Kwabaninzi abaphembeleli, kunikwa ukuba umatshini wepropaganda ongayekiyo owaziwa ngokuba yimithombo yeendaba eqhelekileyo ngumqobo ocacileyo kunye nobonakalayo obonakalayo kwinguqu eqhubekayo yoluntu. Ngoko ke kubaluleke kakhulu kunakuqala ukuba uluntu olunenkqubela lusebenze ngokubambisana ukuze kuhlaziywe amajelo osasazo aqhelekileyo, kunye nokomeleza amajelo eendaba angamanye apho amatsha ntliziyo athembele kuwo ngamabali afundisayo, axhobisayo kunye nawokonwabisayo. [1]
Inkxaso yosasazo olulolunye ludla ngokuza ngohlobo lwemali, okanye uncedo lokuzithandela: kodwa engqondweni yam, kubaluleke ngokulinganayo, ukuba akubalulekanga ngakumbi ukuba abafundi, ababukeli kunye nabaphulaphuli, bakhuthaze kwaye bomeleze imigangatho yobukrelekrele obungenye yemidiya ngokuyithobela. ukuya ekugxekeni okucingayo (okungapheliyo). Amaqela afana Abaphakathi (umlindi weendaba osekwe eBritane) uya ngandlelโ ithile ekukhuthazeni le njongo yoluntu, njengoko kule minyaka isixhenxe idlulileyo bebebhentsisa ubuchwephesha obungacacanga kangako beModeli yePropaganda kaHerman kunye neChomsky ngaphakathi รขโฌหokuqhubekayoรขโฌโข kwesiqhelo. amajelo eendaba (i Guardian, Ezizimeleyo, kunye neBBC). [2] Amaqela afanayo onogada awafuneki kwimithombo yeendaba engenye, kodwa oko kugxekwa ngokuqhubekayo njengaleyo ibonelelwe Abaphakathi kunye nabaxhasi babo abemi banokunceda kuphela ekuphuculeni umgangatho wezinye iindlela zosasazo. Ngelishwa, nangona kunjalo, kubonakala ngathi amatsha ntliziyo adla ngokunikela phantse onke amandla abo kunye nezibonelelo ekuchaseni nasekuvezeni inkohliso kunye nobuxoki beLungelo, kwaye hayi ekugcineni ingqibelelo yeKhohlo. Umba ophambili ibikukuzilungisa okunenkqubela-phambili koluntu ekukhuthazeni imigaqo-nkqubo yeniyoliberal ngabathanda ububele, okuthe kwashiya abagxeki bebhentsisa imisebenzi efihlakeleyo echasene nedemokhrasi yeziseko zenkululeko kumphetho ocacileyo nkqu namajelo eendaba angamanye รขโฌโ nto leyo elusizi nayo. kwenzeka ukuba uxhomekeke kakhulu kwinkxaso-mali evela kwiziseko ezikhululekileyo. [3]
ILungelo, nangona kunjalo, lakhawuleza lathatha ubuthathaka obusisiseko bobuchule bokuKhohlo, kwaye laqalisa indlela ephindwe kabini yokulwa nabo. Eyokuqala neyona nto ibhalwe kakuhle inokuchazwa 'njengembi', kwaye ibandakanye izenzo ezifihlakeleyo, ulwazi oluphangaleleyo, ukunyanzeliswa kunye nogonyamelo; kodwa mhlawumbi esona sixhobo sisebenzayo ibikukulwela kwabo uxolo, amalungelo oluntu kunye nedemokhrasi, okanye into ekunokuthiwa รขโฌลilungileyoรขโฌโข okanye รขโฌหidemokhrasiรขโฌโข. Umzekelo wakutsha nje wempumelelo yesi sicwangciso รขโฌหsedemokhrasiรขโฌโข uzityhile kushicilelo lwe-Fall ka-2006 yenye yezona magazini zinenkqubela phambili zaseMelika, Nkqubo weNtlalo. Inqaku ekuthethwa ngalo lalinomxholo othi, รขโฌหUkudlala iNdawo: Incoko no-Ivan Marovic, uHardy Merriman, noSteve Yorkรขโฌโข, kwaye lalisekelwe kudliwano-ndlebe nabo abathathuรขโฌโข bathatha inxaxheba ekuvelisweni komdlalo wekhompyuter osekelwe kumatsha ntliziyo. eyakhutshwa ngoFebruwari 2006). Ngaphandle kolwazi lwangaphambili malunga neziko lokwenziwa udliwano-ndlebe, umfundi nje oqhelekileyo wenqaku usenokubona nto igwenxa kulo mba. Oku kungenxa yokuba kuzo zonke iinjongo kunye neenjongo umdlalo ekuthethwa ngawo ubonakala uquka inzame yobuvulindlela ukusebenzisa amandla (ahlala echasene nedemokhrasi) kunye nefuthe lemidlalo yekhompyutha ukukhuthaza amatsha ntliziyo ukuba acinge ngobuchule malunga nokusetyenziswa kwabo kokuchasana nobundlobongela. Ngaloo ndlela umdlalo ubonakala ukwinqanaba phakathi kwegcuntswana lemidlalo yekhompyutha eyenzelwe ukomeleza idemokhrasi kunebhalansi yebhanki.
Igama lomdlalo omtsha obonakala ngathi unenkqubela phambili ngu Amandla Anamandla Ngakumbi: Umdlalo weSicwangciso esingenabuNdlobongela, eyayisekelwe kule ncwadi Igunya elinamandla ngakumbi: Ikhulu leminyaka engabikhoyo (ENew York: iSt. Martin's Press, i-2000). Le ncwadi yaphinde yandulelwa kukuveliswa kothotho lweengxelo eziyinxalenye ezimbini, ezakhutshwa ngo-1999, zihamba kwangelo gama, kwaye zasasazwa kwi-PBS kunyaka olandelayo. Ngoku sicinga ukuba incwadi, ifilimu, kunye nomdlalo bezichanekile ngokwembali kwaye ziluncedo kumatsha-ntliziyo aqhubela phambili, ngaba iyabaluleka into yokuba abantu ababandakanyekayo ekuveliseni ezi zixhobo banxibelelene ngokusondeleyo ne-National Endowment for Democracy (NED) kunye noninzi lwe-US- esekwe รขโฌหukukhuthazwa kwedemokhrasiรขโฌโข ukusekwa? Ndingacebisa ukuba impendulo yalo mbuzo nguewe, kwaye la makhonkco abaluleke kakhulu.
Kubafundi abangaqhelananga ne-NED kunye ne-antidemocratic cohorts, ngoko ke isingeniso esifutshane somsebenzi kaNjingalwazi uWilliam I. URobinson ulungele. Ngamafutshane, ucingela ukuba ngenxa yokugxekwa koluntu ngokuchasene norhulumente wase-US wengcinezelo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo efihlakeleyo yangaphandle ngeminyaka yoo-1970, umgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle onyula abantu abaphezulu ukuba babeke ugxininiso olukhulu kwiindlela ezingaphaya zokubhukuqa รขโฌหingxakiรขโฌโข. oorhulumente ngolawulo lweqhinga loluntu. Ngo-1984, le "ngcinga entsha" yamiselwa ngokuyilwa kombutho ongekho phantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente, iNational Endowment for Democracy, esebenza njengequmrhu eliququzelela ukuxhaswa ngemali engcono รขโฌหidemokhrasi imibutho efana ne-USAID kunye I-CIA. Ukusebenzisana ngokusondeleyo le mibutho "yedemokhrasi" isebenzisa indibaniselwano yamaqhinga afihlakeleyo naphandle ukungenelela รขโฌลkwiintshukumo zesininzi zedemokhrasi kunye neenkqubo zedemokhrasi ezingapheliyoรขโฌยฆ ngobuninzi bezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho, ezomkhosi, ezozakuzo kunye neengcamango zamajelo engqondoรขโฌโ โฌ [4] URobinson uqaphela eyona njongo iphambili yala maqela รขโฌหokukhuthaza idemokhrasiรขโฌโข kukukhuthaza i-polyarchy okanye idemokhrasi ephantsi kakhulu phezu kweendlela ezibambekayo zolawulo lwedemokhrasi, evumela รขโฌลukutshintshwa kweendlela ezinyanzeliswayo zolawulo lwentlalo ngokuvunyelwana. .รขโฌ [5] Incwadi yakhe yobuvulindlela ngalo mbandela, Ukukhuthaza iPolyarchy (1996), ibonelele ngovavanyo oluneenkcukacha ngendima yamaqela รขโฌหokukhuthaza idemokhrasiรขโฌโข ase-US ekonakaliseni idemokhrasi eNicaragua, kwiiPhilippines, eChile naseHaiti. Ukusukela ngoko, uphononongo oluninzi luye lwaxhasa iziphumo zakhe, lunika imizekelo eyongezelelekileyo yongenelelo olungafunwayo รขโฌลlwedemokhrasiรขโฌโข kwihlabathi liphela. [6]
Ukubuyela kumdlalo wekhompyuter, ngumba wam wokuba iyabaluleka into yokuba abantu ababandakanyekayo kukuzalwa kwakhona okwahlukeneyo. Igunya elinamandla ngakumbi zinxulunyaniswa ngokusondeleyo nesihlwele se-NED.
