuntu eMzantsi Afrika, Ngekota yeHlabathi yesiThathu, 21 ( 5), 2000, iphepha 827-8.
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