Njengoko iphulo likaSirayeli lokutshabalalisa abantu basePalestina eGaza - elibulale abantu baseGaza abangaphezu kwe-33,000 - lingena kwinyanga yesixhenxe, iNicaragua yamangalela iJamani kwiNkundla yoBulungisa yamazwe ngamazwe (ICJ, okanye iNkundla yehlabathi) ngokuququzelela ukubulawa kwabantu.
Nikharaguwa ihlawulwe ukuba, "iJamani ibonelele ngenkxaso yezopolitiko, yezemali kunye neyezomkhosi kuSirayeli eqonda ngokupheleleyo ngexesha lokugunyaziswa ukuba izixhobo zomkhosi ziya kusetyenziswa ekomishini yokwaphulwa komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe," yongeza, "Izixhobo zomkhosi ezibonelelwe yiJamani zivumela uSirayeli ukwenza izenzo zembubhiso kunye nezinye izenzo zenkohlakalo, ezibandakanya izinto eziya kumgca ongaphambili kunye neendawo zokugcina iimpahla, kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwezinto ezizayo ezifana nezixhobo, itekhnoloji kunye nezinto ezahlukeneyo eziyimfuneko kumkhosi wakwa-Israel. INicaragua ikwakhankanya inkxaso yaseJamani kwiUnited Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), “ebonelela ngenkxaso ebalulekileyo kubemi basekuhlaleni.”
IJamani ikwindawo yesibini ngobukhulu kumthengisi wezixhobo kwaSirayeli, ebalwa I-30 yepesenti yezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle phakathi kuka-2019 no-2023. I-United States, umqhubi oyintloko we-Israel, ibonelele nge-69 ekhulwini yezixhobo zayo ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngexesha elifanayo.
Nge-12 ka-Okthobha, iChancellor yaseJamani uOlaf Scholz wathi,
Okwangoku, inye kuphela indawo yaseJamani: indawo esecaleni likaSirayeli. Yile nto sithetha ngayo xa sisithi ukhuseleko lwakwaSirayeli yiJamani raison d'État. Imbali yethu, uxanduva lwethu oluvela kwiNkohlakalo, yenza kube ngumsebenzi wethu ongunaphakade ukumela ubukho kunye nokhuseleko lweLizwe lakwaSirayeli. Olu xanduva luyasikhokela.
Kuthethwano oluyimbali ngoAprili 8 nowe-9, iNicaragua yenza intetho yalo icala kwi-ICJ kwaye iJamani izikhabile izityholo. I-Nicaragua icele iNkundla yeHlabathi ukuba iyalele amanyathelo amahlanu ethutyana "njengomba ongxamisekileyo" ngesityholo saseJamani "sokuthatha inxaxheba kwimbubhiso yobuhlanga eqhubekayo kunye nokwaphulwa okunzulu komthetho wobuntu wamazwe ngamazwe kunye neminye imilinganiselo yomthetho jikelele wezizwe ngezizwe owenzeka kwi-Gaza Strip."
UDaniel Müller, igqwetha kwiqela lezomthetho laseNicaragua, ukhumbuze i-ICJ ukuba kwiintsuku ezili-10 ngaphambili, xa inkundla yayiyalela amanyathelo awongezelelweyo okubambisa nxamnye noSirayeli kwimeko yaseMzantsi Afrika, yabiza iimeko zokuhlala eGaza ngokuthi “ziyintlekele” yaye izinto zakutshanje “zimbi kakhulu. Inkundla yafumanisa “umngcipheko wokwenzakala okungenakulungiseka ‘kwilungelo labemi basePalestina eGaza lokukhuselwa kwizenzo zokubulawa kwabantu’.”
"I-Nicaragua ayisebenzi egameni layo kuphela ngenxa yamalungelo kunye nezibophelelo ezinikezelwe yimigaqo yokumisela, kodwa nangenxa yabantu basePalestina abaphantsi kweyona ntshukumo yomkhosi eyonakalisayo kwimbali yanamhlanje," UCarlos José Argüello Gómez, unozakuzaku waseNicaragua eNetherlands, uxelele inkundla.
UGómez uthe nangona iNicaragua ingakhange iphathwe kakubi kwaye itshatyalaliswe njengoko abantu basePalestine bebandezeleke ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-75, "ikwaxhomekeke kungenelelo kunye nohlaselo lomkhosi ixesha elininzi lobukho bayo kwaye inovelwano ngabantu basePalestina. abantu.”
Kwimeko ka-1984 ye Imisebenzi yasemkhosini kunye neParamilitary eNicaragua kunye neNicaragua (Nicar. v. US), i-ICJ yagweba ngokuchasene nokungenelela kwe-US eNicaragua, okubandakanya ukumbiwa kwamachweba, ukutshatyalaliswa kofakelo lweoli, kunye nokuqeqeshwa, ukuxhotyiswa kunye nokuxhotyiswa kweContras (ababezama ukubhukuqa urhulumente waseNicaragua).
UGómez wathi urhulumente wase-Israel “akufanelanga abhideke aze alingane nabantu bamaYuda,” esithi amaxhoba angamaYuda okuBulawa Kwabantu Ngenkohlakalo “aya kuba novelwano kwaye abe novelwano ngabantu abangaphezu kwama-30,000, kuquka oomama nabantwana abangama-25,000 ababuleweyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ePalestina, kwaye abantwana abangama-20,000 XNUMX baziinkedama yaye oomama ababini babulawa iyure nganye.”
IJamani yongeze uNcedo lwaseMkhosini kwa-Israyeli kunye nokuSika iNkxaso-mali kwi-UNRWA njengoko kwakusenzeka ukubulawa kwabantu
INgqungquthela Yembubhiso inyanzelisa amaqela esithathu uxanduva lokuthintela ukubulawa kwabantu ukususela ngexesha abaqaphela ngalo ukuba kunokwenziwa ukubulawa kwabantu. Gómez xelelwe inkundla "akunakuthandabuza" ukuba iJamani "yayiyazi kakuhle kwaye iyazi kakuhle ubuncinane umngcipheko omkhulu wokubulawa kohlanga, ngokuqinisekileyo emva koMyalelo wakho wama-26 kaJanuwari [ngamanyathelo okwethutyana]."
UGómez waxoxa ukuba iJamani yayikwisaziso sokwaphulwa komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe akwaSirayeli, ecaphula iingxelo ezingama-32 ezenziwe ukusuka ngo-Okthobha 9, 2023 ukuya ku-Epreli 5, 2024, ngamakhulu eengcali ezihlonitshwa kakhulu, abasemagunyeni, imibutho, abaphengululi bezomthetho kunye namagcisa atyhola u-Israyeli ngokwaphula okanye ukwaphula ngokuvakalayo umthetho. INgqungquthela Yembubhiso.
UGómez wathi: “Ngalo lonke olu lwazi lungenakuphikiswa ngale meko, intsabelo yeJamani yayikukunyusa uncedo lwayo lomkhosi kwaSirayeli.” Uphinde wacaphula isibhengezo saseJamani sokuba izakungenelela ngokuthanda uSirayeli kwimeko UMzantsi Afrika v. Israel, esamisiweyo kwi-ICJ. Kwaye, uGómez uthe, nangona i-ICJ ye-26 kaJanuwari yafumanisa ukuba u-Israyeli wayebulala uhlanga, "iJamani yaqhubeka, kwaye isaqhubeka nanamhlanje, ukubonelela ngezixhobo kunye noncedo lomkhosi ngokubanzi kwaSirayeli."
Ngonyaka ka-2023, urhulumente waseJamani wagunyazisa i-326 yezigidi zeeyuro zokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwezixhobo zomkhosi kunye nezixhobo zemfazwe kwaSirayeli, igqwetha laseNicaragua uMüller uxelele inkundla. Iilayisensi zokuthumela ngaphandle kwezixhobo zemfazwe ezixabisa i-20 yezigidi zeeyuro zibandakanya "izixhobo ezichasene netanki ezingama-3,000 - ezithi ngokutsho komnye umenzi eJamani 'ziyibhokisi yezixhobo ezipheleleyo zezixhobo zokulwa ezihlaselwe ngamagxa' ezisetyenziswa ngokuchasene namatanki, kodwa kunye nezithuthi, izakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo. , nabantu—imbumbulu ezingama-500,000 44, izityholo ezingama-239—nto leyo eyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yezixhobo zokudubula—kunye nezityholo ezingama-XNUMX.”
UMüller wathi ezi zixhobo “zakhelwe yaye zijoliswe ekutshabalaliseni nasekubulaleni, okanye ecaphula ingcaciso yeJamani, ‘izinto [kunye] nezinto . . . . . . yokubangela ukutshatyalaliswa okanye ukonakalisa abantu okanye impahla nokusebenzisa izigalo kungquzulwano lwezixhobo phakathi kwaMazwe.’”
Phezu kwayo nje isigqibo seBhunga lezoKhuseleko esifuna ukuba kupheliswe imfazwe ngoko nangoko, iJamani isaqhubeka nokunikela uncedo lomkhosi kwaSirayeli. IJamani iququzelela okanye iphucula ukunikezelwa koncedo loluntu eGaza. Kodwa, uMüller waxoxa, "Ngokwenene sisingxengxezo esibuhlungu kubantwana basePalestina, abafazi kunye namadoda eGaza ukubonelela ngoncedo loluntu, kubandakanywa ngamathontsi omoya, kwelinye icala, kunye nokubonelela ngezixhobo kunye nezixhobo zomkhosi ezisetyenziselwa ukubulala. kwaye babhubhise - kwaye babulale nabasebenzi boncedo loluntu njengoko kutsha nje kubonakaliswe luhlaselo lomjukujelwa ngokuchasene nezithuthi kunye nabasebenzi beWorld Central Kitchen, kwelinye icala.
UGómez uqaphele ukubandakanyeka kweenkampani zaseJamani kwishishini lezomkhosi “ezenza inzuzo ngokuthe ngqo kule meko njengoko bebone amaxabiso ezabelo zabo enyuka ukusukela ngo-Okthobha kwaye zonyuse kakhulu izivumelwano zophuhliso ezidibeneyo zezixhobo nabalingane babo bakwa-Israeli.”
I-Nicaragua iphinde yakhankanya ukunqunyanyiswa kwenkxaso-mali ye-UNRWA eGaza ngosuku emva komyalelo we-ICJ kaJanuwari 26, "ngokusekelwe kwilizwi elilodwa likarhulumente wase-Israel," njengobungqina bokuququzelela ukubulawa kwabantu eJamani. "I-UNRWA lelona qabane libalulekileyo lokubonelela ngoncedo kubantu baseGaza Strip," umphathiswa waseJamani wavuma ngoNovemba 7, 2023. Ukunqunyanyiswa kwenkxaso-mali kuvimbe i-UNRWA ye-450 yezigidi zeedola.
I-Nicaragua yachitha ingxabano yaseJamani yokuba u-Israyeli uSebenza ngokusemthethweni ngokuzikhusela.
I-Nicaragua yathi i-Israel yayibhidanisa ilungelo lokukhusela abantu bayo kunye nelungelo lokuzikhusela phantsi kweSiqendu 51 se-UN Charter, echaza i-2004 ICJ's Advisory opinion Iziphumo ezisemthethweni zoLwakhiwo loDonga kwiNdawo yasePalestine eThileyo. Kwimeko enjalo, inkundla yabamba ukuba u-Israyeli, njengegunya elihleliyo, akanakubanga ukuzikhusela kummandla akuwo. UGómez wathi: “Ngokumangalisayo, iJamani ibonakala ingakwazi ukwahlula phakathi kokuzikhusela nokubulawa kwabantu.”
Ngaphezu koko, iNicaragua yathi “abantu basePalestina banelungelo lokuzimela geqe” eliquka “ilungelo lokuthabatha izixhobo ngokuchasene nokuhlaliswa kwabantu basemzini kunye nemithetho yobuhlanga ekusebenziseni ilungelo labo lokuzikhethela njengoko lichaziwe kwi- [UN] UMqulu” kunye neSibhengezo seMimiselo yoMthetho waMazwe ngaMazwe ngokunxulumene noBudlelwane obuHloniphekileyo kunye neNtsebenziswano phakathi kwaMazwe.
UGómez uphawule ukuba iziganeko ze-7 ka-Oktobha “azizange zenzeke nje, ngesiquphe, ngaphandle kokucaphukiswa.” Ucaphule uNobhala-Jikelele we-UN u-António Guterres, owathi nge-24 ka-Okthobha, "Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba uhlaselo lukaHamas aluzange lwenzeke ngaphandle. Abantu basePalestine baphantsi kweminyaka engama-56 yokucinezelwa. ”
"Ukuba izenzo zikaSirayeli ziyaqhubeka zingathinteki njengoko ziye zaqala ukuzalwa njengoRhulumente, kwaye ziqhubeka zifumana inkxaso engakhethiyo yamazwe afana neJamani, isizukulwana esitsha samaPalestina siya kuvuka kwakhona kwixesha elizayo," uGómez waxela kwangaphambili.
I-Nicaragua ifuna iMiqathango emi-5 yexeshana
I-Nicaragua yacela i-ICJ ukuba iyalele ukuba iJamani ingenzi imeko eGaza ibe mbi ngakumbi, ngokuthi "ibonelele okanye ivumele ukunikezelwa kwezixhobo zemfazwe kunye nenye inkxaso ethe ngqo ku-Israyeli ngeli xesha kunye nokuhlutha i-UNRWA . . . yenkxaso-mali kunye nokukwazi ukuqhubeka nokusebenza ngokuhambelana nesigunyaziso sayo. "
Le yimiqathango yethutyana ecelwa yiNicaragua:
(1) IJamani iya kulurhoxisa ngoko nangoko uncedo lwayo kuSirayeli, ngakumbi uncedo lwayo lomkhosi olubandakanya izixhobo zomkhosi, kangangokuba olu ncedo lunokuthi lusetyenziswe ekwaphuleni iSivumelwano sokuBulawa kweZizwe, umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe wobuntu okanye eminye imimiselo yomthetho jikelele wamazwe ngamazwe. njengelungelo laBantu basePalestine lokuzikhethela kunye nokungabi phantsi kolawulo localucalulo;
(2) IJamani kufuneka ngokukhawuleza yenze yonke imizamo yokuqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo esele zinikelwe kuSirayeli azisetyenziselwa ukubulala uhlanga, igalelo kwizenzo zokubulala okanye zisetyenziswe ngendlela ekwaphula umthetho wobuntu wamazwe ngamazwe;
(3) IJamani kufuneka ngokukhawuleza yenze konke okusemandleni ukuthobela izibophelelo zayo phantsi komthetho wobuntu;
(4) IJamani kufuneka iguqule isigqibo sayo sokumisa inkxaso-mali ye-UNRWA njengenxalenye yokuthotyelwa kwezibophelelo zayo zokuthintela ukubulawa kwabantu kunye nezenzo zokubulala abantu kunye nokuphulwa kwamalungelo oluntu lwabantu basePalestina okubandakanya ukunyanzeliswa kokwenza konke okusemandleni abo. ukuqinisekisa ukuba uncedo loluntu lufikelela kubantu basePalestina, ngakumbi eGaza;
(5) IJamani kufuneka isebenzisane ukuze kupheliswe ukwaphulwa okunzulu kwemigaqo yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ngokuyeka inkxaso yayo, kuquka nonikezelo lwezixhobo zomkhosi kuSirayeli ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ukwenza izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinzulu zomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe nokuba iqhubeke nenkxaso. ye-UNRWA apho lo Mbutho ubale kwaye useke imisebenzi yawo.
IJamani yenza ibango lokuba ayinakuthweswa uxanduva kuba u-Israyeli akayonxaxheba kwityala.
Iqela lezomthetho laseJamani liphakanyisiwe ezimbini eziphambili zokhuselo. Okokuqala, i-ICJ ayinalo igunya lokulawula ityala ngenxa yokuba uxanduva lweJamani luxhomekeke ekufumaneni ukuba i-Israel yenza i-genocide kwaye i-Israel ayibandakanyekanga kweli tyala. Okwesibini, iJamani “inenkqubo-sikhokelo yomthetho eyomeleleyo” yokuvavanya kwimeko nganye ukuba ngaba iilayisenisi zokuthumela ngaphandle zihambelana nezibophelelo zayo zasekhaya nezamazwe angaphandle kwaye uninzi lwezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle ukusukela ngo-Okthobha 2023 azizange zibe "zizixhobo zemfazwe."
Ummeli uTania von Uslar-Gleichen wathethelela iJamani ukuba izityholo zaseNicaragua “azinasihlahla okanye umthetho. Baxhomekeke kuvavanyo lokuziphatha kukaSirayeli, hayi ukuba nenxaxheba kwezi nkqubo. " Uthe ityala liziswe enkundleni “ngokwesiseko sobona bungqina buncinane.”
USamuel Wordsworth, nomele iJamani, uxelele i-ICJ ukuba ayinagunya lokumamela eli tyala. Wachaza ukuba i-Israel yayingekho phambi kwenkundla kwaye ukuzimisela malunga nokuziphatha kwayo kwakuyimfuneko yokufumana uxanduva kwicala laseJamani. Kwi UMzantsi Afrika v. Israel, i-ICJ yathi “kusengqiqweni” ukuba uSirayeli wayebulala uhlanga. Ukuqinisekiswa kokugqibela malunga nokufaneleka kuya kuthatha iminyaka eliqela. Ngaphambi kokugqiba enoba iJamani iyayityeshela kusini na imbopheleleko yayo yamazwe ngamazwe, “iNkundla mayiqale igqibe kwelokuba uSirayeli uye wabulala uhlanga,” watsho njalo uWordsworth. "Uxanduva lweJamani luyatyholwa, kodwa luxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwizenzo ezigwenxa zikaSirayeli." Ngaloo ndlela, wathi uSirayeli “liqela lesithathu eliyimfuneko.”
Kodwa uAnne Peters, elinye ilungu leqela lezomthetho laseJamani, wavuma ukuba ukuba inkundla ifumanise “kusengqiqweni” ukuba uSirayeli wophula umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, ngoko inokugqiba enoba “izibakala ezibambekayo” zimisela “ukwaphulwa okusengqiqweni” yiJamani kusini na.
IJamani yenza ibango lokuba uninzi lokuThunyelelwa kwayo kwa-Israel ayizizo "izixhobo zemfazwe"
UPeters uthe iNicaragua ayikhange iveze nabuphi na ubungqina bokuba “izixhobo zomkhosi ezisuka eJamani bezinokuba negalelo elikhulu kwisityholo sokubulawa kohlanga okanye ekwaphulwa komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe woluntu” ngenxa “yemigangatho engqongqo yokukhutshwa kweelayisenisi yaseJamani.”
UVon Uslar-Gleichen uxelele inkundla ukuba ukususela ngo-Oktobha 7, 2023, ama-98 ekhulwini eelayisenisi eziye zanikwa eJamani ukuze zithunyelwe kwaSirayeli yayingezizo “zixhobo zemfazwe,” kodwa “zezinye izixhobo zomkhosi.” Amashumi asibhozo eepesenti yomthamo ovunyiweyo ukuba athunyelwe ngaphandle agunyaziswe ngo-Okthobha wama-2023, utshilo.
Ukusukela ngo-Okthobha ka-2023, “asiboni zixhobo zokudubula, akukho zimbumbulu. Phantse zonke izinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zibandakanya oko kwaziwa ngokuba 'zezinye izixhobo zasemkhosini,' ngokwendalo ephantsi okanye ekhuselayo, utshilo. Oku kubandakanya "izixhobo zokhuselo kwiingozi zekhemikhali, izixhobo zokukhusela ezinje ngezigcina-ntloko okanye iipleyiti zokukhusela umzimba, izixhobo zonxibelelwano, ipeyinti yokufihla izinto kunye namalungu, iinxalenye kunye nezinye izixhobo zomlinganiswa ongaphantsi."
UVon Uslar-Gleichen uvumile, nangona kunjalo, ukuba iJamani iye yenza imvume yokuthunyelwa kwezixhobo zemfazwe kwaSirayeli izihlandlo ezine kwezi nyanga zintandathu zidlulileyo. Iilayisenisi ezimbini "zoqeqesho" (hayi ukulwa) iimbumbulu, kubandakanywa iziqwenga ze-500,000, zavunywa ngoNovemba, kwaye iziqwenga ezongezelelweyo ze-1,000 zavunywa ekuqaleni kwe-2024. Ilayisensi yesithathu yavunywa intlawulo ye-propellant malunga neprojekthi edibeneyo phakathi kweJamani. kunye nemizi-mveliso yakwaSirayeli kodwa yayizezinjongo zovavanyo. Ilayisenisi yesine yayiyeyokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwezixhobo ze-3,000 eziphathwayo ezichasene netanki "kwimeko yangoku yokubulawa kweHamas," watsho.
Ngo-2023, u-Israyeli wacela iimbumbulu zetanki eJamani, kodwa akukabikho layisenisi inikwe. Ilayisenisi enye inikwe inkwili, kodwa ekubeni “isisixhobo semfazwe” ifuna iilayisensi ezimbini zokuthumela ngaphandle ngoko ke ayikavunywa, uVon Uslar-Gleichen uxelele i-ICJ. Ukubhekisela kweNicaragua ngeembumbulu zokudubula nezixhobo eziza kusetyenziswa eGaza “azinanto yakwenza nenyaniso. IJamani iyabakhaba,” utshilo.
UGómez uxoxele iNicaragua ukuba "ayinamsebenzi ukuba igobolondo le-artillery lihanjiswa ngqo lisuka eJamani lisiya kwitanki yase-Israel egqobhoza isibhedlele" okanye liphinde ligcwalise izitokhwe zakwaSirayeli. "Inyani yeyokuba ukuqinisekiswa kwezixhobo kunye nokutshintshwa kwezixhobo kubalulekile ekulandeleni kukaSirayeli uhlaselo lwaseGaza," uxelele i-ICJ, esongeza ukuba iJamani iyawazi "umngcipheko omkhulu wokubulawa kwabantu."
Ityala le-ICJ siSixhobo seDiplomathi kunye nesiQuquzelo
Nangona iUnited States ingoyena mboneleli mkhulu wezixhobo kwaSirayeli, ayikhange imangalelwe kwi-ICJ kuba ayizukulwamkela ulawulo lwenkundla ngaphandle kwakwiimeko apho urhulumente wase-US evuma ngokucacileyo. IJamani iye yavuma kulawulo olupheleleyo lwe-ICJ ngoko yinto ekujoliswe kuyo elula kune-US kwisimangalo saseNicaragua.
"I-ICJ ayiyi kuphelisa imfazwe eGaza, kodwa sisixhobo sozakuzo esisetyenziswa ngumgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle ukusebenzisa uxinzelelo olongezelelweyo kwaSirayeli," uBrian Finucane, umcebisi ophezulu kwi-International Crisis Group, xelelwe I-New York Times. Kwimeko yaseNicaragua, iphinda isebenzise uxinzelelo eJamani.
Imibutho yoluntu nayo yonyusa uxinzelelo ukuba ihambelane nengxoxo ye-ICJ kwityala laseNicaragua ngokuchasene neJamani.. I-CODEPINK abathunywa bachola, bahlanganisana kwaye bahambisa izikhalazo kwimishini yaseJamani kulo lonke elase-US Ezi zenzo zaziyinxalenye yephulo lamazwe ngamazwe lokubambisana kunye namaJamani asePalestina abeka emngciphekweni wokubethelwa kunye nokubanjwa xa ebonisa ukuchasana kweJamani kwimbubhiso yamaSirayeli.
I-ICJ iya kukhupha isigwebo kwisicelo saseNicaragua samanyathelo okwethutyana Nicaragua v. Germany kwiiveki ezimbalwa ezizayo.
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