Kunokwenziwa ityala lokuba kuya kuba bubulumko ukusebenzisa izibonelelo ezisekelwe kumatsha-ntliziyo ezibonelelwe yincwadi kunye ne-spin-offs yayo, ukuba nje kuqondwa ngokuqhelekileyo ngamatsha ntliziyo abasebenzisa bona abaye bavelisa kwaye kutheni. Kuphela kusemva koko apho izinto zokusebenza zinokuvavanywa ngokunzulu kwaye zisetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba oovimba bebesetyenziswa kwaye bakhuthazwa ngamatsha ntliziyo angazaziyo iingcambu zawo ezichasene nedemokhrasi, loo matsha ntliziyo aya kuba semngciphekweni wokusebenza njengabantu abangaqondanga "abarhwebi bentsholongwane" kwiimveliso zemvelaphi ethandabuzekayo, kunye nokuqinisekisa ngokungathanga ngqo imisebenzi yeqela. รขโฌหukukhuthazwa kwedemokhrasiรขโฌโข ukusekwa.
Ngelishwa, le yimeko Nkqubo weNtlalo lizibhaqe, oko kukuthi, lisebenza njengababhengezi รขโฌหabakhuthazi bedemokhrasi.รขโฌโข Nangona kunjalo, kulo mba Nkqubo weNtlalo ayiyedwa, njengokuba omnye wabaqeqeshi be-activist abaqhubela phambili, uGeorge Lakey (umseki we-US-based Training for Change), ubhekisa amatsha ntliziyo kukubaluleka ko Igunya elinamandla ngakumbi kwaye ngaloo ndlela inceda ukwenza umsebenzi wabo ube semthethweni. [7] Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kuphela ngu-Jonathan Mowat (2005) othe watsalela ingqwalaselo รขโฌหukukhuthaza idemokhrasiรขโฌโข iziqinisekiso ze. Amandla Anamandla Angakumbi's ababhali. Ngoko ke, eli nqaku liza kukwenza nzulu ukugxeka kwakhe abantu abanxulunyaniswa nale ncwadi, ngelizama ukuveza indlela โabakhuthazi bedemokhrasiโ abayifake ngayo entliziyweni yeengcinga zobuchule zamatshantliziyo anenkqubela.
Igunya elinamandla ngakumbi: Incwadi Nababhali bayo
Ababhali ababini be Igunya elinamandla ngakumbi nguPeter Ackerman kunye noJack DuVall. Ukudibanisa ababhali bobabini noluntu รขโฌหokukhuthaza idemokhrasiรขโฌโข kucace gca njengoko ubume obucacileyo boninzi รขโฌหabakhuthazi bedemokhrasiรขโฌโขรขโฌโข kuthetha ukuba ababhali baziva bekhululekile ukupapasha ngokuphandle โidemokhrasiโ yabo. kwi-Intanethi. UGqr Ackerman ngusihlalo ongumseki weZiko laMazwe ngaMazwe loNgqungquthela olungenabuNdlobongela (ICNC), usihlalo weFreedom House, kunye nelungu leBhunga leeNgcebiso lase-US le-United States Institute of Peace (USIP). [8] Ihlakani lakhe, uJack DuVall, ngumongameli kunye noMlawuli ongumseki we-ICNC, kwaye ukwalilungu eliseka iArlington Institute. [9]
I-ICNC, apho bobabini u-Ackerman kunye noDuVall bangabalawuli abasekayo, izichaza รขโฌลnjengesiseko esizimeleyo, esingenzi nzuzo, semfundo esiphuhlisa kwaye sikhuthaze ufundo nokusetyenziswa kwezicwangciso-qhinga ezisekwe eluntwini, ezingezizo ezomkhosi ukuseka nokukhusela amalungelo oluntu, idemokhrasi. nobulungisa kwihlabathi jikelele.รขโฌ [10] Nangona kuya kucaca ngakumbi kamva, igama lombutho wabo liphikisana neyona njongo ingachazwanga, ekukunceda ukukhuthaza iinguqu kumazwe aluncedo ngokwezelizwe. Ukugcina oku engqondweni, akumangalisi ukuba uninzi lweenqununu ze-ICNV zokungaxhatshazi ziqeqeshwe ngaphakathi entliziyweni ye-complex ye-industrial complex: iSekela-sihlalo we-ICNV uBerel Rodal, owayesakuba nguMlawuli-Jikelele we-Ofisi kaNobhala weSebe kwiSebe. yoKhuseleko lweSizwe; UMphathi we-ICNV wamanyathelo eMfundo, uGqr. Maria J. Stephan, usebenze รขโฌลkwiSebe lezoKhuselo lase-US kunye nabasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe kwikomkhulu le-NATO eBrusselsรขโฌ ; kunye no-Shaazka Beyerle (owayengu-vice-president wajika uMcebisi oMkhulu we-ICNV), unguSekela-Mongameli osungula i-European Institute.
Awona mahlakani anika umdla eZiko laseYurophu aquka: ilungu lebhodi uGqr R. Michael Gadbaw, ongumlawuli we-NED/USIP efumana inkxaso-mali kuma-Partners for Democratic Change; UMlawuli u-Emeriti, uRobert B. Zoellick, owayengumsayini weProjekthi ye-26 kaJanuwari 1998 yeNew American Century ileta eyathunyelwa kuMongameli uClinton; kunye nelungu leBhodi yeeNgcebiso, unozakuzaku uRobert E. Hunter, okwanguSihlalo weBhunga loLuntu lweDemokhrasi nosebenza njengoMcebisi oPhezulu waMazwe ngaMazwe koyena menzi wezixhobo mkhulu ehlabathini, uLockheed Martin. [11]
Nkqubo weNtlalo udliwano-ndlebe no-Hardy Merriman kutshanje uye waba nguMlawuli weeNkqubo noPhando kwi-ICNV, esandul' ukuvela kwisithuba seminyaka emithathu e-Albert Einstein Institution (AEI), iqela apho uGqr Ackerman wayengumlawuli wangaphambili. [12] Owayesakuba ngumqeshi ka-Merriman, i-AEI, uyayivuma ngokuphandle inkxaso yemali abayifumene kwi-NED, USIP, kunye ne-International Republican Institute, kwaye isebenza ngokusondeleyo ne-ICNV ibonelela ngeziseko zethiyori รขโฌหukukhuthaza idemokhrasi. โฌโข umsebenzi wokusekwa, ukubanceda ukuba babonelele ngezifundo zoqeqesho kwihlabathi liphela ukulungiselela amatsha ntliziyo afuna ukubhukuqa oorhulumente babo. [13] Okokugqibela, umanduleli ka-Merriman e-ICNV, uKim Hedge, ngoku ujoyine i-Freedom House รขโฌโ utatomkhulu wemibutho yokukhuthaza idemokhrasi neoconservative - njengoMququzeleli wabo weNkqubo yeNkqubo yokuHlanganisa uluntu.
Ebhala ngoJanuwari 2007, uDiana Barahona wachaza ibhodi yeTrasti yeFreedom Houseรขโฌโ athe uGqr Ackerman ukwangusihlalo รขโฌโnjengoba ngubani we-neoconservatives kurhulumente, amashishini, izifundiswa, abasebenzi kunye noonondaba. [14] Nangona benocalu-calucalulo olugqithisileyo lwabaphathiswa babo, abazibiza ngokuba yindlu yenkululeko basacebisa ukuba รขโฌลiBhodi yeTrasti eyohlukeneyo, equka iDemocrats, Republicans and Independents. abathenjwa ngokuqinisekileyo รขโฌหabahlukeneyoรขโฌโข; ewe bonke babambe imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, kuquka รขโฌลiinkokheli zoshishino nezabasebenzi, amagosa aphezulu karhulumente angaphambili, izifundiswa, ababhali, neentatheliรขโฌ , kodwa eneneni iyantlukwano yabo iphelele kwizikhundla zabo zemisebenzi njengoko bonke bezibophelele kwi-ajenda ye-neoconservative ethi, ukucaphula iwebhusayithi yabo, akaboni mpoxo ekujongeni รขโฌลubunkokheli baseMelika kwimicimbi yamazwe ngamazwe [ukuba] buyimfuneko kwinjongo yamalungelo oluntu nenkululeko.รขโฌ [15] Ngokucacileyo iFreedom House, ngokuzichaza ngokwabo, ayinakukwazi. lokuthobela iziseko eziqondwa ngokubanzi zenyaniso nokuchaneka, yona ngokwayo ibonelela ngomlinganiselo oluncedo wokugweba ukunyaniseka kwabo bathethelela idemokhrasi nenkululeko.
Iqela lokugqibela รขโฌหlokukhuthaza idemokhrasiรขโฌโข apho uAckerman aqhagamshelwe ngokuthe ngqo, yi-USIP, efana neFreedom House ililungu elibalulekileyo le-US รขโฌหizixhobo zokukhuthaza idemokhrasiรขโฌโข. Ngo-1990, inqaku likaDiana Barahona elithetha ngeNkululeko House, uRichard Hatch kunye noSara Diamond ngo-16, bachaza i-USIP "njengendawo yokunqanda abenzi bemfazwe abaziingcali" ngebhodi yabalawuli "ebonakala ngathi ngubani weembono zephiko lasekunene kwiziko lemfundo kunye nePentagon.รขโฌ (XNUMX] Baye baqhubeka baqaphela ukuba:
Kanye njengokuba iNational Endowment for Democracy ibe sisixhobo esingundoqo sokukhuthazwa kwemibutho yezopolitiko, imibutho yabasebenzi, kunye namazwi eendaba abonwa amkelekile ngabaqulunqi bomgaqo-nkqubo bamazwe angaphandle abambiseneyo, i-USIP, besebenzisa intetho efanayo รขโฌหuxoloรขโฌโข kunye รขโฌห idemokhrasiรขโฌโข kunye neenkcuba-buchopho zokhuselo ezininzi ezifanayo, zifuna ukulawula iingxoxo-mpikiswano kunye nokwenziwa kwezigqibo ngokusombulula impixano.
Namhlanje i-USIP isaxakekile ikhuthaza uhlobo lwayo olugunyaziswe ngumkhosi รขโฌหuxoloรขโฌโข, kodwa ngokungafaniyo ne-NED baye bafumana ngokugxekwa ngamajelo eendaba anenkqubela. Okumangalisayo kukuba, kuphela inqaku elikhankanywe ngasentla leHatch kunye neDayimane eligxeka umsebenzi wabo. Oku kwenzeka nangona ibhodi yabo yabalawuli ngoku ilikhaya รขโฌหidemokhrasiรขโฌโข izinto ezifana nowayesakuba ngumlawuli weCIA uJames R. Schlesinger; UChester A. Crocker, uSihlalo kaJames R. Schlesinger kwiSifundo soBuchule kwiYunivesithi yaseGeorgetown; UCharles Horner, uMnini oPhezulu kwi-right-wing Hudson Institute; kwaye de kwaba sekufeni kwakhe kutshanje, uSeymour Martin Lipset owayekwaseHudson Institute. (Ngokucacileyo uphononongo oluzisa ufundo lweHatch kunye neDayimane lwamva nje luya kunceda injongo ebalulekileyo ekuncedeni intshukumo yokulwa imfazwe ichase i-USIP.)
Ngo-1989, umbhali onguGqr. Njengoninzi lwabantu ababandakanyekayo kumaqela "edemokhrasi" yangaphambili oyena mntu uphambili kweli linge, uJohn L. Petersen, yindoda yasemkhosini ngokuqhubekayo, [17] kwaye iziko liqhayisa phakathi kwabaseki balo owayesakuba yintloko yequmrhu. CIA, uJames Woolsey. [18] Ngaphaya koko, i-website ye-Arlington Institute iphawula ukuba bagxile รขโฌลekucingeni ngekamva lehlabathi kunye nokuzama ukuphembelela utshintsho olukhawulezayo nolulungileyoรขโฌ , oludibana ngokucocekileyo nenkcazo ka-Jonathan Mowat ye-Arlington Institute njengabacwangcisi. kubhukuqo-mbuso olutsha lwasemva kwale mihla. [19]
Ukongeza kubo bobabini ababhali be Igunya elinamandla ngakumbi Ukubandakanyeka ngokuthe ngqo kuthotho lwemibutho รขโฌหekhuthaza idemokhrasiรขโฌโข, uGqr Ackerman ukwaxhamla kuqhagamshelo รขโฌหlwedemokhrasiรขโฌโข lwenkosikazi yakhe. UJoanne Leedom-Ackerman ngumbhali kunye nentatheli esebenze njengomcebisi kuxwebhu lwencwadi yomyeni wakhe. Ngoku ungumlawuli weZiko laMazwe ngaMazwe leeNtatheli-ndaba (elifumana inkxaso-mali kwi-NED, iZiko loShishino lwaBucala lwaMazwe ngaMazwe, iBoeing neCoca-Cola, phakathi kwamanye amaninzi), kwaye usebenze kwibhodi ye-Albert Einstein Institution. [20] UJoanne ukwangumlawuli wombutho รขโฌหongekho phantsi korhulumente obizwa ngokuba yi-International Crisis Group, echaza indima yawo ephambili รขโฌลukusebenza ngohlalutyo olusekwe emabaleni kunye nenkxaso ekwinqanaba eliphezulu ukunqanda nokusombulula impixano ebulalayo. [21] Ngokungafaniyo ne-NED eli qela liphulo lokwenene รขโฌหidemokhrasiรขโฌโข njengoko kungqinwa ngoorhulumente abaninzi, iziseko kunye namaqumrhu axhasa umsebenzi wawo. [22] KwiQela le-International Crisis Group, uJoanne uhlikihla amagxa ebhodi kunye โnedemokhrasiโ abaphawulekayo abafana no: Ayo Obe, uSihlalo weKomiti eLawulayo ye-NED-Foundation World Movement for Democracy; uKenneth Adelman, ilungu lebhodi eFreedom House; umlawuli we-NED uMorton Abramowitz; abalawuli be-NED bangaphambili, uZbigniew Brzezinski kunye noWesley Kanne Clark; UGeorge Soros wodumo lwe-Open Society Institute; UDouglas Schoen, iqabane elisisiseko likaPenn, iSchoen & Berland Associates (ifemu esebenza ngokusondeleyo ne-NED); kunye nowayesakuba ngumongameli wePhilippines Fidel V. Ramos, owathi naye waxhamla kwi-NED yokuqweqwedisa revolution ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1980. [23]
Ngaphandle kokuqhelana okucacileyo kuka-Ackerman noDuVall ngembali yokungabi nabundlobongela kunye nokunxulumana nesihlwele se-NED, babonakalisa inkumbulo ekhetheke kakhulu yamaqabane abo "edemokhrasi" xa kufikwa kumsebenzi wabo รขโฌโ ukukhankanya kuphela i-NED kunye USIP ekugqithiseni kwincwadi yabo. Lo mhlathi unesithukuthezi abawunikezelayo kula maqela unika umdla ngakumbi, njengoko besazisa abona bantu bane babalaseleyo baseMelika โabakhuthazi bedemokhrasiโ ngaphandle kokubonisa indima ebalulekileyo abayidlalayo ekuphumezeni umgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle worhulumente wase-US. Umhlathi omnye ekuthethwa ngawo nawo uqala ngengxelo engafanelekanga malunga nenkxaso ye-US kubaphikisi baseSerbia, ngokuqaphela ukuba kwi-2000 รขโฌลinkxaso, inqatshelwe kakhulu kwinkcaso yaseSerbia ngaphambili, ngoku yaqala ukuhamba.รขโฌ [24] Ngokwenene, nangona inkxaso ethe ngqo kumaqela afana ne-Otpor inokuba yomelele ngo-2000 (ngaphambi nje kwe-revolution), inkxaso evela e-US kunye noluntu olubanzi รขโฌหlokukhuthaza idemokhrasiรขโฌโข lwamazwe ngamazwe lwaluthontelana ukungena eSerbia kwiminyaka yoo-1990. U-Ackerman noDuVall nabo banikezela ngobungqina obuxhasayo ngokwabo kwincwadi enye, njengoko bebona ukuba ngo-1998 iSebe leLizwe lase-US รขโฌลlinike i-15 lezigidi zeedola kumajelo eendaba azimeleyo eSerbiaรขโฌ kwaye ngexesha lonyulo luka-2000 รขโฌล[w]ith. inkxaso yamazwe angaphandle, malunga nama-30,000 ababukeli be-poll baqeqeshwa, bahlanganisana, kwaye bahlanjululwa ukuze bagqume iindawo zokuvota ze-10,000, ukuthintela uMilosevic ekubeni unyulo lwe-24 kaSeptemba.รขโฌ [25]
Abahlalutyi abaninzi bezopolitiko kunye nabaphengululi beendaba baye baqaphela ukuba kwakucacile ukuba amajelo eendaba azimeleyo eSerbia รขโฌลaququzelela utshintsho lolawulo kwaye avula indlela yedemokhrasi.รขโฌ [26] Ngoko ke, uncedo lwamazwe ngamazwe ekudalweni kwe-Asocijacija Nezavisnih Elektronskih Medija (i-Asocijacija Nezavisnih Elektronskih Medija). I-Association of Independent Electronic Media) eyasekwa ngo-1993, yayibalulekile ekusindeni kwemithombo yeendaba yombane ezimeleyo yaseSerbia emva ko-1998, njengoko yanceda ukukhusela abasasazi abaninzi kwingcinezelo karhulumente. [27] Enyanisweni, ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1990 uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe lwabonelela phakathi kwe-US$7-10 yezigidi kwindawo eyayisakuba yiYugoslavia ngale njongo, ngelixa emva ko-1995 i-US yanika enye i-US$23 yezigidi kwaye i-European Union yandisa oku ngenye i-17 yezigidi ze-Euro. . [28]
Umhlathi onxulumene ne-NED ka-Ackerman kunye noDuVall uyaqhubeka:
I-Otpor kunye namanye amaqela aphikisayo afumana inkxaso-mali kwiNational Endowment for Democracy, edibene norhulumente wase-US, kwaye iinkokeli ze-Otpor zahlala phantsi noDaniel Serwer, umlawuli wenkqubo ye-Balkans kwiZiko loXolo lase-US, ibali lakhe lokuhlatywa kweenyembezi. ngexesha lokubonisa iMfazwe yaseVietnam yamnika intembeko ekhethekileyo emehlweni abo. I-International Republican Institute, ekwaxhaswa ngemali ngurhulumente wase-US [njengomnye wabaxhasi abane abangundoqo be-NED], ikhuphe inkxaso-mali kwiqela eliphikisayo kwaye yadibana neenkokheli ze-Otpor izihlandlo ezininzi. I-Arhente yase-US yoPhuhliso lwaMazwe ngaMazwe, engumthombo woninzi lwale nkxaso-mali, ikwangumthombo wemali eyayisiya kwizinto ezifana nezikipa nezitikha. [29]
Ukunika ababhali imbeko ebafaneleyo, kwiphepha elidlulileyo baqaphela ukuba iFreedom House ikhona (nangona ikuphela kwento ekhankanyiweyo eyifumana kwincwadi yabo), njengoko bebhala ukuba iOtporรขโฌโขs:
รขโฌยฆulwazi oluntsonkothileyo lwendlela yokuphuhlisa amandla angenabugebenga aluzange lube lula. UMiljenko Dereta, umlawuli weqela labucala eBelgrade elibizwa ngokuba yiCivics Initiatives, wafumana inkxaso-mali kwiFreedom House yase-US ukuze ashicilele aze asasaze iikopi ezingama-5,000 zencwadi kaGene Sharp, Ukusuka kubuzwilakhe ukuya kwiDemokhrasi: Isakhelo seNgqondo seNkululeko. [30]
Ababhali babini babonakala beswele inkxalabo yokubuza ngendima yabaxhasi abaphambili kwiinguqu ezininzi eziyimpumelelo ukusukela ekuqaleni koo-1980 kwenza ingqiqo ngakumbi xa kuqondwa ukuba i-USIP incedise ngenkxaso-mali ekuvelisweni koguqulelo lwencwadi: idokhumentari eyathi. yaveliswa ngokubambisana kwi-PBS yiYork Zimmerman, Inc. kunye neWETA yaseWashington (apho uDuvall wayekhe waba nguSekela Mongameli weNkqubo yeMithombo). [31]
Iifilimu zenguqu?
Imveliso yePBS ephumelele ibhaso yencwadi ka-Ackerman kunye neDuVall Igunya elinamandla ngakumbi yayalelwa kwaye yaveliswa nguSteve York (omnye wodliwano-ndlebe naye kwi Nkqubo weNtlalo article) yaseYork Zimmerman, Inc. enesisa esinezigidi ezi-3 zeerandi kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali. [32] USteve York kunye nenkosikazi yakhe uMiriam Zimmerman รขโฌโ bobabini abenzi bamaxwebhu abadumileyo รข baphakamisa iYork Zimmerman, eyinkampani yemidiya eseWashington "evelisa amaxwebhu malunga nabantu kunye neengcinga ezitshintsha umhlaba . โฌโ amabali emfazwe, ukholo, ubulungisa, inguquko.รขโฌโ [33] York Zimmerman's ezimbini zamva nje iidokhumentari. Igunya elinamandla ngakumbi (yasasazwa kwi-PBS ngoSeptemba 2000) kunye Ukuhlisa uzwilakhe (iboniswe kwi-PBS ngoMatshi 2002). Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, i-documentary yokuqala, Igunya elinamandla ngakumbi, bafumana inkxaso yemali kwi-USIP, kodwa u-Ackerman noDuVall bayavuma ukuba ifilimu yenziwe รขโฌลinkxaso ekhanyiselweyo kaSusan noPerry Lerner, i-Albert Einstein Institution, uElizabeth noJohn H. van Merkensteijn III, uAbby noAlan Levy. , kunye ne-Arthur Vining Davis Foundations.รขโฌ [34]
Perry Lerner, osebenza no-Ackerman kwinkampani yotyalo-mali yabucala iCrown Capital Group, kunye noJohn H. van Merkensteijn III bobabini banxulunyaniswa nefemu yedatha yentengiso ye-Lester Wunderman, I-Behavior Inc. รขโฌโ Lerner njengomcebisi kunye van Merkensteijn njengomlawuli. U-Lester Wunderman waziwa kakhulu ngokuseka i-Wunderman, รขโฌลeyona arhente iphambili yehlabathi yentengiso ngqo.รขโฌ [35] Ngoko ke mhlawumbi ayimangalisi into yokuba umdla wabo wobuchwephesha kulawulo lwedemokhrasi (I-Behavior iqhayisa ngokuba nedathabheyisi equlathe izigidi ezingama-96. Imizi yase-US) ibakhokhelele kumsebenzi ka-Ackerman. [36]
Ngokuphazamisayo, ukususela ekukhululweni kwayo, ifilimu Igunya elinamandla ngakumbi iye yachongwa ngomdla ngabo bobabini abalweli bokwenene kunye โnokusekwa kwedemokhrasiโ ngokufanayo. Umzekelo, ngo-2005, uFranklin Foer wabika ukuba "[t]iminyaka emithathu edlulileyo, iifilimu [zakwa-Ackerman's] zaguqulelwa kwisiFarsi" kwaye รขโฌล[f]okanye umzuzwana, ukuba ufumene iLos Angeles. Uthungelwano lwesathelayithi olusekwe eIran, awungekhe uziphephe iimveliso ze-Ackerman. Inqaku likaFoer likwandiswa kunxibelelwano lwase-Iran, liqaphela ukuba u-Ackerman usebenze kunye [nomongameli we-AEI] uBob Helvey ukuqeqesha ama-Iranian Americans [sic] ], uninzi lwabo olwalusebenzela uReza Pahlavi, unyana ka-shah owagxothwayo.รขโฌ [37] Ngokuzenzekelayo, uPahlavi ukwaqhuba iSiseko sokuKhuthazwa kweDemokhrasi, umbutho owaguqulela wasasaza la maxwebhu mabini. Igunya elinamandla ngakumbi kwaye Ukwehlisa iDictator kwimarike yaseIran. [38] Ngaphaya koko, nangona iwebhusayithi yeSiseko ibonelela ngolwazi oluncinci olongezelelweyo, bayaqaphela ukuba "umbutho wabo" i-Iran Institute for Democracy ijonge ukukhuthaza idemokhrasi, amalungelo oluntu kunye "noqoqosho lwemarike ekhululekileyo e-Iran." โฌ [39] Olu lwazi lunxulumana kakuhle neenzame zamva nje zikarhulumente wase-US zokugxotha urhulumente wase-Iran ngaphakathi (esebenzisa ukungathobeli uluntu) nangaphandle (ukusebenzisa isoyikiso semfazwe). [40] Ngaphaya koko, uFoer ucacisa ukuba uAckerman โwazisweโ kuluntu lwamalungelo oluntu lwaseIran nguGqr. Azar Nafisi รขโฌโ unjingalwazi kwiYunivesithi yaseJohns Hopkins okwiincwadi zefemu yobudlelwane boluntu neoconservative, Benador Associates. . [41] Oku kubangela umdla ngakumbi njengoko uGqr. Nafisi engumphathiswa weSiseko se-Iranian Studies, umbutho umlawuli wawo olawulayo, uNks. Mahnaz Afkhami, edityaniswe ne-NED-supported Women's Learning Partnership awayisekayo. UNksz Afkhami uye waba ngumongameli weSisterhood yiGlobal Institute, oye wafumana uncedo lwe-NED kwixesha elidlulileyo.
Eyona filim yamva nje yoguquko kaYork Zimmerman, Ukwehlisa iDictator, echazwe kwiwebhusayithi yabo njengefilimu ebhaliweyo รขโฌลukutshatyalaliswa kukaSlobodan Milosevic ngo-Oktobha, 2000รขโฌยฆ ngesicwangciso esingenabugocigoci sonyulo olunyanisekileyo kunye nokungathobeli okukhulu koluntu.รขโฌ [42] Ngokuthakazelisayo, abenzi befilimu bayavuma (kwiwebhusayithi yabo) ukuba iintshukumo zoguqulo รขโฌลbabexhaswa ngemali ngokuyinxenye yi-US kunye neNtshona Yurophuรขโฌ รขโฌโ ingongoma ekwacaciswa kuyo ifilimu. Oku ngokuyinxenye ngokunyanisekileyo, nangona kunjalo, kusebenza kuphela ukufihla indlela inkxaso yangaphandle eqinisekise ngayo ngempumelelo impumelelo ye-revolution, kwaye ingazihoyi iziphumo zemfazwe kwimpumelelo ye-revolution. Ukubaluleka kwe-NED kunye namanye amaqumrhu 'okukhuthaza idemokhrasi' ekuncedeni ukugxothwa kukaMilosevic kubhalwe kakuhle ngulo mbhali kwenye indawo kwaye akuyi kuphinda kuphononongwe apha, kwanele ukuthi uguquko luphumelele inxalenye enkulu ngenxa yokuba. UMilosevic wayengengozwilakhe onobungane wase-US.
Ngokunjalo, oko kubizwa ngokuba โluguquko olunemibalaโ olulandele itemplate yaseSerbia, nalo lifumene inkxaso ebalulekileyo โkubakhuthazi bedemokhrasi baseMelika nakwamanye amazwe.โ Ngokwenene ngo-2003 ngexesha รขโฌหi-Rose revolutionรขโฌโข Georgia ifilimu Ukwehlisa iDictator:
รขโฌยฆwaba sisixhobo esiphambili sokufundisa izihlwele ezikhulayo kwimigaqo yomzabalazo ongenabundlobongela. Rhoqo ngoMgqibelo kangangeenyanga, inethiwekhi yeTV ezimeleyo iRustavi 2 isasaza Ukwehlisa iDictator, kulandele icandelo apho abantu baseGeorgia babeza kuxoxa ngefuthe lefilimu kwintshukumo yabo. Kwiintsuku ezilishumi eziphazamisayo ezikhokelela ekuweni kwe-Shevardnadze, uthungelwano lwandisa ukusasazwa rhoqo. Kwaye, xa uShevardnadze wanikezela amandla ngaphandle kwembumbulu, abantu baseGeorgia babengazicingeli ngokuvuma ityala. Yatsho enye inkokeli IWashington Post, รขโฌลEyona nto yayibalulekile yayiyifilimu. Bonke abaqhankqalazi babewazi amaqhinga e-revolution eBelgrade ngentliziyo kuba babonisa [ifilimu]โฆ. Wonke umntu wayesazi ukuba makenze ntoni.รขโฌ [43]
Ukubaluleka kwemithombo yeendaba kwiinguqu eziyimpumelelo kuqondwa kakuhle รขรขngabakhuthazi bedemokhrasiรขโฌโข: umzekelo, i-International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance iphawule nokuba รขโฌลuphuhliso lwamajelo eendaba azimeleyo luhlala luthathwa njengolona lukhulu. impumelelo yenguqu yedemokhrasi yaseGeorgia.รขโฌ [44] Kucacile ke ngoko, ukuba iRustavi 2 (รขโฌลesona sikhululo sikamabonakude esizimeleyo saseGeorgiaรขโฌ ) [45] yahluzwa. Ukwehlisa iDictator kwaye ibonelele ngoqhanqalazo รขโฌลphantse olungayekiรขโฌ kulo lonke uguqulo รขโฌลukwazisa[e] abantu baseGeorgia malunga nemiboniso nezenzo ezizayo.รขโฌ [46] Unale nto engqondweni, mhlawumbi ayikothusi ukufunda ukuba iYork Zimmerman yenza ngoku. enye movie esekelwe kwenye revolution NED-backed, isihloko yokusebenza leyo Iprojekthi yaseUkraine (eyayicwangciselwe ukukhululwa ngo-2006). [47]
Njengeefilimu ezimbini ezandulelayo, kubonakala ngathi kunjalo Iprojekthi yaseUkraine iya kubonelela ngomnye umsebenzi omhlophe we-NED. Oku kunokwenzeka ngakumbi emva nje kokuba iUkraine ebizwa ngokuba yi "Orange revolution", uAckerman noDuvall babhale inqaku I-International Herald Tribune ecebise ukuba ingxoxo malunga รขโฌลukufaneleka kwe-US kunye ne-Europe yenkxaso-mali yokwakha idemokhrasi e-Ukraineรขโฌ รขโฌลbaphosa[d] ubunyani bendlela i-Orange Revolution ephumelele ngayo.รขโฌ [48] Bongeze ukuba รขโฌลNjengabo bonke Uloyiso lwamagunya abantu kule minyaka ingama-25 idlulileyo, aluphunyezwanga ngoncedo lwamazwe angaphandle, kodwa ngamandla omthonyama abemi abaqhelekileyo besebenzisa iqhinga labo lokucelโ umngeni igunya likazwilakhe. ababethandabuza iinjongo รขโฌหabakhuthazi bedemokhrasiรขโฌโข njengabathi รขโฌลamayelenqe.รขโฌ Ewe abasosidenge kwaye bavumile ukuba รขโฌล[uncedo] lwangaphandle lunokunceda, kodwa [bongeza ukuba] iyimfuneko kwaye yaneleรขโฌ ukuze uguqulo luphumelele. Oku kuchazwa kweziganeko kubhabha ebusweni bophando olubaluleke ngakumbi (olungapapashwa kumajelo aqhelekileyo), njengaleyo kaNjingalwazi uWilliam I. Robinson. Umsebenzi kaRobinson wepolyarchal รขโฌโ owaziswa ngaphambili kweli phepha - ubonise ukuba uninzi lweenguqu ezenzeke kule minyaka ingama-20 idlulileyo ziye zangeniswa ngokucokisekileyo yi-NED (kunye nabalingane babo bamazwe ngamazwe), kwaye nkqu. ke, impumelelo yabo ekugxothweni koorhulumente babo iqinisekiswa kuphela xa amagunya obukhosi aya kuthi abanike igosa. uguqa. Ngokomzekelo, nangona amaqela aphikisayo abanjwe yi-NED e-Uzbekistan, i uguqa ayiveli kumgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle e-US, ngoko ke endaweni yempumelelo ezitalatweni abaqhankqalazi bahlala bedibana nokufa (nabo "baxhaswayo" yi-NED).
Umdlalo weQhinga elingenabuNdlobongela: รขโฌลImidlalo ebalulekileyo ngeenjongo zemfundoรขโฌ [49]
Ingcamango yemidlalo enzulu ngeenjongo zemfundo indala kakhulu kunokuba siyibona. Ngokwenene kwakusemkhosini apho basebenzisa imidlalo yemfundo iminyakaรขโฌยฆ [Ndandi] ngumcimbi nje wexesha phambi kokuba ezi ngcamango ziphume emkhosini kwaye zamkelwe lilizwe lonke, kwaye ndiyavuya. ukuba sasiphakathi kweshumi elinesibini lokuqala ngaphandle komkhosi owaqala ukusebenzisa imidlalo ngale ndlela. [50]
Isicatshulwa singentla sithathwe kwi Nkqubo weNtlalo Inqaku, libonisa ukuba u-Ivan Marovic, ucinga Amandla Anamandla Angakumbi's inguqu ukusuka kwincwadi ukuya kumdlalo wekhompyuter ukulandela amanyathelo obuchule bomkhosi. Nangona kunjalo, into engacaciswanga kweli nqaku kukuba uninzi lwabavelisi bomdlalo wekhompyuter bangamachule angaphambili asemkhosini, kwaye okothusayo kukuba umdlalo udityaniswe yi-BreakAway Games (kunye ne-ICNC kunye neYork Zimmerman), inkampani egxile ekuveliseni imidlalo yokulinganisa yomkhosi.
I-BreakAway ivuma ngokuphandle ukuba "inobudlelwane bobuchule" kunye nenani leekontraka ezikhokelayo zomkhosi eziquka i-รขโฌลAAI, iBoeing, iBooz-Allen & Hamilton, iGMA Industries, kunye neGeneral Dynamics phakathi kwabanyeรขโฌTM nakumagama abo e-CEO. bafumana malunga ne-75% yeshishini labo ku-รขโฌลUncle Sam.รขโฌ [51] IiProjekthi zamva nje ze-Federal eziqhutywe nge-BreakAway Federal Systems zibandakanya umqeqeshi we-Convoy Convoy "obeka uMkhosi oxhobileyo kwindawo yoMbindi Mpuma kwaye ubenza bakwazi ukuchonga nokuphendula ngokukhawuleza. ukulalela amaqhinga kumhlaba wasezidolophini nangexesha lokuqhutywa kwee-convoyรขโฌ , kunye noMlawuli weSiganeko olungiselela abadlali bayo รขโฌลkwimiba emininzi equka uhlaselo lwabanqolobi, udubulo ezikolweni, kunye neentlekele zendalo.รขโฌ [52] Ayimangalisi ke ngoko into yokuba uDeborah Tillett, i Umongameli we-BreakAway, รขโฌลakaboni nto iphazamisayo ekuveliseni imidlalo eyenza ukuba abantu abafudumalayo kunye nabaxhathisi abanoxolo.รขโฌ Ngokwenyani, ude wathi รขโฌลimfundiso ezisisiseko ze-ICNC zezokusebenzisa imfundiso engqongqo yeqhinga lomkhosi kunye nokuyisebenzisa. kwintshukumo yakho yokuchasa engenabundlobongela ikunika amandla kuphela.รขโฌ [53]
Okokugqibela kunomdla ukuqaphela ukuba abakhi abathathu abaphambili befilimu, Igunya elinamandla ngakumbi, Kwakhona babengabantu abaphambili ababandakanyekayo ekudaleni umdlalo wekhompyutha: USteve York wayenguMvelisi oMkhulu; UMiriam Zimmerman wayenguMdibaniso woYilo; kwaye uPeter Ackerman wayengumcebisi oMkhulu womdlalo. Ukugqibezela uluhlu โlwedemokhrasiโ, uColonel Robert Helvey, owayenoxanduva lokuqhuba iindibano zocweyo eBudapest ukuqeqesha amatsha ntliziyo e-Otpor, wangeniswa njengomcebisi, kwaye inkokeli ye-Otpor, u-Ivan Marovic, naye wasebenza noMirriam. Zimmerman njengoMdibaniso woYilo lomdlalo wekhompyuter. [54]
Iingcinga eziphelileyo
Njengoko eli nqaku libonisile, uninzi lwemisebenzi ye-polyarchal yabo bantu kunye namaqela adityaniswe neZiko leZizwe ngezizwe kwi-Nonviolent Conflict kunye ne-Albert Einstein Institute, ubukhulu becala ayihoywa ngabaxhasi abaqhubekayo (kunye neendaba zabo). Le yimeko enganyamezelekiyo nenokuba yintlekele kubo bonke abaxhasi botshintsho oluqhubekayo lwentlalo, kwaye uluntu lwamatshantliziyo kufuneka lukhawuleze lulwe ukulwa namaqela anjalo-ukuqweqwediswa kwentetho yedemokhrasi, uxolo kunye nokungathobeli uluntu.
Okumangalisayo kukuba, abaqeqeshi 'bedemokhrasi' ekuthethwe ngabo kweli nqaku, kunye nobudlelwane babo obusondeleyo nomkhosi, ikwangabo abayigatyayo into yobuchule bokungathobeli. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba amatsha ntliziyo amaninzi angayivumi into yokuba eneneni kukho imida kwisicwangciso sobuchule sokungathobeli รขโฌโ esona sidumileyo sachazwa nguWard Churchill kwisincoko sakhe esithi รขโฌหPacifism as Pathologyรขโฌโข รขโฌโ kodwa kubonakala ngathi kunengqiqo. ukuba amatsha ntliziyo kusafuneka axoxe ngeziphumo zobuchule zawo onke amaqhinga akhoyo. Abaqeqeshi bamatshantliziyo abaqhubela phambili, abanjengoGeorge Lakey, bathethe imiba ephakanyiswe ngumsebenzi kaWadi Churchill kwiingxoxo zikawonke-wonke, kodwa abaninzi eKhohlo basakhetha ngobuntwana ukuzikhaba iimbono zikaChurchill ngokuphangaleleyo, ngokuthethana okuncinci okanye okugxekayo kunye nomzabalazo wakhe. izimvo. [55] Inxalenye yale ngxaki ngokuqinisekileyo iye yandiswa yi-hegemonic isikhundla รขโฌหidemokhrasiรขโฌโข iithiyori ezingenabundlobongela ziye zazuza kuphononongo lokungathobeli uluntu, oluthe kwizangqa ezininzi lunike ingxoxo evuleleke ngokwenene yotshintsho lwentlalo elandelayo. ukuba akunakwenzeka.
Ukutshintsha le meko, okokuqala, amatsha ntliziyo kuya kufuneka azifundise ngomsebenzi รขโฌหabakhuthazi bedemokhrasi,รขโฌโข inkqubo eyenziwe lula kukusungulwa kunyaka ophelileyo kwamaqela amabini athe awenza umsebenzi wawo. ukubhentsisa iindlela ezichasene nedemokhrasi ye-NED kunye nabahlobo bayo. La maqela yi-International Endowment for Democracy (http://www.iefd.org) kunye neGama leDemokhrasi (http://inthenameofdemocracy.org/). Kubonakala ngathi kuphela xa uluntu olunenkqubela luthe lwabandakanyeka ngokunzulu ngomsebenzi wabaxhasi รขโฌหwedemokhrasiรขโฌโข bokungathobeli koluntu, apho amatsha ntliziyo anokuqalisa ukuqiniseka ngakumbi ukuba amkela awona maqhinga afanelekileyo ukwenza ukuba umhlaba wethu uhambele phambili. idemokhrasi yothatho-nxaxheba oluphezulu, endaweni ye-neoliberal ephantsi รขโฌหidemokhrasiรขโฌโข okanye i-polyarchy.
UMichael Barker ngumgqatswa wobugqirha kwiDyunivesithi yaseGriffith, eOstreliya. Unokufikelelwa apha: [imeyile ikhuselwe]
Endnotes
1. Ukufumana okungakumbi malunga nemfuneko yohlaziyo lwemidiya, bona uMichael Barker, รขโฌหConform or Reform? Iintshukumo zeNtlalo kunye neMisa Mediaรขโฌโข, I-Fifth-Estate-Online - Ijenali yeHlabathi yeRadical Mass Media Criticism, Februwari 2007.
http://www.fifth-estate-online.co.uk/criticsm/conformorreformsocialmovements.html
2. U-Edward S. Herman noNoam Chomsky, Imvume yokuThengisa: Uqoqosho lwezopolitiko kwi-Media Media (ENew York: Iincwadi zePantheon, ngowe-1988); Bona: http://www.medialens.org/; Ngoncedo olunxulumene nemodeli yepropaganda bona:
http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Propaganda_Model
3. Ukufumana okungakumbi ngalo mbandela bona, Joan Roelofs, Iziseko kunye neMgaqo-nkqubo kaRhulumente: iMask of Pluralism (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003). Iphepha elizayo malunga namakhonkco phakathi kweziseko zenkululeko kunye namajelo eendaba libonelelwa nguMichael Barker, รขโฌหIZiseko zeLiberal zoHlaziyo lweMedia? Ukudala amaThuba eNkxaso-mali aZinzileyo kuHlaziyo lweRadical Mediaรขโฌโข.
http://www.ourmedia07.net
4. UWilliam I. Robinson, Ukukhuthaza iPolyarchy: i-Globalization, i-US Intervention, kunye ne-Hegemony (ICambridge: ICambridge University Press, 1996), 9.
5. URobinson, Ukukhuthaza iPolyarchy, 16. Ukufumana okungakumbi ngezinye iindlela zokutolikwa kwedemokhrasi, jonga i-Paul Street, รขโฌหYintoni iDemokhrasi? Ingxelo yoBukhosi kunye nokungalingani, no. 9รขโฌโข, Znet, Februwari 03, 2007.
http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=72&ItemID=12033
6. Jonga uMichael Barker, รขโฌหUkuthatha iRisk Out of Civil Society: Ukuhlanganisa iintshukumo zeNtlalo kunye nokuLawula iiRevolutionsรขโฌโข, Iphepha elibhengezwe kwiNkomfa yeAustralasian Political Studies Association, kwiYunivesithi yaseNewcastle 25-27 Septemba 2006.
http://www.newcastle.edu.au/school/ept/politics/apsa/PapersFV/IntRel_IPE/Barker,%20Michael.pdf
7. UGeorge Lakey, รขโฌหIsenzo esingenabuNdlobongela njengekrele eliphilisayoรขโฌโข, Uqeqesho loTshintsho, Matshi 2001, Inqaku lokugqibela le-11.
http://trainingforchange.org/content/view/131/53/1/14/
Ukongeza, ngoMatshi ka-2005, uWilliam Domhoff waphinda wachaza umsebenzi ka-Ackerman kunye noLakey kunye, wabhala: "Ngeengxelo ezilungileyo zokungabikho kobundlobongela, bona uPeter Ackerman kunye noChristopher Kruegler, Ungquzulwano olungenabundlobongela obucwangcisiweyo: Ukutshintshatshintsha kwamandla abantu kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994; URonald M. McCarthy kunye noGene Sharp, Isenzo esingenabundlobongela: Isikhokelo sophando, ENew York: IGarland Publishing, ngowe-1997; kunye noGeorge Lakey, Uxolo olunamandla: Isicwangciso soguquko oluphilayo, Philadelphia: Abashicileli boMbutho oMtsha, ngo-1987.รขรขโฌหIintshukumo zeNtlalo kunye neQhinga lokungaPhambi koBundlobongelaรขโฌโข.
http://sociology.ucsc.edu/whorulesamerica/change/science_nonviolence.html
8. UGqr Ackerman ukwanguMlawuli oLawulayo weCrown Capital Groups, ifemu yotyalo-mali yabucala, uSihlalo weBhodi yaBabonisi beFletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, ilungu lebhodi yeCARE, kwaye ulilungu leBhunga lezoBudlelwane baNgaphandle. Jonga รขโฌหIBhodi yeTrastiรขโฌโข.
http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?boardmember=1&page=10
9. UDuVall ube nguSekela Mongameli weProgram Resources Washington Educational Television Association; รขโฌลUMlawuli woBudlelwane beNkampani kwiDyunivesithi yaseChicago; UMlawuli wokuThobela iShishini, iBhunga leeNdleko zokuPhila, i-Ofisi yesiGqeba kaMongameli; kunye negosa kuMkhosi woMoya wase-US.รขโฌโBona i-โSpeaker Biographyโ.
http://www.sinc.sunysb.edu/Clubs/sbdoves/announce.html
10. Jonga: http://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/
11. Bona: http://www.europeaninstitute.org/content.php?section=boards
http://www.nbr.org/about_NBR/governance/bod/gadbaw.html
http://www.newamericancentury.org/iraqclintonletter.htm
http://www.ata-sec.org/index.php?mod=1&smod=23&id=1
12. Ngeemviwo ezimbini ezineenkcukacha zemisebenzi ye-AEI รขโฌหdemokhrasiรขโฌโข, bona uJonathan Mowat, รขโฌหCoup d'รรขtat in Disguise: Washington's New World Order รขโฌลDemocratizationรขโฌ Templateรขโฌโข , Iziko loPhando kwi-Globalization, kaFebruwari 9, 2005;
http://www.globalresearch.ca/articles/MOW502A.html
Kunye noThierry Meyssan, รขโฌหAlbert Einstein Institution: ukungabi nabundlobongela ngokweCIAรขโฌโข, Voltaire, kaJanuwari 4, 2005;
http://www.voltairenet.org/article30032.html#nh7
UGqr Ackerman ukwakhe wangumlawuli we-AEI, kwaye ngo-1994 u-Ackerman waqulunqa incwadi. Ungquzulwano oluBuchule olungenabuNdlobongela: iDynamics of People Power kwiNkulungwane yaMashumi amabini, kunye nowayesakuba ngumongameli we-AEI, uChristopher Kruegler. Jonga i-Albert Einstein Institute, รขโฌหIngxelo yeminyaka emibini 1990-1992รขโฌโข.
http://www.aeinstein.org/organizations/org/scannedPDFs/Biennial%20Report%20-%201988-1990.pdf
13. Albert Einstein Institution, รขโฌหIngxelo ngeMisebenzi ka-1993-1999รขโฌโข.
http://www.aeinstein.org/organizations/org/1993-99rpt.pdf
14. UDiana Barahona, รขโฌหIiFayile zeNdlu yeNkululekoรขโฌโข, Ukuhlaziywa ngenyanga, KuJanuwari 3, 2007.
http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/barahona030107.html
15. Bona: http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=265;
http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=2
16. URichard Hatch kunye noSara Diamond, รขโฌหOperation Peace Instituteรขโฌโข, Zmag, Julayi/Agasti 1990; Kwakhona bona iWebhu eLungileyo, รขโฌหI-Group Watch: Iziko loXolo lase-United Statesรขโฌโข, igqityelwe ukuhlaziywa ngoSeptemba ka-1990.
http://rightweb.irc-online.org/groupwatch/usip.php
17. Ngokwebhayiloji yakhe: รขโฌลUMnu. Urhulumente kaPetersen kunye namava ezopolitiko abandakanya izikhundla kwiKholeji yeSizwe yeMfazwe, iZiko leZifundo zoKhuseleko lweSizwe, iOfisi kaNobhala wezoKhuselo kunye naBasebenzi beBhunga leSizwe loKhuseleko kwi-White House. Wayeligosa leenqwelomoya zomkhosi wamanzi kwaye uligqala elihonjisiweyo lazo zombini iimfazwe zaseViet Nam kunye nePersian Gulf.รข Bona รขโฌหIBhodi yabaLawuliรขโฌโข.
http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/about_tai/bod_05.asp
18. Jonga: http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/about_tai/bod_04.asp
19. Jonga: http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/
20. Jonga: http://www.icfj.org/donors.html
21. Jonga: http://www.crisisgroup.org
22. Bona: http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=1151&l=1
23. Bona: http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?l=1&id=1139
UMichael Barker, รขโฌหFidel Ramos kunye neZiko lase-Australia lamaZiko eDemokhrasiรขโฌโข, Znet, UEpreli 16, 2006.
http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=10106
24. UPeter Ackerman noJack DuVall, Igunya elinamandla ngakumbi (ENew York: iSt Martins Press, ngo-2000), 486.
25. Ackerman kunye neDuVall, Igunya elinamandla ngakumbi, 484, 488.
26. Umzekelo, jonga u-Krishna Kumar, รขโฌหUncedo lwemidiya lwe-USAID: Izifundo zomgaqo-nkqubo nenkqubo yenkquboรขโฌโข, Iphepha lokusebenza lovavanyo 16, i-Arhente yase-US yoPhuhliso lwaMazwe ngaMazwe, IZiko loMgaqo-nkqubo noLungelelaniso lweNkqubo, 2004, xiii.
27. I-Ssasa Bosnjak, รขโฌหYilwa amandla: indima yamajelo eendaba e-elektroniki azimeleyo aseSerbia kwidemokhrasi yaseSerbiaรขโฌโข, ithisisi ye-MA engapapashwanga, iYunivesithi yaseSimon Fraser, 2005, 71.
http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/handle/1892/646
28. Ellen Hume, Abavangeli beMedia: Inkxaso yaseMelika yokugqwesa kobuntatheli kunye nenkululeko yokushicilela kwihlabathi liphela (Knight Foundation, 2004), ifunyenwe ngoSeptemba, 2006, 37.
http://www.ellenhume.com/articles/missionaries.pdf,
29. Ackerman kunye neDuVall, Igunya elinamandla ngakumbi, 486.
30. Ackerman kunye neDuVall, Igunya elinamandla ngakumbi, 485.
31. Ackerman kunye neDuVall, Igunya elinamandla ngakumbi, xv; รขโฌหIbhayografi kaJack Duvallรขโฌโข.
http://www.sinc.sunysb.edu/Clubs/sbdoves/announce.html
32. รขโฌหUmbhobho ka-2000: Uthotho olulungiselela amaxesha onyaka eTV kawonke-wonke, ukususela ngokwindla ka-1999รขโฌโข.
http://www.current.org/pipeline/pipe2000.html
33. Jonga: http://www.yorkzim.com/about/about.html
34. Ackerman kunye neDuVall, Igunya elinamandla ngakumbi,xv.
35. Jonga: http://www.i-behavior.com/about/management/
36. Uvimba weenkcukacha we-I-Behavior Co-operative รขโฌลI-Cooperative, idatabase yembali yentengiselwano equlethe indlela yokuziphatha yokuthenga yamakhaya angaphezu kwama-96MM ase-US, igalelo lamalunga neenkampani ezingamalungu angama-800. I-Co-op iqhagamshela kwi-intanethi kunye nembali yokuthenga yetshaneli ngokuthe ngqo kwi-intanethi kwaye yongeza iinkampani ezingamalungu amatsha kunye nabathengi bazo veki nganye.รขโฌ ;
Bona: http://www.i-behavior.com/faq/ Ukufumana unyango olubanzi lokukhohlisa idemokhrasi ngolawulo lwedathabheyisi, bona uGerald Sussman, IGlobal Electioneering: Iphulo lokucebisana, uNxibelelwano, kunye neMali yoShishino (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2005); Uvavanyo lweengxaki zokucupha kwi-intanethi kumatsha ntliziyo, bona uMichael Barker, รขโฌหImfihlo kwi-Intanethi? Ukubekw' esweni kweentshukumo zoluntu kwi-Intanethiรขโฌโข.
http://www.thechangeagency.org/_dbase_upl/Barker2005_Online_privacy.pdf
37. Franklin Foer, รขโฌหRegime Change, Inc.: Iphulo likaPeter Ackerman lokubhukuqa ubuzwilakheรขโฌโข, I-Republic entsha, UEpreli 25, 2005.
http://www.tnr.com/doc.mhtml?i=20050425&s=foer042505
Ukufumana iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe ngoRobert Helvey bona u-Jonathan Mowat, รขโฌหWho is Col. Bob Helvey?รขโฌโข.
http://onlinejournal.org/Special_Reports/031905Mowat-1/031905Mowat-2/031905mowat-2.html
38. http://www.ffpd.org/iran.html ; U-Eugene Bird, รขโฌหReza Pahlavi: Indlela entsha/indala yokuya e-Iranรขโฌโข, (Izenzo zeDiplomatic), Ingxelo yaseWashington kwiMicimbi yoMbindi Mpuma, UEpreli 1, 2002.
http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/summary_0199-1743744_ITM
39. http://www.iraninstitutefordemocracy.org/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=1
Kukwabalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba i-Iran Institute for Democracy lenze into abayichaza ngokuthi รขโฌลuvavanyo lokuqala loluvo lukawonkewonke lwabantu base-Irani kuyo yonke i-Capital city yaseTehran.รขโฌ Ngo-2004, iSiseko sokuKhuthaza iDemokhrasi nayo yabanjwa. kwaye yaxhasa ngenkxaso-mali yeentsuku ezintlanu inkqubo yoqeqesho lobutshantliziyo bezopolitiko, eWashington, izinyaswe ngabatsha-ntliziyo abancinci bezopolitiko base-Irani abaziswe ngaphandle kwelizwe naseYurophu.
Bona: http://www.ffpd.org/iran.html
40. UMichael Barker, รขโฌหI-Catalyst for Iranian Resistance: US รขโฌลabakhuthazi bedemokhrasiรขโฌ kunye notshintsho lolawulo e-Iranรขโฌโข, Znet, UDisemba 18, 2006.
http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=11670
U-Edward S. Herman noDavid Peterson, รขโฌหHegemony kunye neSicengo: Ukuseka i-US-Israeli ekujoliswe kuyo (i-Iran) kolunye uLwaphulo-mthetho oluPhakamileyo lwamazwe ngamazweรขโฌโข, Izifundo zeKafka Era Inombolo yesi-4, kaJanuwari 27, 2007.
http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=67&ItemID=11963
41. Ukugxeka okugqwesileyo ngomsebenzi kaGqr. Nafisi, oquka kakhulu Ukufunda uLolita eTehran, bona uHamid Dabashi, รขโฌหAbanolwazi bomthonyama kunye nokwenziwa kobukumkani baseMelikaรขโฌโข, Al-Ahram veki nganye kwi-Intanethi, 1-7 Juni 2006.
http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2006/797/special.htm
42. Jonga: http://www.yorkzim.com/pastProd/bringingDown.html
43. Franklin Foer, รขโฌหRegime Change, Inc.รขโฌโข.
44. Iziko laMazwe ngaMazwe leDemokhrasi kunye noNcedo loNyulo, รขโฌหUkwakha idemokhrasi eGeorgia: I-Ajenda yengxoxo kaMeyi ka-2003รขโฌโข.
http://www.idea.int/publications/georgia/index.cfm
45. UGeorge Sulkanishvili, รขโฌหInkululeko yokuthetha kwiRiphabhlikhi yaseGeorgia: Ukuqulunqa ukuzama ukuValwa kweSikhululo sikamabonwakude esiZimeleyoรขโฌโข, ithisisi ye-MSc engapapashwanga: IYunivesithi yaseLouisiana State, 2003, 2.
http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-01192004-053159/unrestricted/Sulkhanishvili_thesis.pdf
46. โโU-Ilgar Khudiyev, รขโฌหUkuvezwa koqhanqalazo lwasemva konyulo luka-2003 e-Azerbaijan: Impembelelo yobunini bemithombo yeendaba kwi-objectivityรขโฌโข, ithisisi ye-BA engapapashwanga: Louisiana State University, 2005, 60.
http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-11152005-113447/unrestricted/Khudiyev_thesis.pdf
47. Jonga: http://www.yorkzim.com/inProduction/inProduction.html
48. UPeter Ackerman noJack DuVall, รขโฌหImfihlelo yempumelelo eUkraineรขโฌโข, I-International Herald Tribune, UDisemba 29, 2004.
http://fletcher.tufts.edu/news/2004/12/ackerman2.shtml
49. Iprojekthi ebizwa Inyathelo leMidlalo eNtuthukileyo, ngoku iqhutywa liZiko leWoodrow Wilson leeMfundi zaMazwe ngaMazwe eWashington.
50. U-Ivan Marovic ucatshulwe ku- รขโฌหUkudlala ibala: Incoko no-Ivan Marovic, uHardy Merriman, kunye noSteve Yorkรขโฌโข, Nkqubo weNtlalo.
51. Bona: http://www.breakawayfederal.com/company.html
UBrad Grimes, รขโฌหIzakhono zokhuselo lokudlala izakhono zamajoniรขโฌโข, I-PostNewsweek Tech Media, Septemba 13, 2004.
http://www.gcn.com/print/23_27/27233-1.html
52. Bona: http://www.breakawayfederal.com/
http://www.incidentcommander.net/
53. UBob Greiner, รขโฌหIshishini leMidlalo liFumana iNdawo eMandundu yaMandla oKudalaรขโฌโข, Washington Post, Oktobha 31, 2005.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/30/AR2005103000578.html
54. Ukufumana amagqabantshintshi abalulekileyo ngomsebenzi รขโฌหumtsha-ntliziyoรขโฌโข kaRobert Helvey, bona iMowat, รขโฌหCoup d'รโฐtat in Disguiseรขโฌโข, 2005.
55. IWadi Churchill, I-Pacifism njengePathology (Arbeiter Ring Publishing, 1998); UGeorge Lakey, รขโฌหIsenzo esingenabuNdlobongela njengekrele eliphilisayoรขโฌโข, ngoMatshi ka-2001.
http://trainingforchange.org/content/view/131/33/
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