Sele ndiphande ngobudlelwane 'bedemokhrasi' beeReporters Without Borders (RSF) kwi Ekuqaleni Mbini nxalenye kweli nqaku, iCandelo 3 ngoku liza kutyhila ukuba bangaphi babamkeli ngonyaka Ibhaso leFondation de France lisondelelene enxulumene 'nokukhuthaza idemokhrasi' yoluntu.
"The IiReporters Sans Frontiรจres-Fondation de France Prize, exabisa i-50,000 francs [okanye i-US$11,000], iye yanikezelwa minyaka le ukususela ngowe-1992 kwiintatheli ezithe, ngomsebenzi okanye izimo zengqondo zazo, ziye zabonakalisa ukuzinikela kwazo kwinkululeko yeendaba.. "
Ukungqingwa kweSarajevo
Ibhaso lokuqala leRSF-Fondation de France lanikezelwa ngo-1992 ngexesha lokungqingwa kweSarajevo, kuZlatko Dizdarevic, intatheli yaseSarajevo kunye nombhali, owayengumhleli wephephandaba lemihla ngemihla laseBosnia. Oslobodjenje. [1] Ukufumana kuka-Dizdarevic eli bhaso kuhambelana kakuhle nomdla wabaphezulu baseNtshona, abathi kuyo yonke iminyaka yoo-1990, bazingisa kwiinzame zabo zokumfaka iidemon ngokupheleleyo uSlobodan Milosevic ngenkxaso yabo 'yezizimeleyo' (ezinobuhlobo baseNtshona) kumajelo eendaba. Ukufumana iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe ngendima ebalulekileyo edlalwe ngamajelo eendaba aseNtshona kweli phulo lide lokutyabeka, bona u-Edward S. Herman noDavid Peterson's (2007) Ukuchithwa kweYugoslavia: Uphononongo kuNgenelelo olungenabuntu (kunye neNtshona yeLiberal-Left Intellectual and Moral Collapse). Kufanele ukuba kulindeleke ukuba iphephandaba likaDizdarevic, Oslobodjenje, ifumene isibonelelo esivela kwi-NED kwi-1994 "ukuthenga i-newsprint efunwa kakhulu" kunye "nokuxhasa ukupapashwa okuqhubekayo kweyona phephandaba ibalulekileyo yemihla ngemihla ezimeleyo kwisixeko saseSarajevo esinemfazwe". Kwiminyaka emibini kamva i-NED yabonisa ukuba "i-Oslobodjenje ayinakuphila ngaphandle koncedo lwangaphandle", isizathu abasisebenzisayo ukubanika esinye isibonelelo "sokuthenga i-newsprint kunye nokunceda ukuhlawula abasebenzi bayo". Ngaphezu koko, kunyaka olandelayo Oslobodjenje ifumene uncedo olongezelelweyo kwiWestminster Foundation โukuxhasa ukuthengwa kwezixhobo ezingaphezuluโ.
Ukukhuthaza 'iDemokhrasi' eTshayina
Owaphumelela ibhaso lonyaka le-RSF ngo-1993 yayinguWang Juntao we Economic Weekly. UJuntao unobudlelwane obuninzi 'bedemokhrasi', kwaye ngeminyaka yoo-1980, ngoncedo lomlweli wedemokhrasi u-Chen Ziming, wapapasha imagazini ye- samizdat. Intwasahlobo yaseBeijing (iphephancwadi elifumene uncedo lwe-NED yonyaka ukususela ngo-2001). Ngowe-1987, uJuntao kunye noChen emva koko wathenga Qho ngeVeki yoQoqosho, kwaye "UChen waba umpapashi kunye noWang usekela-mhleli oyintloko obambeleyoโ. UJuntao noChen emva koko bawongwa ngokusebenza kwabo ngedemokhrasi xa ngo-1991 bobabini bafumana iMbasa yeHlabathi yeNkululeko yeNdaba yeeNtatheli. [2] (Ukufumana iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe ngeentatheli 'zedemokhrasi' ezifumene ibhaso lonyaka leKomiti yoKhuselo lweeNtatheli jonga inqaku lam lakutshanje. IWashington ikhuthaza iMedia 'eZimeleyo' eVenezuela.)
Kule mihla uJuntao ugcina ubudlelwane obusondeleyo kwi-NED njengoko injalo isitulo sebhodi of UmGcini weNkululeko yeendaba- a Iphephandaba laseTshayina eliphuma kabini ngeveki eLos Angeles elafumana uncedo lonyaka lwe-NED phakathi kuka-1993 no-2005 (kodwa hayi ngo-2000). Ukongeza, iJuntao nayo iseke i- I-China Strategic Institute ese-US, umbutho owafumana uncedo lwe-NED ngo-1996 kunye no-1997, kwaye "inceda iifemu zomthetho e-China ukuzisa izimangalo zamalungelo oluntu phantsi komthetho waseTshayina."
Ukukhusela 'Amalungelo oLuntu' eRwanda
kwi 1994, umfundisi wamaRoma Katolika kunye nentatheli egama lingu-Andre Sibomana (owasweleka ngo-1998) wafumana ibhaso lenkululeko yoshicilelo yeRSF yeRSF's Fondation de France. Kuyanika umdla ukubona ukuba uSibomana usebenze iminyaka eliqela njengomongameli weqela elibizwa ngokuba yiRwandese Association for the Defence of Human Rights and Public Liberties (ADL). I-ADL yasekwa ngo-1991, kwaye ngo-1994 bafumana inkxaso-mali evela kwi-NED. IQela loMthetho wamaLungelo oLuntu lwaMazwe ngaMazwe (ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba ngamaLungelo eHlabathi jikelele) โukuxhasa ukumiselwa kwakhona kwe[ADL] ... nokuyenza ikwazi ukuqhuba imibuzo ngembubhiso yaseRwanda, ibhale phantsi ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo abantu, ize iphuhlise amacebo okukhuthaza ukubuyiswa kwamalungelo abantu, ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu ngakumbi, kunye nokuziphatha kakuhle. yenkundla yamatyala emfazwe.โ Ngaphezu koko, kunyaka olandelayo amaLungelo kunye neDemokhrasi nazo zabonelela i-ADL ngesinye isibonelelo. Okokugqibela, kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba uSibomana udlale "indima ebalulekileyo" kwelinye iqela lamalungelo oluntu, i-Rwandan Collective of Leagues and Associations for the Defense of Human Rights (CLADHO) - "intlangano yemibutho [emine] yamalungelo oluntu apho i-ADL ililungu layo" eyafumana isibonelelo esivela kumaLungelo kunye neDemokhrasi kwi-1995.
Ukubhala malunga ne-Coup yaseNigeria
Umbhali waseNigeria uChristina Anyanwu โ owayengumseki, umhleli kunye nompapashi wencwadi yaseNigeria Imagazini yangeCawa โ waphumelela ibhaso le-RSF lika-1995 ngelixa esentolongweni ngenxa yenqaku awalipapashayo ngoMatshi woku-1, 1995 โmalunga neenzame zokubhukuqa urhulumente waseNigeriaโ. Kungekudala emva kokuvalelwa entolongweni 'ngedemokhrasi' enxibelelene Isiseko seendaba sabaseTyhini bamazwe bawonge ngembasa yabo yonyaka yeCourage kwi 1995. Emva koko u-Anyanwu wahlala entolongweni de kwangowe-1998, unyaka awafumana ngawo imbasa ye-UNESCO yePress Freedom Award. Ngaphezu koko, ngokutsho Iwebhusayithi yeUNESCO, zombini iRSF kunye neWorld Press Freedom Committee yenza isindululo kwiUN ukuba kufuneka aphumelele ibhaso labo. Njengowayesakuba nguWang Juntao, owayesakuba nebhaso leRSF, uAnyanwu naye wafumana iKomidi yoKhusela iMbasa yeHlabathi yeeNtatheli yeHlabathi yeNkululeko yeNdaba (ngo-1997) ngelixa wayesentolongweni.
Ukuqhubela phambili ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, u-Anyanwu ngoku uyimpumelelo yeendaba eNigeria kwaye uneNkampani yoSasazo yeSpectrum, ethi "usebenza eAbuja inombolo yesikhululo somsakazo, i-Hot 98.3 FM ", kwaye ngo-2006" wagqiba ekubeni afune ithikithi yeSenatorial kwindawo ye-Owerri ".
Umhla wePro-Kurdish
Olandelayo owaphumelela ibhaso lobuntatheli beRSF (ngowe-1996) yayingu-Ocak Isik Yurtcu, โowayefudula engumhleli wephephandaba lemihla ngemihla elixhasa amaKurd elithi 'Ozgur Gundem', [yaye] wagwetywa ngoDisemba 1994 iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi entolongweni ngenxa yamanqaku eendaba. owavela ngexesha lakhe njengomhleli ukusuka ku-1991 ukuya ku-1992โ. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwamazwe ngamazwe, emva kokukhonza phantse iinyanga ezingama-32 zesigwebo sakhe u-Yurtcu wakhululwa entolongweni (ngo-Agasti 15, 1997). I-Yurtcu ibonakala ingenawo nawaphi na amaqhina 'edemokhrasi' ngokuthe ngqo, nangona kunjalo, ngo-1995 waba umamkeli weMbasa ye-International Press Freedom Award. Qaphela ukuba ngo-1995 abantu abalithoba bafumana iwonga leKomiti yoKhusela iiNtatheli zeNdalo, kwaye abathathu ngoku banobudlelwane 'bedemokhrasi', aba nguFred M'Membe (ngoku osebenza kwikomiti yolawulo yeZiko leMedia, uXolo noKhuseleko, kunye noogxa bakhe. amanani okusekwa eziphambili ezifana Maurice Strong, kunye noJohn Owen, i owayesakuba ngumlawuli waseYurophu yeForam yeNkululeko); U-Ahmad Taufik (ngubani isitulo sokuseka ye-Alliance yase-Indonesia yeeNtatheli zeNtatheli eziZimeleyo, iqela elililungu le-NED exhaswa ngemali yi-Southeast Asian Press Alliance); kunye noDaoud Kuttab owayesebenzela ngelo xesha Iindibano Phakathi empuma.
Inkxaso eyongezelelekileyo yabavukeli baseCuba
Ngo-1997, uRaul Rivero, imbongi, intatheli kunye nomseki we-arhente yeendaba engekho semthethweni. Cuba Press, ifumene ibhaso leRSF leFondation de France. Kuqikelelwa ukuba i-RSF iya kuxhasa amatsha ntliziyo 'edemokhrasi' yaseCuba, kwaye kulula ukuqonda ukuba kutheni urhulumente waseCuba engonwabanga kakhulu ngumsebenzi wamatsha ntliziyo anjalo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ngoko ukuba ngo-Matshi ka-2003 u-Rivero wabanjwa ngurhulumente waseCuba kunye nezinye iintatheli ezininzi eziphikisayo, isiganeko esabangela ukukhala ngamazwe ngamazwe phakathi kwe-media (eyayichasa ngokukrakra) i-corporate media.
Njengesiphumo esithe ngqo sokubanjwa kukaRivero, i-PEN Centre USA wamwonga Inkululeko yabo yokuBhala ibhaso, kwaye kunyaka olandelayo yena ifumene iUNESCO I-Guillermo Cano iBhaso leHlabathi leNkululeko yeNdaba yeHlabathi. Noko ke, njengoko uRosa Elizalde noLuis Baez bebonisa kwincwadi yabo Abaphikisayo (2003), nangona efumana inkxaso kumajelo eendaba ngamazwe kunye namaqela amalungelo oluntu, kuvela ukuba esona sizathu sokuba uRivero wavalelwa kukuba wayefumene uncedo oluvela kwi-Ofisi yeMidla yase-US eHavana nakwi Cuban American National Foundation. Ngokwenyani ngokuchasene noko amajelo eendaba kunye ne-RSF inokusenza sikholelwe ukuba urhulumente waseCuba akabavaleli bonke abaphikisayo, nangona kunjalo, uyabavalela abo baphikisayo abaxhaswa ngamaqela angaphandle azama ukukhupha urhulumente wabo. Njengoko Salim Lamrani (2005) Uqaphela:
โAbona bantu babini baseCuba 'abaphikisayo' abanempembelelo enkulu kwezosasazo kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe, abaphehlelela ezona diatribes ze-acerbic ngokuchasene ne-revolution yaseCuba kwaye bayonwabela eyona nkxaso izinzileyo ye-extremes yaseCuba eMiami, ngu-Oswaldo Payรก no-Elizardo Sรกnchez. Xa kuthelekiswa nabo, uRaul Rivero ubonakala 'njengomchasi' ophakathi nolumkileyo. Nangona kunjalo, lo mntu wokugqibela ugwetywe iminyaka engama-20 entolongweni. U-Payรก kunye no-Sรกnchez abazange babe naziphi na iingxaki ngomthetho, nangona imibhalo yabo yezopolitiko iyingozi kakhulu kune-Rivero. Ingcaciso ilula ngokwaneleyo: U-Payรก kunye no-Sรกnchez baye kude kube ngoku bahlala benqaba inkxaso yemali yesisa enikezelwa yi-Washington, ngelixa u-Rivero wenza impazamo yokwenza inzuzo kwi-mali enkulu yolawulo lwe-Bush. Kwaye oku koko kohlwaywayo, ayisiyiyo imveliso yoncwadi kunye nezopolitiko ezicingelwayo. Ezi zibakala zibambekayo zibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba impikiswano etyhola abasemagunyeni baseCuba ngokuvalela abantu ngezimvo zabo iphantse yathenjwa.โ
Okokugqibela, xa uRivero ethanda i-US 'abagqugquzeli bedemokhrasi' kuyangqinelana ngokupheleleyo ukuba ebefanele ukuba usebenze njengomdlali. Mlawuli 'yedemokhrasi' Umbutho we-Inter-American Press ukusuka 2004 ukuya 2007.
Umxhasi weWMD waseSyria
Ibhaso le-RSF lika-1998 lanikezelwa kwintatheli yaseSyria uNizar Nayyouf, umhleli wejenali yenyanga evaliweyo. Ilizwi leDemokhrasi, eveliswa yiKomidi yoKhuselo lweNkululeko yeDemokhrasi kunye namaLungelo oLuntu - umbutho owanceda ukuhlanganisa. UNayyouf wayesentolongweni xa wayefumana iwonga lakhe njengoko wayebanjwe nge-10 kaJanuwari ka-1992, ngokubhala amaphecana kunye nokuba lilungu leCDF. Waba ekugqibeleni ukhululwe entolongweni ngo-2001. Ngo-2000, uNayyouf wafumana zombini iGolden Pen yeNkululeko kuMbutho wamaphephandaba weHlabathi, kunye neMbasa ye-UNESCO yeNkululeko yoShishino. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i Ummeli wase-US ebhodini woMbutho wamaphephandaba weHlabathi nguScott C. Schurz osandulโ ukubizwa umongameli ohloniphekileyo ubomi bonke yi-Inter-American Press Association.
Kwi-2005 umongameli okhoyo weKomiti yoKhuselo lweNkululeko yeDemokhrasi kunye namaLungelo oLuntu, u-Aktham Naisse, wanikwa i-Martin Ennals Award for Human Rights Defenders. Oku kubalulekile ukuba kuqatshelwe ngenxa yokuba ezine ze abantu abalishumi elinesine abaye bafumana ibhaso - eliye lahanjiswa ukususela kwi-1994 - lidibaniswe ne-NED, ezi ziquka uHarry Wu (ongumlawuli olawulayo wemibutho emibini exhaswa yi-NED, i-Laogai Research Foundation kunye ne-China Information Centre), u-Asma Jahangir ( ongumalathisi wawo omabini amaLungelo oKufezekiswa kunye neQela leNgxaki yeHlabathi, umkomishinala we IKhomishini yaMazwe ngaMazwe yoBugqwetha, kwaye usebenza kwibhodi yabacebisi bamazwe ngamazwe ye Iprojekthi yoManyano lweDemokhrasi), u-Eyad Rajab El-Sarraj (ongumphathiswa we-NED-NED-Palestinian Initiative for the Promotion of Global Dialogue and Democracy, kwaye ilungu lebhunga langaphambili IBhunga laMazwe ngaMazwe kuMgaqo-nkqubo wamaLungelo oLuntu), kunye no-Immaculee Birhaheka (ongumseki kunye nomongameli weNED-mali yokuKhuthaza kunye neNkxaso yamaNyathelo abasetyhini). Ekugqibeleni, nangona ingadityaniswanga ne-NED ngokuthe ngqo, u-Akbar Ganji (jonga iSigaba 2) uphumelele iMbasa yeMartin Ennals yabaKhuseli baMalungelo oLuntu kwi-2006. [3]
Ukubuyela kwimvelaphi kaNayyouf, nangona abantu abambalwa bebhalile ngayo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba uNayyouf wadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni imfazwe engekho mthethweni e-Iraq ngokwenza ibango ngoJanuwari 2004 ukuba "abe nolwazi lweendawo ezintathu zeSyria ezigcina i-Iraqi. izixhobo ezitshabalalisayoโ. Watyhila olu lwazi ngaphambi nje kwangaphambili I-Science Applications International Corporation umsekelwa Mongameli, UDavid A. Kay, uxelele i London Telegraph, ukuba "izinto ezininzi waya eSyria [esuka e-Iraq] phambi kwemfazwe, kubandakanywa amacandelo athile enkqubo ye-WMD ye-Saddam โฆ kanye kanye into eya e-Syria kwaye okwenzekileyo kuyo ngumba omkhulu ekufuneka usonjululweโ. Ke ngelixa indima eyafezwa nguNayyouf ekukhuthazeni ukutshatyalaliswa kwe-Iraq ihlala ingakhankanywa, ngoku uhlala eFransi kwaye usebenza njengonobhala-jikelele woMbutho wama-Arabhu woKhuselo lokuvakalisa kunye neNkululeko yeNdaba. [4] Ngapha koko, ukwangu โiyasebenza kwi iSyrian Democratic Coalition, iqela leentshukumo eziphikisayo zaseSyria ezimalunga ne-14 ezijonge ukusekwa kolawulo lwedemokhrasi eSyriaโ.
IBurma kunye neNational League yeDemokhrasi
Ngo-1999 umchasi waseBurma owayevalelwe u-San San Nweh wawongwa ngebhaso lonyaka le-RSF. Ngethuba efumana iwonga uNweh wayesentolongweni, njengoko wayenjalo ngo-1994 wagwetywa iminyaka elishumi entolongweni ngokudlulisela โ'iingxelo ezichasene norhulumente' kwiintatheli zaseFransi kunye 'nokubonelela ngolwazi malunga nemeko yamalungelo oluntu kummeli okhethekileyo we-UN waseBurma'โ. Ekugqibeleni uNweh wakhululwa entolongweni ngo-2001.
Ukungabikho kwakhe, ibhaso leRSF likaNweh lanikezelwa kwinkokeli ephikisayo yaseBurma, u-Aung San Suu Kyi, osele evalelwe endlwini ukususela oko iqela lakhe iNational League for Democracy lanyulwa ngotshintsho olukhulu ngo-1990. Ukuba uAung San Suu Kyi wafumana ibhaso. egameni likaNweh kufanelekile nangona ngexesha lokubanjwa kwakhe (ngowe-1994) uNweh wayengumhleli weejenali ezimbini. Gita Pade-tha kwaye Einmet-hpu, kwaye naye wayekhe waba โilungu le iKomiti yoQuquzelelo yeCandelo [yeLigi yeSizwe yeDemokhrasi] kunye nelungu lesigqeba le[ir] Central Intellectual Groupโ.
Nangona ukuvalelwa kuka-Aung San Suu Kyi ngokucacileyo akukho sikweni, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, bambalwa abantu abathe baphawula ngamakhonkco akhe kuluntu olubanzi 'lokukhuthaza idemokhrasi'. La makhonkco aquka ukusebenza kwakhe kwibhodi yabacebisi bamazwe ngamazwe yeProjekthi yoManyano lweDemokhrasi, nanjengomlawuli ohloniphekileyo we. Iziko leHlabathi leDemokhrasi kunye noNcedo loNyulo. Ukongeza, uTom Andrews, osebenza njengomcebisi omkhulu kwi Iziko leSizwe leDemokhrasi leMicimbi yaMazwe ngaMazwe (oyena mntu ufumene isibonelelo se-NED) โ kwaye ukwangumlawuli kazwelonke we Qhubeka-iqela elidityanisiweyo lokuPhumelela ngaphandle kweMfazwe - kwakhona "isebenza egameniโ ka-Aung San Suu Kyi. Ngokunjalo, ummeli ka-Aung San Suu Kyi kwiBhodi ye-Peacejam (umbutho wezemfundo oquka iNobel Peace Laureates), uMichele Bohana, ungumlawuli osekayo we-NED exhaswa ngemali. Iphulo leHlabathi leTibet (ICT), kwaye ungumlawuli weZiko leDemokhrasi yaseAsia. Abaphathiswa 'beDemokhrasi' beli qela lokugqibela baquka uGare A. Smith (owayefudula esebenza โnjengoSekela Nobhala oNcedisayo kwiBureau yeDemokhrasi yeSebe laseMelika, amaLungelo oLuntu kunye nezaBasebenziโ, ungumlawuli we-ICT, kwaye ulilungu le-ICT. iFund for Peace's Human Rights and Business Roundtable), kunye noChris Beyrer (osebenza โnjengelungu leGlobal Health Advisory Council yeOpen Society Instituteโฆ [nanjengo] umcebisi kwiNkqubo yeMiba yoLuntu yoMbutho waseAsiaโ).
Kuyanika umdla ukuqaphela ukuba kanye phambi kokukhululwa kwakhe entolongweni ngo-2001, uMbutho wamaphephandaba weHlabathi wawonga uSan San Nweh (kunye nenye intatheli edumileyo yaseBurma, u-U Win Tin, owathi ngebhaso wafumana ibhaso lenkululeko yeendaba zeRSF ngo-2006) ibhaso lenkululeko yoshicilelo lonyaka, Usiba Lwegolide Lwenkululeko. Ukongeza, ngo-2001 uNweh wafumana enye yeHuman Rights Watch ngonyaka Hellman/Hammett Grants, kunye nabamkeli abaphawulekayo abafana noBei Ling (ongumseki kunye nomlawuli olawulayo we-Independent Chinese PEN Centre), uCarmen Gurruchaga (ofumene ibhaso lenkululeko ye-RSF ngonyaka ngaphambi - jonga ngokulandelayo), kunye noGrigory Pasko (owafumana inkululeko ye-RSF yeendaba ibhaso ngo-2002).
Okokugqibela, xa kujongwa umdla wexesha elide we-NED ekuxhaseni amatsha ntliziyo edemokhrasi yaseBurma kubalulekile ukuba amatsha ntliziyo anenkqubela kwihlabathi jikelele azame ukuqonda ubungakanani bokuqhathwa kwamazwe ngamazwe kubutshantliziyo bedemokhrasi yaseBurma. UWilliam Engdahl (2007) iphawula ukuba โintlekele yaseBurma, umhlaba wayo uphantse ulingane neTexas yaseGeorge W. Bush, kukuba abemi bayo basetyenziswa njengeqonga labantu kumdlalo weqonga obhalwe eWashington yiNational Endowment for Democracy (NED), iGeorge Soros Open Society Institute, iNkululeko House kunye neGene Sharp's Albert Einstein Institutionโ. Uqhuba abonise ukuba:
"... iSebe leSizwe laseMelika liye laqesha kwaye laqeqesha iinkokeli eziphambili zenkcaso kwimibutho emininzi echasene norhulumente. Igalele isixa esikhulu (ngeMyanmar) engaphezulu kwe-2.5 yezigidi zeedola ngonyaka kwimisebenzi ye-NED ekukhuthazeni utshintsho lolawulo eMyanmar ukususela ubuncinane ngo-2003. Utshintsho lolawulo lwase-US, iSaffron Revolution yayo, iqhutywa ngokubanzi ngokweengxelo ezinolwazi, ngaphandle. ye-US Consulate General kumda Chaing Mai, Thailand. Kukho amatshantliziyo aqeshwayo kwaye aqeqeshwa, kwezinye iimeko ngokuthe ngqo e-USA, ngaphambi kokuba babuyiselwe ukuba baququzelele ngaphakathi eMyanmar. I-NED yase-USA iyavuma ukuxhasa ngezimali amajelo aphikisayo aphambili kuquka Ijenali yeXesha elitsha, Irrawaddy kwaye i Ilizwi leDemokhrasi laseBurma unomathotholo.โ
Iza kuqhubekaโฆIsavenge sokugqibela nesokugqibela seli nqaku siza kuphonononga abo basanda kufumana iRSF yonyaka. IBhaso leFondation de France, uze uqukumbele ngokunikela amacebiso athile ngendlela imiba ephakanyiswe kweli nqaku enokusetyenzwa ngayo ngamatshantliziyo anenkqubela.
UMichael Barker ngumgqatswa wobugqirha kwiDyunivesithi yaseGriffith, eOstreliya. Unokufikelelwa kwaMichael.J.Barker [kwa] griffith.edu.au. Zone iinxalenye zeli nqaku kunye nezinye amanye amanqaku akhe amva nje anokufumaneka apha.
Endnotes
[1] Ammiel Alcalay ihlelwe kwaye yaguqulelwa kunye Iqela likaZlatko Dizdarevic ISarajevo: Ijenali yeMfazwe (Ukusuka, 1995) kunye Iifoto zaseSarajevo (UHenry Holt, 1994). โNgexesha lemfazwe kwindawo eyayisakuba yiYugoslavia [iAlcalay] yayingowona mthombo uphambili wokufikelela kumajelo eendaba aseMerika kumazwi aseBosniaโฆ Isangqa seShumi sesihogo nguRezak Hukanovic (Iincwadi Ezisisiseko, 1996), awathi wayiguqulela waza wayihlela. Wahlela kwaye waguqulela i-anthology enkulu entsha yokubhala kwamaYuda akuMbindi Mpuma, Izitshixo zeGadi: UBhalo olutsha lwakwaSirayeli (City Lights, 1996), ingqokelela yokuqala yolo hlobo kulo naluphi na ulwimi. Uye waguqulela iincwadi ezimbini yimbongi yaseCuba uJose' Kozer, IiProjimos / Abathandanayo (Barcelona, โโ1990), kunye Ityeya phezu kweNani (I-Cross-Cultural Press, 1982). (Udliwano-ndlebe: U-Ammiel Alcalay kunye neMida yoGuqulelo.) Kwakhona kuyaphawuleka ukuba UElie Wiesel wabhala isandulela sengxelo yobomi bukaRezan Hukanovic kwiinkampu zoxinaniso zaseBosnia.
[2] NgoFebhuwari 12, 1991, Wang Juntao kunye no-Chen Ziming bavalelwa e-China: kwi-1994, bobabini bakhululwa entolongweni kwi-parole yonyango, kwaye ngelixa u-Wang efudukela eMelika, u-Chen waphinda wabanjwa kunyaka olandelayo kwaye wakhululwa kuphela ekubanjweni kwendlu kwi-2002.
[3] Iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe ngendalo 'yedemokhrasi' ye-Martin Ennals Award for Human Rights Defenders iya kuchazwa kwelinye inqaku elizayo.
[4] uAnnon, IFJ utyhola iSyria โnge-vendettaโ ngokuchasene nosapho lwentatheli egxothiweyo, i-BBC Monitoring Media, ngoJuni 3, 2003.
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