USenator Sheldon Whitehouse kule veki ifake isikhalazo ngeenqobo zokuziphatha malunga norhwaphilizo kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo. Okumangalisayo kukuba, kwafuneka ayifake kwiJaji eyiNtloko uJohn Roberts ngokwakhe (oku kufana nokukhalaza kuGeorge Santos ukuba uGeorge Santos unobuqhophololo) kuba, njengoko uWhitehouse esitsho kwisikhalazo sakhe:
โNdinibhalela ngokwesikhundla senu njengeJaji eyiNtloko nanjengoSihlalo weNkomfa yeNkundla kuba, ngokungafaniyo nazo zonke ezinye iinkundla zomdibaniso, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ayinayo inkqubo esesikweni yokwamkela okanye yokuphanda izikhalazo ezinjaloโฆโ
Isikhalazo sakhe saphenjelelwa, ngokuyinxenye, nguSam Alito (ngokungathandabuzekiyo ongowesibini kowona bulungisa bobuqhophololo) osandulโ ukucatshulwa The Wall Street Journal as Kuthetha:
"Akukho lungiselelo kuMgaqo-siseko linika [iNkongolo] igunya lokulawula iNkundla ePhakamileyo-ixesha."
Ngaloo nto, u-Alito ukhetha ukungayinaki ngokupheleleyo iSiqendu III, iCandelo 2 loMgaqo-siseko, apho uyayibeka ngokucacileyo:
"[T] iNkundla ePhakamileyo iya kuba noLawulo lwesibheno, zombini malunga noMthetho kunye neNyaniso, kunye neMiqathango enjalo, naphantsi kweMiqathango njengoko iNkongolo iya kwenza."
Umbhali weSibhengezo seNkululeko kunye nomongameli wesithathu waseMelika waxela kwangaphambili urhwaphilizo lweNkundla ePhakamileyo yanamhlanje. ICongress bekumele ukuba imamele ngoko; kufuneka imamele ngoku. Ukuba iiDemokhrasi zinokuphinda zithathe iNdlu kwaye zibambe i-Senate kunye ne-White House ngo-2024, kufuneka zibethe phantsi ngo-2025 ngomthetho wokunciphisa urhwaphilizo kunye namandla eNkundla ePhakamileyo.
Oko kuthetha ukuba kufuneka baqalise ngoku. Nantsi i-backstory, kwaye yintoni ekufuneka yenziwe.
Emva kwi-1803 kwimeko ye Marbury v Madison, INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-US yazithathela kuye igunya elinganikwanga nguMgaqo-siseko: ukukwazi ukubetha okanye ukuguqula imithetho ewiswe yiCongress kwaye isayinwe nguMongameli. Kubizwa ngokuba "uphononongo lwenkundla."
UThomas Jefferson wayengumongameli ngaloo nyaka kwaye waphuma. Wachaza inkxalabo yakhe kumhlobo wakhe wakudala uJaji uSpencer Roane, umkhwenyana kaPatrick Henry kunye nobulungisa beNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseVirginia:
UJefferson wabhala wathi: โUkuba olu luvo luyavakala, ngoko uMgaqo-siseko wethu uphelele felo de se [isivumelwano sokuzibulala]. Kuba ngenjongo yokuseka amasebe amathathu, alungelelanise kwaye azimeleyo, ukuze ahlole kwaye alungelelanise omnye komnye, inike, ngokutsho kolu luvo, kwelinye lawo yedwa, ilungelo lokumisela imithetho kurhulumente wabanye, kwaye ukuba enye nayo, engakhethwanga, kwaye izimeleyo kwisizweโฆ.
UMongameli Jefferson waqhubeka ngomsindo opheleleyo:
โUMgaqo-siseko, kulo mbono, yinto nje esezandleni zenkundla, abanokuthi bayijije bayenze nayiphi na indlela abayithandayo. โฆ
โUkwakhiwa kwam koMgaqo-siseko kwahluke kakhulu kuleyo uyicaphulayo. Kukuba isebe ngalinye lizimele ngenene kwamanye, kwaye linelungelo elilinganayo lokuzenzela isigqibo ngokwalo ngentsingiselo yoMgaqo-siseko kumatyala angeniswe kwisenzo salo; kwaye ngakumbi, apho kufuneka kusebenze ekugqibeleni kwaye ngaphandle kwesibhenoโฆ.
โInkundla engaxhomekekanga kukumkani okanye igosa lilodwa yinto elungileyo; kodwa ukuzimela geqe kurhulumente weriphabliki.โ
Namhlanje, sineNkundla ePhakamileyo ezibeke ngokupheleleyo phezu kweNkongolo, nto leyo echaseneyo neyona nto ifunwa ngabaseki kunye nabaQinisekileyo.
Ngenxa yoko, njengoko uJefferson walumkisayo, iNkundla ngokwayo yonakaliswe โngabahloboโ abambalwa abazizityebi ngokuguquguqukayo amaqela abo amanyeneyo ahlala esisa amatyala okanye amagqabantshintshi eNkundla.
Ngomngcipheko wokuvakala njenge-originist, oku hayi oko kwakujoliswe ngabaseki kunye naBaseki boMgaqo-siseko.
Ngo-1788, xa uJames Madison no-Alexander Hamilton bapapasha uthotho lwamanqaku amaphephandaba akhuthaza abantu baseMelika ingcamango yokuba bafanele bawuvume uMgaqo-siseko (namhlanje sibabiza ngokuthi Amaphepha ezi Federalist), uHamilton wathatha umsebenzi wokuthengisa iSiqendu III, esagunyazisa iCongress ukuba idale inkqubo yenkundla.
Iquke, kwiCandelo le-III isigunyaziso sokuba iCongress iseke iNkundla ePhakamileyo ngokuchaza ukuba zingaphi na iijaji eziya kuba nazo, apho idibana khona, ibiya kuba yintoni ibhajethi yayo, kwaye yintoni enokuyenza kwaye ayinakukwazi ukulawula.
Kuloo ndawo yokuthengisa, uHamilton, ngoMeyi 28, 1788, wabhala kwinqaku lephephandaba namhlanje esilibiza ngokuthi. I-Federalist Hayi. 78, ukuba iinkundla, kuquka iNkundla ePhakamileyo, yayizezona zibuthathaka kumasebe amathathu adalwe nguMgaqo-siseko. Ngapha koko, ngelo xesha kwakungajongwanga ukuba baya kuze babe namandla okuwisa imithetho ewiswe yiCongress.
"[T] inkundla ingaphaya kokuthelekiswa nelona candelo libuthathaka kumasebe amathathu amagunya," wabhala, esongeza kwakwesi sivakalisi sinye ukuba "ayinakuhlasela ngempumelelo nokuba yiyiphi [amasebe] amabini."
Wade waphawula eso sigwebo kunye nesicatshulwa esivela kumgwebi odumileyo waseFransi uMontesquieu, owathi kuqala wachaza ngokucacileyo ingcamango yokwahlulwa kwamagunya phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente njengetshekhi kunye nokulinganisela. Umbhalo osemazantsi kaHamilton ufundeka ngolu hlobo:
โUMontesquieu odumileyo, xa ethetha ngawo, uthi: โKula magunya mathathu akhankanywe ngasentla, inkundla ayinanto yakwenza.โโ
Ucacisile ukuba kutheni iijaji zeNkundla ziye zaqeshwa ubomi babo bonke kwaye inkundla inecandelo layo loMgaqo-siseko, ebhala kuMgaqo-siseko. I-Federalist, Hayi. 78:
"[F]ukusuka kubuthathaka bendalo benkundla, ihleli emngciphekweni wokoyiswa, ukukhwankqiswa, okanye ukuphenjelelwa ngamasebe ayo anxibelelanayo."
Ukuqeshwa ubomi bonke kunye "nokwahlulwa kwamagunya" kukaMontesquieu kuya kukhusela iNkundla ekubeni "yonganyelwe, yoyike, okanye iphenjelelwe" ngumongameli okanye iCongress.
Kodwa abanye abantu baseMelika (kunye namaphephandaba amaninzi aloo mihla) babengaqinisekanga; ingcinga yokuqeshwa ubomi bonke nokuba lisebe likarhulumente elizimeleyo kwabanye ababini yavakala kakhulu ngathi iijaji zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zinokuthatha amandla aneleyo ukuze zifane nobukhosi baseYurophu ababesandula kulwa imfazwe yoguqulo.
"Yintoni enokuthintela iNkundla ePhakamileyo ekuphakameni ize ithabathe ilizwe?" babuza. โUgxininisa amandla amaninzi kwisebe elinye!โ abanye bathi.
Ngoko, kwinyanga kamva, ngoJuni 1788, uHamilton wapapasha oko ngoku kwaziwa ngokuba I-Federalist 81, ukuphendula ngokuthe ngqo izichaso zabo, kwakhona bexoxa ukuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo ayinakho ukwenza imithetho kwaye ayinakuwisa imithetho.
Okokuqala, wacaphula (kunoko ngokuchanekileyo) izichaso kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo awayezityhala, ephawula ukuba abachasi boMgaqo-siseko babenexhala lokuba abagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyoโngokuyingozi! โ banokutolika uMgaqo-siseko ngendlela abazikhethele yona ngokwabo okanye ngokweqela lamaqela.
โIingxoxo,โ wabhala uHamilton, โokanye amacebiso, esekelwe phezu kwawo esi sityholo, ahambisana noku:
โIgunya leNkundla Ephakamileyo ecetywayo yaseUnited States, eza kuba liqumrhu elizimeleyo nelizimeleyo, liya kuba likhulu kunelo lendlu yowiso-mthetho. Amandla okuqulunqa imithetho ngokoMOYA woMgaqo-siseko, aya kwenza loo nkundla ukuba iyibumbe ibe kuko nakuphi na ukumila ecinga ukuba kufanelekile; ngakumbi njengoko izigqibo zalo zingayi kuba nangayiphi na indlela zixhomekeke kuhlaziyo okanye ukulungiswa kwequmrhu lowiso-mthetho. Oku akukaze kwenzeke njengoko kuyingozi. โ (Ugxininiso lukaHamilton.)
Emva kokumisela izichaso / iinkxalabo, emva koko wabaphendula abo bathandabuzayo kumhlathi olandelayo:
โOkokuqala, akukho silabhi kwisicwangciso esiqwalaselwayo esigunyazisa NGOKUNQOPHELE iinkundla zesizwe ukuba zicacise imithetho ngokomgaqo-siseko woMgaqo-siseko, okanye ezizinika nasiphi na inkululeko ethe kratya kule nkalo kunokuba inokubangwa nguMgaqo-siseko. iinkundla zalo lonke ilizwe.โ (Egxininisa eyakhe.)
Ukwathe, kumhlathi olandelayo, nokuba iNkundla ibinokugweba ngentsingiselo yomthetho ongabhalwanga kakuhle (okanye igqwetha ngokonakala intsingiselo yomthetho) xa isenza isigqibo ngetyala, indlu yowiso-mthetho inokubhala nje umthetho omtsha ocacisa ukuba yintoni na. babethetha kwaye umthetho omtsha uya kusebenza kwixesha elizayo:
โIndlu yowiso-mthetho, engakhange igqithe kwiphondo layo . . . inokumisela umthetho omtsha kumatyala exesha elizayo.โ
Sekunjalo, abantu babenexhala lokuba iNkundla yayiza kuba namandla kakhulu. Kuthekani ukuba baqala ukubethelela imithetho epasiswe yiCongress kwaye basayinwe ngumongameli, bobabini bonyulwe sithi singabantu, ngelixa abagwebi babechongwa nje?
Impendulo kaHamilton ngaphakathi I-Federalist Hayi. 81 yayingulo Mgaqo-siseko ngokwawo thintelwe ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya okunjalo kuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayingaphantsi kweCongress.
โSiye sabona ukuba igunya lokuqala leNkundla Ephakamileyo liya kuphelela kwiindidi ezimbini zezizathu, yaye ezo zohlobo azifane zenzeke [iimpikiswano phakathi kwamazwe, nezivumelwano nezinye izizwe].
โKuwo onke amanye amatyala engqiqo yomanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe, ulawulo lwantlandlolo lwaluya kuchaphazela amatyala angaphantsi; kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo ayinakuba negunya lokubhena, 'kanye naloo IMIGAQO naphantsi kweMIGAQO njengoko iNkongolo iya kwenza.'โ (Ugxininiso lwakhe.)
Ukuba oko bekungacacanga ngokwaneleyo, kwisivakalisi esilandelayo uHamilton waziphinda.
"Ukunqanda konke ukungahambi kakuhle, kuya kukhuseleka ukubhengeza ngokubanzi, ukuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo iya kuba negunya lesibheno ngokomthetho kunye ne-FACT, kwaye olu lawulo luya kuba phantsi kwe-EXCEPTIONS kunye nemimiselo njengoko ipalamente yesizwe inokumisela. Oku kuya kwenza ukuba urhulumente [uwonke] akwazi ukuyilungisa ngendlela eya kuthi iphendule kakuhle iziphelo zobulungisa nokhuseleko loluntu. (Egxininisa eyakhe.)
Waphawula ngokufanayo kwinqaku I-Federalist, Hayi. 78, nangona wayebiyelwe kancinci:
โKwaye esi sigqibo asibonisi nangayiphi na indlela ukongama kwenkundla kumagunya owiso-mthetho. Kuphela icinga ukuba amandla abantu angaphezulu kokubini; nokuba apho ukuthanda kwendlu yowiso-mthetho, okubhengezwe kwimimiselo yayo, kuchasene nokwabantu, okuchazwe kuMgaqo-siseko, iijaji zimele zilawulwe ngabathile kunokuba zilawulwe ngabangaphambili.โ
Ke, ukuya kuthi ga ngo-1803, akukho mntu wayeqinisekile ukuba angakanani na amandla eNkundla ePhakamileyo, kodwa wonke umntu wayeqinisekile ukuba yayinqongophele kakhulu.
Kodwa kwinkulungwane edlulileyo, iNkundla iye, ngeendlela ezininzi, ibe lelona sebe linamandla kurhulumente wobumbano kwaye abanyulwanga okanye baxhomekeke kulo naluphi na ulongamelo olunentsingiselo oluvela kwiCongress, umongameli, okanye. Thina baNtu.
Baziphatha ngokungathi bacinga ukuba bangasebukhosini, phakathi kokuqeshwa kwabo bonke ubomi babo kunye nokungafuni okanye ukungakwazi kweCongress ukubalawula okanye "ukubalawula". Oku kuyingozi kwaye kuphosakele.
Kwaye ikhokelele kwikratshi kunye nobuqhophololo phakathi kwabagwebi beRiphabhlikhi kwiNkundla esongela umthetho eMelika.
Ayikho enye inkundla yomdibaniso esizweni, umzekelo, enokuvumela ummangalelwa kwityala eliphambi kwabo ukuba abhabhe ijaji kwijethi yabucala yaseGulfstream yokuya kwindawo yokuzingela obutofotofo eLouisiana emva koko, emva kweveki, jonga njengoko ijaji ilawula. ubabalo lommangalelwa.
Kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo uJustice Antonin Scalia wenza kanye loo nto xa uDick Cheney wayemangalelwa ngenxa yesityholo sokuxoka โngeqela lakhe lamandlaโ eliyimfihlo elaliceba ukuthinjwa kunye nokuthengiswa kwamasimi e-oyile yase-Iraq njengoko yena noBush basixokisa kwimfazwe eyavula loo masimi e-oyile. ekuxhatshazweni.
Ayikho enye inkundla yomdibaniso eya kuvumela ijaji ukuba yenze intetho phambi kweqela elixhasa ngezimali ityala phambi kwabo kwaye emva koko igwebe ngokuxhasa injongo yelo qela echazwe ngokuphandle, kodwa yiloo nto kanye eyenziwa nguNeal Gorsuch xa wayethetha neqela elixhaswa ngemali nguBradley. Isiseko ebesincedisa ngemali UJanus v AFSCME ityala eliye latshabalalisa ukhuseleko lwemibutho yabasebenzi bakarhulumente ngokusekelwe kumgaqo-siseko.
Ayikho enye inkundla yomdibaniso enokuvumela ijaji ukuba ifunge ukuziphindezela ngokuchasene nequmrhu elithile elingenzi nzuzo (kweli tyala iDemocratic Party), isithi kwiingxoxo zayo zokuqinisekisa ukuba, "Okujikelezayo kuya kwenzeka," aze agwebe kumatyala achaphazela ngqo loo mbutho ( njengokungena kwamalungelo okuvota ngokucaphula uMgaqo-siseko) kodwa uBrett Kavanaugh wenza oko kanye.
Ayikho enye inkundla yomdibaniso eya kuvumela ijaji ukuba igwebe ityala apho wayephethe isitokhwe sesigidi sesigidi seerandi kwinkampani enikezela iingxoxo ze-amicus phambi kwenkundla - akukho mthethweni ngokusemthethweni kumazwe amaninzi - kodwa uJohn Roberts wenza oko ABC v Aereo ityala. Njengoko wenzayo uRoberts, uBreyer, kunye noAlito kwezinye iimeko ezingama-25 kwezingama-37 apho babenabo isitokhwe, ngokweqela likarhulumente olungileyo. Lungisa iNkundla.
Ayikho enye inkundla yomdibaniso enokuvumela umfazi wejaji ukuba anxibelelane ngokuphandle kunye kwaye athethelele umdla wabaninzi abamangalelwa phambi kwenkundla kumashumi eminyaka, kwaye athathe phantse isigidi seerandi kwiqela elinceda rhoqo ukuzisa amatyala phambi kwenkundla yakhe, kodwa. Clarence Thomas nomkakhe wenze zombini njengoko phendla ngendlela eyothusayo ENew York Times iprofayili.
Kwaye ngoku iNkundla ikwenzile waze wayitshisa i-EPA -I-arhente uJustice Gorsuch umama wabaleka ngokungafanelekanga emhlabeni ngaphambili ukurhoxa kwihlazo ngexesha lolawulo Reagan - usebenzisa Gorsuch kaThixo bullshit "textualist" utoliko loMgaqo-siseko ukuya emva arhente egameni imboni yefosili ebulala ngenkuthalo iplanethi yethu ukwenza imali.
Ukongeza, aba baqeshwa baseRiphabhlikhi ngokuphandle ukudubula phantsi iinzame Democratic ukulwa iimephu gerrymandered ngelixa inkxaso Iinzame ze-GOP zokuzinyanzela kumazwe. Kwaye ungandiqalisi kwiRiphabhlikhi kwiNkundla esemthethweni yokuhlanjululwa kwabavoti ngo-2018, okukhokelela kubantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-20 abahlanjululwe kuzwelonke kule minyaka mihlanu ukusukela oko.
Ke, namhlanje sijongene neengxaki ezimbini ezibandakanya iNkundla ePhakamileyo.
Eyokuqala yeyokuba bathathe amagunya abangawanikwanga yiNkongolo okanye uMgaqo-siseko ekuqinisekiseni amandla apheleleyo okuphononongwa kwenkundla kwaye bawasebenzise kuwo wonke umthetho owiswe ngabantu baseRiphabhlikhi, ukusuka kumalungelo okuvota ukuya kwimiba yokusingqongileyo ukuya kunyanzeliso loluntu. amalungelo.
Ngenxa yokuba akunakwenzeka ukuba iNkongolo ingawathatha loo mandla nangaluphi na usuku kungekudala (babenalo ukusukela ngo-1803), iCongress ingakwazi ukuyilawula.
Ngokomzekelo, iiNkundla eziPhakamileyo zaseBelgium, eFransi, nase-Itali zinokwenza kuphela isigqibo sophononongo lomgaqo-siseko xa zigweba ngamxhelo mnye. IiNkundla zamazwe amathathu ziyasebenza ngale ndlela ngokomthetho kwaye abo baseJamani naseSpeyin benza oko ngokwesithethe. Iye yanceda ezo zizwe ngokufanelekileyo, ikhupha ezobupolitika nokuba nenxaxheba kwiinkqubo zazo zokugweba.
ICongress inokugunyazisa okufanayo kwiNkundla yethu ePhakamileyo ngevoti yesininzi esilula, ukuba banokufumana iiDemokhrasi ezingama-50 ukuba zoyise ifilibuster.
Akusayi kubakho zigqibo ze-6-3 okanye i-5-4 kunye neRiphabhlikhi-abaqeshwayo abaqeshwe kwicala elinye kunye nabaqeshwa beDemokhrasi kwelinye icala. Sonke isigqibo esiba ngumthetho osekelwe kuMgaqo-siseko siya kuba ngu-9-0.
INkundla yayiza kwenza oko iFramers yayicinga ukuba ngumsebenzi wayo oyintloko - ukuba yinkundla yokugqibela yezibheno - kunye nezigqibo ezininzi ezilula. Ukuthatha isigqibo sokuba uTrump wadlwengula E. UJean Carroll, yeyiphi inkampani eyenzakalisa enye inkampani, loo nto. Ukutyhubela inkulungwane ye-18 neye-19, oko kwakungaphezu kwama-90 ekhulwini koko kwenziwa yiNkundla.
Namhlanje, nangona kunjalo, kugqatso lwabo lokuba ngawona masebe anamandla kumasebe mathathu, amaRiphabhlikhi eNkundleni athathe uninzi lwamatyala awo njengemibuzo yoMgaqo-siseko, imithetho engqongqo okanye ebhala ngokutsha epasiswe yiNkongolo. Oko kufuneka kucofelwe kwakhona, kwaye kufuna uninzi yindlela entle yokuyenza.
Ingxaki yesibini lurhwaphilizo lwabantu abathile eNkundleni. Ukwamkela kukaThomas kunye no-Alito izipho ezikhulu ezivela koobhiliyoni kunye nemibutho yamaqela kwaziwa kakuhle, kodwa uBarrett uye wagweba kumatyala abandakanya imboni yepetroli kayise, umfazi kaRoberts uthathe i-10 yezigidi zeedola kwiifemu zomthetho ngamanye amaxesha zineshishini phambi kweNkundla, kwaye uGorsuch wakhutshwa ngebheyile ngesivumelwano somhlaba esinomthunzi xa wonyulwa kwibhentshi.
I-FBI yafumana amawaka eengcebiso malunga nokuziphatha okubi okanye okungekho mthethweni nguKavanaugh ngexesha lokuva kwakhe ukuqinisekiswa, kodwa wayalelwa yi-DOJ kaTrump ukuba angaphandi phantse zonke.
Ekubeni ukunyanzeliswa kwayo nayiphi na kuzo kuya kuvalwa ngamaRiphabhlikhi kwiCongress (ifuna ivoti ye-2/3rds kwi-Senate), eyona ndlela ingcono yangoku kukwandisa iNkundla ngomthetho owiswe ngevoti yesininzi esilula.
Kwaye akukho kunqongophala kwangaphambili ukwenza oko.
Ngexesha leSizukulwana sokuSeka, emva kokuba ephulukene nenkohlakalo โUhlaziyo luka-1800โ unyulo, uJohn Adams kunye namaFederalists akhe, ngexesha leseshini yedada eliqhwalelayo, bapasisa uMthetho wezoBulungisa we-1801 owawisa inani labagwebi kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo ukusuka kwisithandathu ukuya kwabahlanu ukukhanyela uMongameli ongenayo uThomas Jefferson oqeshwe.
Umongameli uJefferson kunye namaRiphabhlikhi akhe aphumeleleyo kwiCongress endaweni yoko yandisa ubukhulu beNkundla ePhakamileyo ngamabini, ukusuka kwiijaji ezihlanu ukuya kwezisixhenxe, ukulungelelanisa kwakhona i-judiciary ye-federal ukuba i-Adams yayipakishe kunye ne-Federal-wing Federalists ekuphumeni kwakhe kwiofisi.
Ngo-1863 u-Abraham Lincoln wayefuna ukufumana ivoti eqinileyo kwiNkundla echasene nobukhoboka, ngoko yena kunye noogxa bakhe baseRiphabhlikhi ababelawula i-Senate kunye neNdlu. kwandisa inani leeNkundla zeSekethe kunye, ukongezelela, inani labagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo yonke indlela ukuya kwi-10.
Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, xa uLincoln wabulawa kwaye u-Andrew Johnson waba ngumongameli weCongress yanciphisa ubukhulu beNkundla yaba ngabagwebi abasixhenxe ngokukodwa ukwala uJohnson ithuba lokumisela nabani na eNkundleni.
Emva kokuba uJohnson eshiye isikhundla, uMongameli weRiphabhlikhi u-Ulysses Grant wayejongene neCongress ukwandisa ubukhulu beNkundla ePhakamileyo umva ukuya kwisithoba.
Ngexesha lobunzima besizwe, ukuguqulwa kokwakhiwa kweNkundla ngokutshintsha inani labagwebi kuye kwenziwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Asiyonto intsha, okanye engaqhelekanga okanye ephikisanayo. Ukupakishwa kwenkundla kunye nokukhupha kunembali ende kwaye yamkelwe kakuhle eMelika.
U-Mitch McConnell uchithe iminyaka emithandathu epakisha iinkundla zomdibaniso kunye neejaji zakhe ezinobuhlobo kwi-GOP, kwaye, ngenxa yoko, isizwe simemelela ukulungelelaniswa kwakhona kunye nokulawulwa kwakhona kweNkundla kunye nokuhlutha amandla ayo ngaphandle kolawulo.
ICongress kufuneka ilungiselele ukwenza kuzo zombini.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela