"Kukho umgca ongaqhawukiyo wogonyamelo lwamapolisa eUnited States osibuyisela emva kwimihla yobukhoboka, imiphumo yobukhoboka, ukuphuhliswa kweKu Klux Klan,” utsho. Angela Davis. "Ininzi imbali yolu bundlobongela obunobuhlanga kangangokuba ukuzisa umntu omnye kubulungisa akuyi kuphazamisa lonke ubuhlanga."
Ndakhe ndabuza unjingalwazi, umlweli, umlweli wabasetyhini kunye noguquko, umfazi uRichard Nixon wambiza ngokuba ngumnqolobi kwaye uRonald Reagan wazama ukumdubula njengonjingalwazi, ukuba wayecatshukiswa na. ukusilela kwenkundla enkulu yokumangalela ipolisa elimhlophe ngokudubula abulale umntu omnyama ongaxhobanga, UMichael Brown, eFerguson, eMissouri ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka. "Ingxaki ngokuhlala ulandela umenzi wobubi kuwo onke amatyala amaninzi abandakanya ubundlobongela bamapolisa," uphendula oneminyaka engama-70, "kukuba umntu uphinda abuyisele ivili ixesha ngalinye kwaye ayinakuqala ukunciphisa ubundlobongela bamapolisa ngobuhlanga. Oko akuthethi ukuba abenzi bobubi kufuneka bangaphenduli - kufuneka."
Sithetha kwi-Friends Meeting House eLondon phambi kwenkonzo yesikhumbuzo kumhlobo wakhe kunye nogxa wakhe IHolo yeStuart, theorist yaseBritani yezifundo zenkcubeko kunye nesociologist, ngubani wasweleka ngoFebruwari. YayiyiHolo, undixelela, kanye njengomcebisi wakhe, isithandi sobulumko esingumYuda esingumJamani uHerbert Marcuse, owamenza wacinga ngemibandela yolwakhiwo kuwo nawuphi na umzabalazo wezopolitiko.
Ayikuko nokuba uDavis akakhathali kumsindo wamatyala athile obundlobongela bamapolisa kumadoda amnyama, nokuba luqhankqalazo lwaseFerguson, uqhanqalazo lwehlabathi lonke ngokubhubha kuka. U-Eric Garner elugcinweni lwamapolisa, okanye UTrayvon Martin. UDavis ugxininise kowokugqibela ukwenza inqaku elitshisayo malunga nokugquba kobuhlanga eMelika ka-Obama. Ngo-2012, uyandikhumbuza, uMartin, umfundi omnyama wesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, wadutyulwa ngokubulawa kwisango laseFlorida nguGeorge Zimmerman, umnxibelelanisi wolindo olumhlophe. UZimmerman, owathi kamva wakhululwa ekubulaweni kukaMartin, umkhumbuza “ngabo babeyinxalenye yokujikeleza kwamakhoboka ngexesha lobukhoboka”.
Ngokuqinisekileyo ubomi base-Afrika-baseMelika kwi-2014 bungcono kuneentsuku zobukhoboka? Ukanti uDavis ayinguye yedwa umntu omnyama waseMelika okrelekrele ongaphantsi kwesanguine. Unjingalwazi uCornel West kutshanje uthe i-US isenayo isiphumo a "Inkqubo yobulungisa kulwaphulo-mthetho kaJim Crow" "enganikezeli ubulungisa kubantu abamnyama nabantsundu". UDavis uyavuma. “Unale nani likhulu labantu abeza ngokuchasene nezithintelo ezifanayo ezenziwe nguJim Crow emazantsi,” utshilo. Imithetho yocalucalulo eyayikho de kwangowe-1965 kumazantsi eMelika, apho wakhulela khona, isenokuba yahamba kodwa, njengoko uDavis esitsho, ingcinezelo yobuhlanga isahleli.
Olunye uphawu oluphambili lwengcinezelo yocalucalulo, uDavis uthi, yinto yena kunye nezinye iinkcuba-buchopho zasekhohlo eziyibiza ngokuba “yimizi-mveliso yentolongo”, umanyano oluluqilima phakathi kobukapitali kunye norhulumente onobuhlanga.
“Ukuvalelwa ngokugqithisileyo kwabantu bemibala ngokubanzi e-US kukhokelela ekunqongopheleni ukufikelela kwizenzo zedemokhrasi kunye nenkululeko. Ngenxa yokuba amabanjwa engakwazi ukuvota, ababengamabanjwa kumazwe amaninzi abakwazi ukuvota, abantu abavunyelwa ukuba bangayi emsebenzini ukuba banembali yokuvalelwa entolongweni. ”
Kodwa, hleze amaBritane anganeliseki, uDavis undixelela ukuba, “umlinganiselo wabantu abantsundu abasentolongweni yaseBritani mkhulu kunomlinganiselo wabantu abamnyama abasentolongweni eUnited States”.
