Phantse kwiminyaka engama-24 eyadlulayo, amalungu amahlanu aphiko lasekunene leNkundla ePhakamileyo anikezela ubumongameli kuGeorge W. Bush Bush v. Gore. Nangona kunjalo imbeko yohanahaniso yabalondolozi kumazwe angolawulo lwemipu, โamalungeloโ ecuba, amalungelo okuba neziphene nobundlobongela obujoliswe kwabasetyhini, inkundla yakhaba ngawo omane ingcaciso yaseFlorida ngemithetho yayo yonyulo yokumisela uBush njengomongameli.
Ngoku, inkundla ephakamileyo ikulungele ukuzifaka kwakhona kunyulo lukamongameli ngokuvumela uTrump-the-insurrectionist ukuba ahlale kwivoti eColorado ngokuphulwa kweGatya lokuTyala kwiCandelo le-3 le-14th Amendment. Kodwa ngeli xesha abathandathu abalungeleyo enkundleni banokudityaniswa nabalingane babo ababini abakhululekileyo.
E NgoFebruwari 8 ingxabano yomlomo in Trump v. Anderson, lonke ilungu leNkundla ePhakamileyo ngaphandle kukaSonia Sotomayor basayine ukuba baya kugatya umyalelo weCandelo 3 kwaye babambe ukuba amazwe ngamanye akanakukhupha abagqatswa kunyulo lwesizwe ngaphandle kokuba iCongress ipasise ummiselo othi banako.
Kubonakala ngathi uninzi lwenkundla ephakamileyo luyakutshitshisa ukubamba kweNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseColorado yokuba owayesakuba nguMongameli uDonald Trump akafanelekanga ukuba avele kwivoti.
Icandelo lesi-3 loLungiso lwe-14 ithi:
Akukho mntu uya kuba nguSenator okanye uMmeli kwiCongress, okanye umnyuli kaMongameli kunye noSekela Mongameli, okanye abambe nasiphi na isikhundla, esoluntu okanye somkhosi, phantsi kwe-United States, okanye phantsi kwalo naliphi na ilizwe, owathi, wathatha isifungo ngaphambili, njengelungu I-Congress, okanye njengegosa lase-United States, okanye njengelungu layo nayiphi na indlu yowiso-mthetho, okanye njengegosa elilawulayo okanye lezomthetho kulo naliphi na ilizwe, ukuxhasa uMgaqo-siseko wase-United States, baya kuba babandakanyeka kwimvukelo okanye ukuvukela okufanayo. , okanye inikwe uncedo okanye intuthuzelo kwiintshaba zayo. Kodwa iCongress inokuthi ngevoti yesibini kwisithathu seNdlu nganye, isuse ukukhubazeka.
Amalungu aliqela enkundla abonakala ethambekele ekwamkeleni intetho kaTrump yokuba umongameli akalo โgosaโ lase-US - isindululo esihlekisayo kangangokuba akufuneki ube ligqwetha ukuze ubone ubuvuvu balo. Amanye amalungu athetha ukuba "ngabaqalayo" babonakale bekulungele ukufunda kwiCandelo lesi-3 imfuneko yokuba iCongress iwise umthetho phambi kokuba ukukhutshwa kufakwe. Uninzi lwamalungu enkundla onke kodwa aluhoyanga uthatho-nxaxheba lukaTrump kwimvukelo ye-6 kaJanuwari, esona sisongelo esikhulu ekusindeni kweriphabliki ukusukela kwiMfazwe yamakhaya.
Ngokwenene, iCandelo lesi-3 lenziwe emva kweMfazwe yombango ukuze abantu bangafaneleki ukuba babambe iofisi ababesebenza kurhulumente ngaphambi kwemfazwe kodwa baxhasa i-Confederacy.
UTrump uthi uMongameli ayilo โGosaโ lase-US
Xa bebuza ukuba ingaba umongameli uligosa laseMelika, uNeil Gorsuch kunye noKetanji Brown Jackson bacaphula uluhlu lweCandelo 3 lwamagosa amaninzi angazange afake umongameli. Kodwa elo candelo likwabandakanya "ikhona iofisi, yasekuhlaleni okanye yasemkhosini,โ yaye uMgaqo-siseko ubiza umongameli ngokuthi โigosaโ kwezinye iindawo ezininzi. UGorsuch noJackson babonakale bevumelana nebango likaTrump lokuba โamagosaโ abhekisa kumagosa anyuliweyo kuphela, hayi lawo anyuliweyo. Kodwa uSotomayor wayibiza loo ngcaciso โnjengomgaqo ochuliweyo.
Ngaphezu koko, aba baqalayo, abathi baqwalasela "intsingiselo yantlandlolo kawonke-wonke" ngexesha i-14th Amendment yongezwa kuMgaqo-siseko, bagatya izimvo ezicacileyo kumgangatho weSenethi ngexesha lengxoxo kwiCandelo 3 ukuba umongameli ngokwenene igosa. UJohn Bingham, umbhali okhokelayo we-14th Amendment, ubhekisele kumongameli "njengegosa." Ngaphaya koko, ababhali bembali abangama-29 baqukumbela kwiincwadana ze-amicus kule meko ukuba "igosa" lalimele ukubandakanya umongameli.
Njengoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseColorado yathi, "uMongameli uTrump usicela ukuba sibambe ukuba iCandelo lesi-3 alibafanelanga bonke abantu abavukelayo ngaphandle koyena unamandla kwaye liyabavala abophuli-mthetho kuzo zonke iiofisi, zombini urhulumente kunye nomanyano, ngaphandle kweyona iphezulu kwiofisi. umhlaba.โ Inkundla yaqukumbela ngelithi, โZombini iziphumo azingqinelani nolwimi olucacileyo nembali yeCandelo lesi-3.โ
UGorsuch noSamuel Alito bacinga ukuba eli tyala linokuba liphambi kwexesha kuba iCandelo 3 liyabalela abavukeli kuphela inkampani ubambe ofisi, hayi ukubaleka kwiofisi. Baye baqaphela ukuba ukuba uTrump wonyulwa, iCongress inokususa ukungafaneleki ngevoti yesibini kwisithathu ngaphambi kokuba ixesha lakhe liqale.
UJason Murray, igqwetha elimele abavoti baseColorado ecela umngeni ukufaneleka kukaTrump, waphawula ukuba iSiqendu II kunye ne-10th Amendment zinika amazwe igunya lokuqhuba unyulo lukamongameli. Ngenxa yoko, โbanegunya lokuqinisekisa ukuba iivoti zabo zonyulo azichithwanga kumgqatswa othintelwe ngokomgaqo-siseko ukuba abambe isikhundla.โ
Kungenxa yokuba iCongress inokususa ukukhubazeka "ayimniki ngokungafihlisiyo uMongameli uTrump ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokungenela iiofisi angakwaziyo ukuzibamba ngokwaphula umthetho welizwe kunye nenkqubo yelizwe phantsi kweSiqendu II," utshilo uMurray.
I-Trump ibango iCandelo lesi-3 "Alizifezi"
UBrett Kavanaugh waqinisekisa ukuba "intsingiselo yokuqala yoluntu" yeCandelo 3 kukuba iCongress kufuneka idlulise ummiselo ngaphambi kokuba igosa lingavunyelwa ukuba libambe isikhundla kuba elo candelo "alizibulali." Kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabanjwa 1883 Amatyala amaLungelo oLuntu ukuba isiHlomelo se-14 โngokungathandabuzekiyo siyazenzela, ngaphandle kwawo nawuphi na umthetho oncedisayo.โ
Kavanaugh wajika endaweni Ityala likaGriffin, ityala lenkundla esezantsi (elingabophelelanga umzekelo) elathi iCandelo lesi-3 alizibulali ngokwalo kodwa lifuna uwiso-mthetho lwenkongolo. ICongress yapasisa uMthetho woNyanzeliso we-1870 emva kwe Ityala likaGriffin ukuphumeza iCandelo lesi-3, kodwa eso senzo sabhangiswa ngeminyaka yee-1940.
Xa wayecinezelwe nguJackson malunga nokungabikho kokufana ukuba amazwe avunyelwe ukuba anyanzelise iCandelo lesi-3, uMurray waphendula wathi eyona nto abaqulunqi "beyixhalabele kakhulu kukuqinisekisa ukuba abavukeli kunye nabavukeli abanazikhundla." Ke ngoko, wongeze wathi, "Iya kuba yinto engaqhelekanga ukuba sithi amazwe akanakuyenza, ngurhulumente kuphela onokuthi ayinyanzelise, kwaye iCongress inokukrazula intliziyo kwiCandelo lesi-3 ngesininzi nje esilula. ukusilela ukuwisa umthetho wonyanzeliso.โ
Esikhundleni sokugxila ekubeni uTrump uthathe inxaxheba ekuvukeleni i-US ngoJanuwari 6, u-Elena Kagan, u-Amy Coney Barrett kunye noJohn Roberts, kunye noJackson, u-Alito, noKavanaugh, babenexhala lokuba ilizwe elinye linokugqiba ngalo mbandela.
"Ndicinga ukuba umbuzo ekufuneka ujongane nawo kukuba kutheni ilizwe elinye kufuneka lithathe isigqibo sokuba ngubani oza kuba ngumongameli wase-United States," uKagan uxelele uMurray. Kutheni le nto ilizwe elinye kufuneka libe namandla okwenza olu kuzimisela kungekuphela nje kubemi balo kodwa kwisizwe sonke? โฆ Oko kubonakala kungaqhelekanga, akunjalo?โ
UMurray waphendula ukuba iColorado ithatha isigqibo kuphela kubavoti bayo ukuba banyanzelise iSigatya sokuNgxothwa, njengokuba kuya kubandakanyi abaviwa kumongameli abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-35 ubudala, abangazalelwanga e-US okanye sele besebenze imimiselo emibini.
UJackson uthandabuza ukuba ngaba abaqulunqi beCandelo lesi-3 bathetha ukuseka โukungavisisani ngale ndlela, apho sinonyulo olusalindileyo kwaye amazwe awahlukeneyo athi ngequbuliso, 'Ufanelekile, awufaneleki.'
UBarrett wayenexhala malunga nemeko apho ingxelo eyinyani yayingaphuhliswanga ngokupheleleyo kwinkundla yamatyala kunye nendlela inkundla ephakamileyo efanele ukuphonononga ngayo ezo ziphumo. โAkubonakali ngathi ngumnxeba karhulumente,โ utshilo.
U-Alito wayekhathazekile malunga namazwe ahlukeneyo afikelela kwizigqibo ezahlukeneyo malunga nokwamkelwa kobungqina. Wayezibuza ukuba, ekuphononongeni irekhodi laseburhulumenteni, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iya kufuneka inqume ukuba yeyiphi imigaqo yobungqina enokusetyenziswa kwaye yintoni na umthwalo wobungqina obonisa ukuba umviwa wayengumvukeli. Bobabini u-Alito noRoberts babeyilumkele into u-Alito ayibiza ngokuba yingozi โyokwehlaโ isiphumo sokuqinisekisa isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseColorado sokungafanelanga uTrump.
UKavanaugh ubhengeze ukuba "iCongress inegunya apha, hayi amazwe." Uthe inkundla โkufuneka icinge ngedemokhrasi, icinge ngelungelo labantu lokunyula abagqatswa ababathandayo, lokuvumela abantu benze isigqibo,โ inkxalabo echazwe nguJackson. U-Kavanaugh, owaphakamisa imithetho yokucinezela abavoti ekhokelela kunyulo luka-2020, walumkisa ukuba ukunyanzeliswa kweCandelo lesi-3 ngokuchasene noTrump "kunefuthe lokukhupha abavoti kwinqanaba elibalulekileyo."
Ukuphendula, uMurray uxelele uKavanaugh ukuba, "Isizathu sokuba silapha kukuba uMongameli uTrump uzame ukukhulula abantu baseMelika abazizigidi ezingama-80 abavote ngokuchasene naye, kwaye uMgaqo-siseko awufuni ukuba anikwe elinye ithuba."
La malungu enkundla akakwazanga ukukhankanya ukuba i-14th Amendment yenziwe yiCongress kwaye isayinwe ngumongameli kwi-quintessential exercise of democracy.
โAbaqulunqi beCandelo lesi-3 bebesazi ngokusuka kumava abuhlungu ukuba abo bathe baphule izifungo zabo ngobundlobongela kuMgaqo-siseko abanakuthenjwa ukuba bangaphinda babambe amagunya kwakhona kuba banokuyichitha ngaphakathi idemokhrasi yethu yomgaqo-siseko, ngoko ke badale umvalo wokhuseleko wedemokhrasi,โ UMurray uxelele inkundla. โUMongameli uTrump angaya kucela iCongress ukuba imnike uxolelo ngevoti yesibini kwisithathu. Kodwa, ngaphandle kokuba uyenzile loo nto, uMgaqo-siseko wethu uyasikhusela kubavukeli.โ
Inkundla yamatyala yaseColorado yabamba ityala leentsuku ezintlanu apho ubungqina buqokelelwe yiKomiti eKhethekileyo yeBipartisan yokuPhanda uHlaselo lwe-6 kaJanuwari kwi-United States Capitol yanikezelwa. UTrump ufumene ithuba lokubiza nokubuza amangqina kwaye anike ubungqina. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseColorado yasiqinisekisa isigqibo senkundla yamatyala sokuba uTrump wenze isiphendu ngokuzama ukubhukuqa unyulo ngokuguqula ukubalwa konyulo, ekhuthaza ubuxoki babavoti, ecinezela owayesakuba ngusekela Mongameli uMike Pence ukuba aphule umsebenzi wakhe womgaqo-siseko kwaye ebongoza ukuba kuqhankqalazwe. Ikomkhulu.
Okubangela umdla kukuba, nangona wayikhanyelayo into yokuba uTrump wenza isiphendu, igqwetha likaTrump uJonathan Mitchell wachaza iziganeko ze-6 kaJanuwari ngolu hlobo: โOku yayisisiphithiphithi. Yayingelomvukelo. Ezo ziganeko zazilihlazo, zolwaphulo-mthetho, zinogonyamelo, zonke ezo zinto, kodwa azizange zifaneleke njengemvukelo njengoko eli gama lisetyenziswa kwiCandelo lesi-3.โ
Nangona iCandelo 3 alifuni ukuba igosa elifungise isifungo sokuxhasa uMgaqo-siseko ligwetywe ngenxa yokuvukela ukuze lingavunyelwa kumongameli, uKavanaugh uphakamise loo nkxalabo.
Lindela iSigqibo sezoPolitiko
U-Alito kunye noRoberts bebengakhululekanga malunga nesiphithiphithi esinokuthi sikhuphe uTrump kuvoto. Kodwa babengazikhathazi kangako ngokuqhambuka kwesiphithiphithi xa bebhukuqa Roe v. Wade, iphakamise imilinganiselo yokucinezela abavoti yaza yadubula imilinganiselo yokulawula imipu.
URoberts wayenexhala malunga nokuba nokwenzeka kobuninzi bokungafaneleki kwabo bobabini abaviwa beRiphabhlikhi kunye neDemokhrasi. "Ndingalindela ... inani elihle lamazwe liya kuthi, nokuba ngubani na umgqatswa weDemokhrasi, 'Uphumile kuvoto.'
UMurray waqalisa ingxoxo yakhe ngokuxelela inkundla ukuba, โikomkhulu lelizwe lethu lahlaselwa ngogonyameloโ okwesihlandlo sokuqala ukususela kwiMfazwe yowe-1812. Wahlabela mgama esithi: โOkwesihlandlo sokuqala embalini, olu hlaselo lwaphenjelelwa ngumongameli owayehleli phantsi. yaseUnited States ukuze iphazamise ukutshintshelwa ngokuthula kwegunya likamongameli.โ Ukwaphawule ukuba, "Ngokubandakanyeka kuvukelo kuMgaqo-siseko," uTrump "uzithintele kwiofisi yoluntu," kwaye ngoku uthi iNkundla ePhakamileyo kufuneka yenze ukhetho olukhethekileyo oluza kusebenza kuye kuphela. UTrump ngoyena mongameli wangaphambili ngaphandle kukaGeorge Washington ongazange abambe isikhundla ngaphambi kokuba anyulwe njengomongameli.
USotomayor wabuza uMitchell ngempoxo, "Ngaba umisela ukuba ukuba umongameli othile uqhuba isihlandlo sesithathu, ilizwe lingakwazi ukumkhupha kuvoto?"
In imfutshane yabo, amagqwetha amele abavoti baseColorado athi, โUmbono wesikhundla sikaTrump awukho semthethweni kunokuba ungokwezopolitiko. Aka-kakhulu-kakhulu ugrogrisa 'ibhedi' ukuba akakho kuvoto. Kodwa sele sibonile 'ibhedi' uTrump ekhululwe xa wayekhona on uvoto kwaye waphulukana.โ
Singalindela ukuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo yenze isigqibo esikhawulezileyo kweli tyala, njengoko isizini yokuqala isendleleni. Ngeli xesha, inkundla ephakamileyo imiselwe ukuba ithathe isigqibo malunga nokuba inikezele isigqibo esikhawulezileyo malunga nokuba uTrump, ojongene nezityholo ezingama-91, akanakukhuseleka ekutshutshisweni kolwaphulo-mthetho, okanye alwenze ixesha elide ukuzimisela de kube semva konyulo, ngaloo ndlela ukwandisa amathuba kaTrump okuphumelela.
Akuvumelekanga Thunti. Iphinde yashicilelwa ngemvume.
UMarjorie Cohn ngunjingalwazi ophumeleleyo eThomas Jefferson School of Law, owayesakuba ngumongameli weNational Lawyers Guild, kwaye ulilungu lebhodi yesizwe yeengcebiso ye-Assange Defense kunye namaVeterans For Peace, kunye ne-bureau ye-International Association of Democratic Lawyers. Ungumseki we-People's Academy yoMthetho waMazwe ngaMazwe kunye nommeli wase-US kwibhunga leengcebiso lelizwekazi le-Association of American Jurists. Iincwadi zakhe ziquka i-Drones kunye nokubulawa okujolisiweyo: iLegal, Moral and Geopolitical Issues. Ungumququzeleli werediyo ethi โLaw and Disorderโ.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela