Yintoni eza kulandela, njengoko iNkundla yezoBulungisa yaMazwe ngaMazwe (ICJ), ekwaziwa njengeNkundla yeHlabathi, sele inikezele isigqibo ngamxhelo mnye ukuba uMzantsi Afrika ubeke ityala โelibambekayoโ lokuba uSirayeli waphula iNgqungquthela yokuBulawa Kwabantu?
Isigwebo sethutyana somhla wama-26 kaJanuwari โ ebeluloyiso olubalulekileyo lwabantu basePalestine, kwaye ngokwenene, kumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ngokwawo - ngoku siya kwiBhunga loKhuseleko leZizwe eziManyeneyo ukuze liwunyanzelise. Kuya kuba ngaphakathi kwinjongo yeBhunga lezoKhuseleko ukuyalela izohlwayo zezoqoqosho okanye zorhwebo, uthintelo lwezixhobo, ukuvalwa komsebenzi wokuhamba okanye nkqu nomkhosi womkhosi.
Kodwa kwimeko apho iUnited States ivala amanyathelo okunyanzeliswa kweBhunga lezoKhuseleko, iNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo isenokwenza ngokuzimeleyo ngeendlela ezibalulekileyo.
Isigqibo sokugqibela se-ICJ kweli tyala sinokuthatha iminyaka eliqela. Kodwa ngenxa yokungxamiseka kokubhubha kwabantu abaninzi kunye nengxaki yoluntu eqhubekayo ngoku, inkundla okwangoku iyalele "amanyathelo okwethutyana" amathandathu okukhusela abantu basePalestine eGaza kwizenzo zokubulawa kwabantu ngelixa inkundla igqiba ukuqwalasela ukufaneleka kwetyala.
Kwisigqibo sayo, inkundla ithe "ibazi kakuhle ubungakanani bentlekele yoluntu eqhubekayo kulo mmandla kwaye ixhalabile ngokuqhubeka kokuphulukana nobomi kunye nokubandezeleka kwabantu." Ichaze abemi baseGaza โnjengabasesichengeni kakhulu,โ isithi โamashumi amawaka abantu ababhubhileyo kunye nokonzakala kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwamakhaya, izikolo, amaziko onyango kunye nezinye iziseko ezibalulekileyo, kunye nokufuduswa kwabantu abaninzi. Inkundla yongeze ukuba "umsebenzi uyaqhubeka" kwaye iNkulumbuso yase-Israel uBenjamin Netanyahu uthe "iya kuthatha iinyanga ezininzi ezinde." Inkundla yathi, "Okwangoku, abantu abaninzi basePalestine kwiGaza Strip abakwazi ukufikelela kokona kutya kusisiseko, amanzi okusela, umbane, amayeza ayimfuneko okanye ukufudumeza."
Amanyathelo okwethutyana I-ICJ Yalela u-Israyeli ukuba aPhumeze kwangoko
I-ICJ yalela u-Israyeli ukuba angenzi izenzo zokubulala abantu basePalestine eGaza ngokukhawuleza, njengoko i-ICJ iqhubeka nenkqubo ecothayo yokuqwalasela ngokusemthethweni ukufaneleka kwetyala lokubulala.
Inkundla yagqiba kwelokuba โimeko eyintlekele yokunceda abantuโ eGaza โisengozini yokuwohloka ngakumbi ngaphambi kokuba iNkundla ikhuphe isigwebo sayo sokugqibela.โ Ngaphezu koko, inkundla yathi ilungelo labantu basePalestine lokukhuselwa kwizenzo zembubhiso kunye nelungelo loMzantsi Afrika (njengeqela leNgqungquthela yokuBulawa kwaBantu) lokuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwe-Israel kwindibano kunokukhuselwa ngamanyathelo okwethutyana.