Kwintanda-bulumko kaDavis, oku akumele kusimangalise; kuye, indawo yoshishino yentolongo ayingomatshini wokwenza imali waseMelika wocalucalulo, kodwa yindlela yokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukwenza iidemon kunye nokwenza inzuzo kwabona bantu bangenamandla emhlabeni. "Ndicinga ukuba kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba le ayisiyonto yase-US kuphela, yinto yehlabathi jikelele. Ukwanda kokutshintsha kwenkunzi kwiinkonzo zoluntu, ukusuka kwizindlu, imisebenzi, imfundo, ukuya kumabala anengeniso kuthetha ukuba kukho amanani amakhulu abantu kuyo yonke indawo emhlabeni abangakwaziyo ukuzigcina. Benziwa intsalela, kwaye ngenxa yoko basoloko benyanzelwa ukuba benze izenzo ezithathwa njengezolwaphulo-mthetho. Kwaye ke iintolongo zivela kwihlabathi liphela, rhoqo ngoncedo lweenkampani zabucala ezifumana inzuzo kolu luntu lwaneleyo. ”
Ukuba ucalucalulo lolwakhiwo kunye nobundlobongela baseburhulumenteni ngokuchasene nabantu base-Afrika-baseMelika, bencediswa kwaye bexhaswa bubungxowankulu behlabathi, buxhaphakile njengoko uDavis esitsho, akaphoxekanga na ngokusilela kukamongameli wokuqala wase-US-waseMelika ukuthetha phandle xa kuvela ityala ingathi uyalingisa le nto ayibekayo? UDavis uyancuma kwaye ukhumbula incoko awayenayo neHolo kwiinyanga ezimbini ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe. “Sithethe ngento yokuba abantu bayathanda ukukhomba u-Obama njengomntu kwaye bambeke uxanduva ngobugeza obenzekileyo. Ewe zikhona izinto u-Obama njengomntu anokuthi enze ngcono - ngewayenyanzelise ngakumbi ekuvalweni kweGuantánamo - kodwa abantu abatyale ithemba labo kuye babesondela kumbandela wekamva lezopolitiko ngendlela engalunganga ukuqala ngayo. Le yayiyinto uStuart Hall awayesoloko egxininisa kuyo – isoloko iyinkqubo edibeneyo yokutshintsha ihlabathi.”
Ngaba akamvumeli u-Obama ukuba aphume? Uthi: “Mhlawumbi sifanele sisoloko sizigxeka. "Kutheni singadalanga uhlobo lwentshukumo olunokuthi lubeke uxinzelelo ngakumbi ku-Obama kwaye lunyanzelise ulawulo luka-Obama ukuba lujongane nale miba? Ngesifike kwisicwangciso sokhathalelo lwempilo olungcono ukuba abo bethu bakholelwa ukuba ukhathalelo lwempilo lilungelo lomntu bebephume ezitalatweni, ngokuchasene neQela leTea. ”
Le yiDavis yakudala - enikezela ngohlalutyo lwebracing ethi, endaweni yokugxeka omnye umntu, ibeke uxanduva lokutshintsha umhlaba ezandleni zethu. Kuyo yonke into yokuba uDavis wayesekupheleni kweminyaka engama-60s/early 70s owayincamathela endodeni, kuba yonke into yokuba umoya wakhe onganyangekiyo kunye neenwele zakhe zimenze abe yiposta yabantu base-Afrika baseMelika, abasetyhini kunye nabani na onengqondo ethe kratya, le mhlawumbi ngokaDavis. ukubaluleka okungundoqo ngoku - ibhinqa eliza kweyona miba ishushu yezopolitiko ukusuka kwii-angles ezingalindelekanga nezikhuthazayo. Umzekelo, kusuku olungaphambi kokuba sidibane, kwintetho ephambili enesihloko esithi, UkuPolisa kwiNgxaki namhlanje inkomfa yokuhlonipha iHolo eGoldsmith, wathetha ngogonyamelo lobuhlanga, kodwa wagxininisa kwimeko ka UMarissa Alexander, uvalelwe iminyaka engama-20 ngokudubula isilumkiso phezu kwentloko yomyeni wakhe owayesahlukanisile, owayengenzakalanga, owamhlasela waza wamoyikisa ngokumbulala.. “Makhe sizibuze ukuba yintoni eyoyikeka kangaka ibhinqa elimnyama kumazantsi eUnited States elizama ukuzikhusela kwinto ebizwa ngokuba bubundlobongela basekhaya,” utshilo uDavis, xa wayegqibezela intetho yakhe ngentswahla yezandla.
Kutheni, ndibuza uDavis, kusuku olulandelayo, ugxile kuyo Ityala lika-Alexander? Uphendula athi: “Asifane sive ngaba bafazi. "Ngenxa yokuba uninzi lwabemi basentolongweni ngamadoda ayithethi ukuba kufuneka siqale ngamava abo."
UDavis kudala ekhankasela iintolongo, ezijonga njengamaziko anocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga apho, ekugqibeleni, iimali ezinkulu ziya kwenziwa. Emva kwentetho yakhe, xa ebuzwa ukuba kutheni amapolisa amhlophe adubula amadoda amnyama engafanele ajamelane nentolongo, uDavis umile ephikisa ngelithi iziko lentolongo “livelisa kuphela ingxaki eliyisombululayo”. Ayikuko ukuba unazo naziphi na iimpendulo malunga nokuba yeyiphi enye indlela enokuba yintoni enye kule ndawo yeshishini lentolongo. Andiqondi ukuba kukho impendulo emiselwe kwangaphambili, kodwa ndifuna sicinge.”
Omnye umntu ubuza uDavis ukuba uBeyoncé ungumnqolobi. Abaphulaphuli bayagigitheka, kodwa umbuzo unzulu. Ngexesha lengxoxo yephaneli yokukhulula umzimba wabasetyhini abamnyama ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka, itshantliziyo labasetyhini amagwegwe entsimbi achaza uBeyoncé njengomnqolobi kunye ne-anti-feminist "owayesebenzisana ekwakhiweni kwakhe njengekhoboka". Kwimpendulo epholileyo, uDavis wathi uyayithanda into yokuba uBeyoncé wenze isampulu yentetho yombhali wenoveli waseNigeria uChimamanda Ngozi Adichie engobufazi kwicwecwe lakhe.
Ngosuku olulandelayo, ndibuza uDavis ngakumbi ngayo. "Nokuba zeziphi na iingxaki endinazo noBeyoncé, ndicinga ukuba kuyalahlekisa kwaye akunaxanduva ukusebenzisa eli gama ngokunxibelelene naye. Isetyenziselwe ukwenza ibe lulwaphulo-mthetho imizabalazo yenkululeko. Kodwa asilisebenzisi igama elithi ubugrogrisi nobunqolobi ukuchaza imbali yase-US kunye nobuhlanga bexesha langaphambili lamalungelo oluntu. ”
Ngokuqinisekileyo uloyiko, ukuba lilizwi, elenziwa kubantu base-Afrika-baseMelika xa uDavis wayeyintombazana kumalungelo angaphambi koluntu eBirmingham, eAlabama, itshiswe engqondweni yakhe. Wazalwa ngo-1944 kwisixeko esasiza kuduma kakubi ngexesha lemizabalazo yamalungelo oluntu yokubeka izinja kunye nokujikisa imibhobho kubantu base-Afrika-baseMelika abafuna ivoti - kwaye kubi kakhulu. “Ndikhule ngexesha apho, njengempendulo kwiqela leengxoxo zeentlanga ezahlukeneyo endandibandakanyeke kulo, icawa esasiqhubela kuyo iingxoxo yayitshisiwe. Ndakhulela ngexesha apho abantu abantsundu babedla ngokufudukela kwindawo yabamhlophe kanye ngaphaya kwendlela esasihlala kuyo, yaye kwakuqhunyiswa iziqhushumbisi kwezo zindlu. Andizange ndaliva igama elithi ubugrogrisi lisetyenziswe kulo mxholo, kodwa kwelinye icala lisetyenziselwa ukuvusa le mvakalelo yobungozi evela ngaphandle ngaphandle kokuqaphela ubungakanani bembali yase-United States ibe yimbali yobugrogrisi. nxamnye nabantu bomthonyama, imbali yokoyika abantu bomthonyama waseAfrika.”
UDavis wandijonga aze ahleke: “Ke, ukubiza uBeyoncé ngokuba ngumgrogrisi akusebenzi!”
Igama elithi umgrogrisi linesandi esinzulu somntu. Yiloo nto umongameli uNixon ambiza ngayo uDavis xa, kwiminyaka engama-44 eyadlulayo, wayengomnye we-FBI eyona nto yayifunwa kakhulu, eyimbacu kwinto ebizwa ngokuba bubulungisa. Ekugqibeleni wabanjwa waze wajongana nezityholo zeyelenqe lokuxhwila nokubulala, izityholo awayenokugwetyelwa zona. Kwityala lakhe ngo-10, wakhululwa, ngelixa abanye abamangalelwa kunye nabo, ababesakuba yiBlack Panthers abagxininisa ukuba bangamabanjwa ezopolitiko, babengenathamsanqa: “Owayesakuba ngummangalelwa wam uRuchell Magee uneminyaka engama-1972 entolongweni ngoku. Maninzi amanye amabanjwa ezopolitiko anje ngela xesha likaBlack Panther asathothoza entolongweni ngokungekho sikweni, utshilo. UGeorge Jackson, awake wambiza ngokuba ngumyeni wakhe “obomi bakhe bonke” (nangona esi sibini singazange sitshate), akakho phakathi kwabo: wadutyulwa wafa ngo-51 ngexesha lokuzama ukuqhambuka entolongweni, kwiintsuku ezintathu phambi kokuba avele enkundleni ngenxa yokubulala. kanogada omhlophe wentolongo. UDavis akazange atshate ukususela ngoko.
Ndimbuza ngomnye uBlack Panther, uAlbert Woodfox, owavalelwa entolongweni ngenxa yokuphanga exhobile waza kamva wagwetywa namanye amadoda amabini ngokubulala umlindi wentolongo yaseLouisiana State Penitentiary (ekwabizwa ngokuba yintolongo yaseAngola); Kwinyanga ephelileyo, uWoodfox warhoxiswa ukugwetywa kwakhe emva kokunyamezela iminyaka engama-42 evalelwe yedwa. “Ewe, ndonwabe kakhulu, kuba ndibe nenxaxheba kwiphulo lokukhulula i-Angola Three iminyaka emininzi, kodwa kutheni kuthathe ixesha elide kangaka?”
Ukuba iBlack Panthers ibisebenza ngo-2014, uDavis ukholelwa ukuba "babekwisiphelo sokufumana imfazwe yobugrogrisi". Uyacaphula Assata Shakur, i-activist kunye nomxhasi we-Black Panther owabanjwa enetyala lokubulala iminyaka engama-40 edlulileyo ye-New Jersey state trooper, kwaye wafakwa kuluhlu lwe-FBI olufunwa kakhulu ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka. "Ndicinga ukuba inyathelo lokutyumba u-Assata njengomnqolobi kunye nokuthumela umvuzo we-2 yezigidi zeedola ngokubanjwa kwakhe, okuthetha ukuba nawaphi na amagosa asuka kwiifemu zokhuseleko zabucala angazama ukuya eCuba [apho uShakur ehleli iminyaka engama-35. ], mbambe kwaye umbuyise ukuze afumane umvuzo we-$ 2m, ayikuko ukuhlaselwa kwe-Assata - nto leyo - kodwa ithumela umyalezo kwinani elikhulu labantu abatsha abazichongayo kunye naye. Ingxelo ngobomi bakhe ithandwa kakhulu yaye kum kubonakala ngathi lowo ngumyalezo oya kubantu abaselula namhlanje: ‘Lumka! Ukuba uzibandakanya kwimizabalazo enenkqubela phambili, iintshukumo ezikhawulezayo, le yindlela oya kuphathwa ngayo – uya kuphathwa njengomnqolobi.’”
Sekunjalo, uDavis ucinga ukuba abantu abancinci ngoku benziwe ngezinto ezingqongqo kunokuba babethelwe bubugrogrisi. “Ndinethemba elikhulu. Ndiva abantu bethetha ngokuphindaphindiweyo kukungakhathali kwabantu abaselula kodwa kusenokwenzeka ukuba baninzi abantu ababandakanyeka ngokukhutheleyo kwiiprojekthi zezopolitiko eUnited States namhlanje kunokuba kwakunjalo ngeminyaka yee-1960.”
Ufumana uncedo oluthile intshukumo ye-Occupy, awathetha ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwiinkampu zakhe ngowama-2011. Kwigqala lobukomanisi (uDavis wema kabini njengosekela mongameli weqela lamaKomanisi eU.SA ngeminyaka yoo-1980), oko kuchasene nongxowankulu kuyakhuthaza. "Ndicinga ukuba impembelelo ye-Occupy iya kuqhubeka nangona inkampu inokubakho kuphela ixesha elichazwe kakhulu. Umntu unokuyibona impembelelo ye-Occupy kwimiboniso yaseFerguson ngoku, ngengqiqo yokuba bayaqonda ukuba akukhona nje ngokufuna ukuba lo mapolisa agwetywe kodwa malunga nokuqaphela unxibelelwano phakathi kobundlobongela bobuhlanga kunye nomatshini wenzuzo. Nantso into esilwa nayo.”
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Nikela