I-ICJ ifumanise โumngcipheko wokwenyani nosemnyango wokuba ucalucalulo olungenakulungiseka luya kubangelwa kumalungelo afunyenwe yiNkundla ukuba athetheleleka.โ Inkundla yabhala yathi, โKuyimfuneko ke ngoko, kusalindwe isigqibo sayo sokugqibela, ukuba iNkundla ichaze amanyathelo athile ukuze kukhuselwe amalungelo afunwa nguMzantsi Afrika athe iNkundla yawafumanisa esengqiqweni.โ Bazi:
- USirayeli uya kuthabatha onke amanyathelo asemandleni akhe ukuthintela ukwenziwa kwazo zonke izenzo zokubulala, ngokukodwa (a) ukubulawa kwamalungu eqela; (b) ukwenzakaliswa ngokumandundu emzimbeni okanye ngokwasengqondweni kumalungu eqela; (c) ngokwenza ngabom kwiqela leemeko zobomi ezibalelwa ukuzisa ukutshatyalaliswa kwalo ngokwasemzimbeni ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuyinxenye; kunye (d) nokumisela imilinganiselo ejoliswe ekuthinteleni ukubeleka kwiqela.
- USirayeli uya kuqinisekisa ngoko nangoko ukuba umkhosi wakhe awenzi naziphi na izenzo ezichazwe kwinqaku loku-1 ngasentla.
- U-Israel uya kuthatha onke amanyathelo asemandleni akhe ukunqanda kunye nokohlwaya ukuphembelela ngokuthe ngqo kunye noluntu ukwenza imbubhiso.
- I-Israel iya kuthatha amanyathelo akhawulezileyo kwaye asebenzayo ukunika amandla ukubonelelwa kweenkonzo ezisisiseko ezifunekayo ngokukhawuleza kunye noncedo loluntu ukujongana neemeko ezimbi zobomi ezijongene namaPalestina eGaza.
- U-Israyeli uya kuthatha amanyathelo asebenzayo okuthintela ukutshatyalaliswa kunye nokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kobungqina.
- USirayeli uya kungenisa ingxelo kwiNkundla ngawo onke amanyathelo athathiweyo ukuphumeza lo Myalelo kwisithuba senyanga enye ukususela kumhla walo Myalelo.
Inkundla yaqinisekisa ukuba "onke amaqela kungquzulwano kwiGaza Strip abotshelelwe ngumthetho wobuntu wamazwe ngamazwe." Ithe "ixhalabile kakhulu malunga nekamva labathinjwa abathinjwa ngexesha lohlaselo kwa-Israel nge-7 ka-Okthobha ngo-2023 kwaye yabanjwa ukusukela ngoko yiHamas namanye amaqela axhobileyo" kwaye yacela "ukukhululwa kwabo kwangoko nangokungenamiqathango."
Iivoti kwimilinganiselo yethutyana yayiyi-15-2 okanye 16-1. Ijaji yaseUganda uJulia Sebutinde ubachasile bonke. Umgwebi wexesha lakwaSirayeli uAharon Baraki akachasanga kubo bonke ngaphandle kwamanyathelo afuna ukuba uSirayeli athintele kwaye ohlwaye abantu abaphembelela ukubulawa kwabantu kunye nokuvumela uncedo loluntu ukuba lungene eGaza.
Ngoku ekubeni i-ICJ iyalele imilinganiselo yethutyana, uya kunyanzeliswa njani umyalelo wayo?
Izenzo zeNgqungquthela yeZizwe eziManyeneyo inokuThatha ukuba i-US iVetoes iNyanzeliswa liBhunga lezoKhuseleko
Ukuba i-US ivala ukunyanzeliswa kwentshukumo ngeBhunga lezoKhuseleko, iNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo inokuhlangana phantsi koManyano loXolo, isigqibo esiphunyezwe yiNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo sokungaludluli uvoto lweSoviet Union ngexesha leMfazwe yaseKorea. INdibano Jikelele inokucebisa ukuba amazwe angamalungu ayo abeke imiqobo yezixhobo kunye norhwebo kwaSirayeli kwaye aququzelele umkhosi womkhosi ukuba ungenelele eGaza. INdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo nayo inokumnqumamisa uSirayeli kuluhlu lwakhe. Ezi zigqibo ziya kufuna ivoti yesibini kwisithathu samazwe angamalungu ali-193 eNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo.
โIsisombululo esinamandla apho sinokubiza amanyathelo athile asemthethweni, ezoqoqosho, ezopolitiko, ezozakuzo, ezozakuzo, ezombutho kunye neminye. Kwaye ilizwe ngalinye kunye nemibutho yengingqi kufuneka isebenze ngokunjalo, njengomcimbi osemthethweni phantsi kwendibano naphantsi kweTshatha, โ ngoku ka UCraig Mokhiber, owayesakuba ngumalathisi weOfisi yaseNew York yoMkomishinala Omkhulu Wamalungelo Abantu weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, owarhoxa ngowama-2023 ngenxa yokuba iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo zazingayiphelisi into awayeyibiza ngokuba โlityala lembubhisoโ lakwaSirayeli.
"Amazwe esithathu ngoku akwisaziso sokubakho komngcipheko omkhulu wokubulawa kwabantu basePalestine eGaza," iSebe loMzantsi Afrika lezoBudlelwane baMazwe ngaMazwe kunye neNtsebenziswano. kuchazwe kwingxelo. โBamele ke ngoko, basebenze ngokuzimeleyo nangokukhawuleza ukuthintela ukubulawa kohlanga ngamaSirayeli kwaye baqinisekise ukuba bona abaphuli iNgqungquthela Yembubhiso, kuquka ukuncedisa okanye ukuncedisa ekubulaweni kwabantu. Oku kubeka isibophelelo kuwo onke amazwe ukuba ayeke ukuxhasa ngemali kunye nokuququzelela imikhosi yasemkhosini yakwa-Israyeli, ebonakala ibulala uhlanga. "
Ingaba iSigqibo seThutyana se-ICJ siNxulumana njani neeFowuno zokuBekwa koMlilo?
Nangona inkundla ingazange iyalele ukuba i-Israel "ikunqumamise kwangoko ukusebenza kwayo" eGaza, njengoko iceliwe nguMzantsi Afrika, amanyathelo ethutyana awawayalelayo afuna ukuba kupheliswe imfazwe. Imiyalelo ye-ICJ iyakunqanda ukubulawa ngokubulawa kwabantu basePalestine kwaye igunyazise ukuba uSirayeli avumele uncedo loluntu eGaza, olungenakuphunyezwa ngaphandle kokupheliswa kokudubula.
โUbonelela njani ngoncedo kunye namanzi ngaphandle kokupheliswa kokudubula? Ukuba uyawufunda lo myalelo, ngokutsho ukuba kupheliswe imfazwe,โ utshilo uMphathiswa weMicimbi yezangaPhandle eMzantsi Afrika uNaledi Pandor. ingxelo kumaphephandaba kulandela isigwebo.
Nangona isigqibo sethutyana se-ICJ singakhange sicele ngokucacileyo ukuba kupheliswe imfazwe, sifuna oku. Ikwaxhasa iphulo lokuphelisa imfazwe kunye noxinzelelo lwamazwe ngamazwe lokuxhasa inkululeko yasePalestina njengoko iwaqonda amalungelo oluntu asisiseko amaPalestina.
Umphathiswa wemicimbi yangaphandle eMzantsi Afrika wachaza isigqibo "njengoloyiso olugqibeleleyo lolawulo lomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kunye nesiganeko esibalulekileyo ekufuneni ubulungisa kubantu basePalestina."
AmaGqwetha wamaLungelo oLuntu asePalestina ebizwa Isigqibo se-ICJ "ukukhanya okufunekayo ebumnyameni," yongeza, "Lusuku lwembali lokuqaphela ngokucacileyo amalungelo oluntu asePalestina, kubandakanywa nelungelo labo elibalulekileyo lokuphila, kunye nokuthethelelwa okubalulekileyo kokubhenela emthethweni sixhase amalungelo asisiseko.โ
Owayesakuba ngunobhala we-UN oKhethekileyo wamaLungelo oLuntu kwiNdawo yasePalestine eThileyo uRichard Falk. satsho isigqibo โliphawula elona xesha likhulu kwimbali [yenkundla]โ kuba โyomeleza amabango omthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ukuba ahlonitshwe ngawo onke amazwe azimeleyoโhayi nje amanye.โ
I-Israel izama ukuNciphisa uLonakalo kwiGlobal Standing kwi-World Stage
Akumangalisi ke ngoko ukuba, uSirayeli wasikhaba isigqibo seNkundla Yehlabathi. UNetanyahu wayibiza ngokuba "buhlunguโ waza wazichaza izityholo zokutshatyalaliswa kohlanga nxamnye noSirayeli ngokuthi โengenasiseko.โ UMphathiswa wezoKhuseleko lweSizwe u-Itamar Ben Gvir ibhalwe I-ICJ โechasene nomthetho,โ yongezelela ngelithi, โLe nkundla ayifuni okusesikweni, kunoko ifuna ukutshutshiswa kwamaYuda. . . . Izigqibo ezibeka esichengeni ukuqhubeka kobukho beLizwe lakwaSirayeli mazingaphulaphulwa.โ
Kwanangaphambi kokuba isigqibo se-ICJ sibhengezwe, iinkokeli zakwa-Israel bezisenza umkhondo wokuzama ukuqulatha oko bekulindelwe kwaye zikhusele umbono wokuba u-Israel uyalele ukonyuka koncedo loluntu eGaza.
Ngokulindela isigqibo se-ICJ, uSirayeli ichithwe ngaphezu kwama-30 imiyalelo eyimfihlo karhulumente kunye neenkokheli zomkhosi athi u-Israel uyasikhaba isityholo soMzantsi Afrika sokuba wenze imbubhiso eGaza. U-Israel uthi amaxwebhu abonisa ukuba urhulumente wakhe uzame ukunciphisa abantu ababulawa ngabantu.
La maxwebhu abandakanya isishwankathelo seentlanganiso zekhabhinethi ngasekupheleni kuka-Okthobha, apho uNetanyahu wayalela ukuba kuhanjiswe uncedo, amanzi kunye namafutha eGaza. Uxelele urhulumente ukuba amisele ukuba "abadlali bangaphandle" banokuseka izibhedlele zokunyanga abantu basePalestine eGaza, kwaye mhlawumbi bahambise inqanawa yesibhedlele elunxwemeni.
Imizuzu yentlanganiso yekhabhinethi ye-14 kaNovemba ithi uNetanyahu uhlala egxininisa isidingo sokwandisa kakhulu uncedo loluntu eGaza. Olunye uxwebhu lwathi, "Kuyacetyiswa ukuba uphendule ngokufanelekileyo kwisicelo se-USA sokuvumela ukungena kwamafutha." Imizuzu yentlanganiso yekhabhinethi ye-18 kaNovemba ithi uNetanyahu ugxininise "imfuneko epheleleyo" yokuqhubeka nokuvumela uncedo olusisiseko loluntu eGaza.
"Kodwa idossier icutshungulwe kakhulu kwaye iyayishiya imiyalelo yexesha lemfazwe enikwe yikhabhinethi kunye nomkhosi," ngokutsho. The New York Times. "Amaxwebhu akhoyo awabandakanyi ii-odolo ukusuka kwiintsuku ezili-10 zokuqala zemfazwe xa u-Israyeli evale uncedo eGaza kwaye wavala ukufikelela kumbane kunye namanzi ahlala ewabonelela kulo mmandla."
โXa uzama ukubonisa ukuba awuzange unike umyalelo wokwenza into ethile, ngokucacileyo uya kubonisa imiyalelo ebonisa enye into,โ uWilliam A. Schabas, unjingalwazi wezomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kwiYunivesithi yaseMiddlesex eLondon nombhali Imbubhiso kuMthetho waMazwe ngaMazwe, uxelele i Maxesha. Kwaye ukuba kukho umyalelo wokwenza into okanye isicwangciso sokuyenza, awuzukubonelela ngayo.
Kwisigqibo sayo, i-ICJ ilivumile ibango likaSirayeli โlokuba ithabathe amanyathelo athile okulungisa nokunciphisa iimeko ezijongene nabemi baseGaza Strip.โ Kodwa, inkundla yongeze yathi, โNangona amanyathelo anjengala emele akhuthazwe, awanelanga ukususa umngcipheko wokuba ucalucalulo olungenakulungiseka luya kubangelwa ngaphambi kokuba iNkundla ikhuphe isigqibo sayo sokugqibela kweli tyala.โ
I-US inciphisa iNkxaso-mali yoNcedo loLuntu kwi-Gaza kwi-Wake of the ICJ's Ruling
Kwangaloo mini i-ICJ yagweba ukuba uSirayeli kufuneka avumele uncedo loluntu kubantu basePalestine eGaza, kwaSirayeli ihlawulwe ukuba abasebenzi be-12 be-UN Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) babandakanyeka ekuhlaselweni kuka-Oktobha 7 nguHamas. I-UNRWA yagxotha abarhanelwa abalithoba, iphanda ababini kubo kwaye omnye uswelekile. Nangona kunjalo, i-US kunye namahlakani ayo amaninzi (abonelela ngeepesenti ze-60 zenkxaso-mali ye-UNRWA) ngokukhawuleza yamisa imali kwi-arhente yabasebenzi be-13,000 apho phantse bonke abantu basePalestina eGaza baxhomekeke kuyo ukuze baphile, kuquka ukutya kunye nekhusi.
UNobhala Jikelele we-UN u-Antonio Guterres kuchazwe kwingxelo ukuba, "Izenzo ezicekisekayo ezityholayo zaba basebenzi kufuneka zibe neziphumo, kodwa amashumi amawaka amadoda nabasetyhini abasebenzela i-UNRWA, uninzi lwezona meko ziyingozi kakhulu kubasebenzi boluntu, akufuneki bohlwaywe. Iimfuno ezimandundu zabemi abaxhwalekileyo ababakhonzayo kufuneka zithotyelwe.โ
Ngokubuyisela uncedo loluntu kumaPalestine phantsi kongqingo eGaza, i-US ikhawulezisa ukubulawa kwabantu bakwaSirayeli.
UMzantsi Afrika wenze a ityala elinamandla kwaye elinyanzelisayo kwi-ICJ ukuba uSirayeli wenza imbubhiso kubantu basePalestina eGaza. Isicelo UMzantsi Afrika uye wafaka enkundleni izenzo zembubhiso kunye nokungenziwanga kukaSirayeli kwimeko ebanzi yomgaqo-nkqubo wocalucalulo weminyaka engama-75 yakwaSirayeli, ukuhlala iminyaka engama-56 kunye nokuvalwa kweminyaka eli-16 eGaza. Oku kungqingwa kwachazwa nguJuliette Touma, umalathisi wezonxibelelwano we-UNRWA, โnjengombulali ongathethiyo wabantu.โ
UMzantsi Afrika uxelele i-ICJ ukuba "ikukhalimele ngokungathandabuzekiyo ukujoliswa kwabantu ngabahlali yiHamas kunye namanye amaqela axhobileyo asePalestina kunye nokuthinjwa kwabantu nge-7 Okthobha." Kodwa, yongeza, "akukho hlaselo oluxhobileyo kumhlaba weLizwe nokuba lubi kangakanani - kwanohlaselo olubandakanya ubugebenga benkohlakalo - lunokubonelela nasiphi na isizathu, okanye ukuzikhusela" kwimbubhiso. U-Israel โuwelile lo mgca,โ utshilo uMzantsi Afrika.
USirayeli waphendula ngokubeka uxanduva kwiHamas malunga nemeko yaseGaza. U-Israyeli waxoxa ukuba umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe wobuntu sisikhokelo esifanelekileyo-ukuba iHamas yenza ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe. Ngokwembono yamaSirayeli, oku asikokubulawa kwabantu; Ukuba nabani na ulixhoba lembubhiso, utsho uSirayeli it kwakungo-Okthobha we-7 xa imikhosi echasayo yasePalestina kuthiwa yabulala abantu abayi-1,200. Nangona kunjalo, i-Hamas ayiyona inxalenye yeli tyala, kuba ayilona qela likaRhulumente kwiNgqungquthela ye-Genocide.
Isigqibo seenkokeli zase-US sokunciphisa uncedo loluntu eGaza kunye nokwandisa izityholo zika-Israyeli ngokuchasene ne-UNRWA kwangolo suku apho i-ICJ yakhupha isigwebo sayo sigxininisa umyalezo wokuba i-US ibuyisela amabali akwa-Israel atyhala ukuba ibuyele rhoqo kwaye inengqondo enye kuhlaselo. ukusuka kwi-Hamas ngo-Oktobha 7, kunokuba i-accounting eqhubekayo yephulo lokutshabalalisa u-Israyeli uye waphendula ngokuphendula ukususela ngoko.
Ulawulo lwe-Biden lwaphula uMgaqo-nkqubo walo wokuTshintshela iiArms kunye neNgqungquthela yokuBulawa kwabantu
Ulawulo lweBiden sele luphantsi kovavanyo oluqhubekayo kumazwe ngamazwe nangaphakathi. Kwiiyure nje ezimbalwa emva kokuba i-ICJ ibhengeze isigwebo sayo esibalulekileyo, inkundla yomanyano yembali kwinkundla yamatyala ityala Iziswe ngamaPalestina ngokuchasene noMongameli uJoe Biden, unobhala welizwe u-Antony Blinken kunye noNobhala wezoKhuselo uLloyd Austin ngokusilela ukuthintela ukubulawa kwabantu kunye nokubandakanyeka kwimbubhiso. kusasazwa esidlangalaleni.
Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuba lihamba njani ityala lenkundla yaseMelika, i-US ngokungathandabuzekiyo iya kuqhubeka nokujongana nokugwetywa kwamazwe ngamazwe ngokuphulwa kwayo iNgqungquthela ye-Genocide, kunye nokwaphulwa komgaqo-nkqubo wokudluliswa kwezixhobo, emva kwesigqibo sethutyana se-ICJ. Isigwebo se-ICJ sikwabonisa ukuba urhulumente wase-US, obonelela nge-3.8 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ku-Israel kwaye wacela imvume ye-congressional ye-14 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngaphezulu, utyeshela ulawulo lwe-Biden. UMgaqo-nkqubo weSiqhelo wokuTshintshela iziXhobo wase-US, ethi:
Akukho kudluliselwa kwezixhobo kuya kugunyaziswa apho i-United States ivavanya ukuba kunokwenzeka ngakumbi kunokuba kungekuko ukuba iingalo ziya kuhanjiswa ziya kusetyenziswa ngumamkeli ukuzinikela, ukuququzelela ikhomishini yabamkeli, okanye ukwenza mandundu imingcipheko eya kwenziwa ngummkeli: ukubulawa kwabantu; ulwaphulo-mthetho olujoliswe eluntwini; ukwaphulwa kwamangcwaba kwiiNgqungquthela zaseGeneva zika-1949, kubandakanywa uhlaselo olujoliswe ngabom ngokuchasene nezixhobo zasekuhlaleni okanye abantu abakhuselwe ngolo hlobo; okanye okunye ukunyhashwa okumasikizi komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe woluntu okanye wamalungelo oluntu, kubandakanywa izenzo ezimandundu zobundlobongela obusekelwe kwisini okanye izenzo ezimandundu zobundlobongela obujoliswe ebantwaneni.
Umgaqo-nkqubo kaMongameli Biden ukwathi uvavanyo lokuba umamkeli (u-Israel) uyanyhasha amalungelo oluntu "luya kubandakanya ukuqwalaselwa kolwazi olukhoyo kunye neemeko ezifanelekileyo, kubandakanya nezenzo zomamkeli ezicetywayo ngoku kunye nezexesha elidlulileyo."
I-ICJ yenze uphando olubanzi malunga nokuziphatha kukaSirayeli eGaza yaza yacaphula ulwimi oluthob' isidima ngamagosa aphezulu akwa-Israeli kunye neengxelo zokulumkisa ngamagosa amaninzi e-UN. Ngokusisiseko inkundla yamkele isambuku sezityholo ezineenkcukacha zoMzantsi Afrika ngakuSirayeli. Ezi ziphumo kufuneka zisebenze njengesilumkiso kulawulo lwe-Biden ukuba ukuqhubeka nokubonelela ngezixhobo kwa-Israyeli kuya kwaphula zombini iNgqungquthela ye-Genocide kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo wokuDlulisa izixhobo.
Akuvumelekanga Thunti. Iphinde yashicilelwa ngemvume.
UMarjorie Cohn ngunjingalwazi ophumeleleyo eThomas Jefferson School of Law, owayesakuba ngumongameli weNational Lawyers Guild, kwaye ulilungu lebhodi yesizwe yeengcebiso ye-Assange Defense kunye namaVeterans For Peace, kunye ne-bureau ye-International Association of Democratic Lawyers. Ungumseki we-People's Academy yoMthetho waMazwe ngaMazwe kunye nommeli wase-US kwibhunga leengcebiso lelizwekazi le-Association of American Jurists. Iincwadi zakhe ziquka i-Drones kunye nokubulawa okujolisiweyo: iLegal, Moral and Geopolitical Issues. Ungumququzeleli werediyo ethi โLaw and Disorderโ.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela