INkundla ePhakamileyo, kubonakala ngathi, iceba ukuhlamba uninzi lweearhente ezilawulayo zaseMelika kwinto enokuba yeyona nto ibalulekileyo yokubhala kwakhona "ilizwe elinzulu" elikhuselayo ukusukela kwiSivumelwano esitshaโฆ
AmaRiphabhlikhi kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, kubonakala ngathi, aceba ukuthulula uninzi lweearhente ezilawulayo zaseMelika, kwinto enokuba yeyona nto ibalulekileyo yokubhala kwakhona "imeko enzulu" ekhuselayo kuba yadalwa kakhulu ngexesha leNdlela eNtsha kwi-1930s.
Isithuthi solu tshintsho lukhulu lwaseMelika lityala eliza kuxoxwa namhlanje, kwiiyure nje ezimbalwa, phambi kweNkundla: Loper Bright Enterprises v Gina Raimondo.
Ukuba bayayikhupha, aba maRiphabhlikhi amathandathu eNkundleni banokutshabalalisa amandla oku:
- i-EPA yokulawula ungcoliseko,
-I-USDA ukugcina ukutya kwethu kukhuselekile,
-i-FDA yongamela amachiza asiya kwimarike,
-OSHA ukukhusela abasebenzi,
-I-CPSC yokugcina izinto zokudlala eziyingozi kunye neemveliso zabathengi ngaphandle kwentengiso,
- I-FTC yokulawula udlame,
-I-DOT ukuza nemigangatho yendlela kunye nokhuseleko lwemoto,
- i-ATF yokulawula imipu,
- iSebe langaphakathi ukulawula ukugrunjwa kunye nokwembiwa kwemigodi kwimihlaba yomanyano,
- INkonzo yeHlathi ukukhusela ihlathi kunye nemilambo yethu,
-I-FCC ukusikhusela kumarhamncwa e-intanethi,
- kunye neSebe lezeMisebenzi ukukhusela amalungelo abasebenzi.
Ngokwenyani amandla eMelika aphelele okukhusela abemi bayo kurhwaphilizo lweshishini ngolawulo luxhomekeke kwinto ebizwa ngokuba Ukuhlonelwa kweChevron (ngaphezulu koko ngephanyazo), nto leyo iNkundla ibonakala ikulungele ukuyibhukuqa kweli tyala lanamhlanje.
Umgqatswa kamongameli waseRiphabhlikhi uVivek Ramaswamy uthi ufuna ukuliphelisa iSebe leMfundo โngosuku lokuqalaโ ukuba wonyulwe njengomongameli. Ukuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo inendlela yayo, akayi kunyanzeleka ukuba azikhathaze. Iya kuba yinto engenamandla.
Abagcini belungelo elikude kunye nama-libertarians baye basebenzela le ntshabalalo yee-arhente-eyona nto iphambili ekuyekisweni kolawulo-ukususela ekubeni ii-arhente zolawulo zokuqala zaba kunye ne-1906. indalo ye UMthetho woKutya okunyulu kunye neZiyobisi, impendulo kwimbali eyoyikisayo ka-Upton Sinclair epapashwe ngaloo nyaka (Ihlathi) malunga neendawo zokuxhela zaseMelika kunye nemisebenzi yokupakisha inyama.
Ukukhupha ezi arhente koko uSteve Bannon wayethetha xa uTrump emzisa kwi-White House kwaye yena wathi enye yeenjongo eziphambili zolo lawulo โyayikukuphelisa ulawulo.โ Ukuba kukho nayiphi na inkcazo ehambelanayo yebinzana elithi "ilizwe elinzulu" njengoko lisetyenziswa ngamaRiphabhlikhi, zii-arhente zolawulo zesizwe sethu.
Umzamo wanamhlanje wokutshabalalisa okanye ubuncinci ii-arhente zokukhusela zaseMelika zaqala xa uRonald Reagan ebeka u-Anne Gorsuch ophethe i-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo (EPA).
Uyalele i-arhente ukuba icofe izithintelo ekwandiseni iifektri kunye neminye imisebenzi esele ingcolisa umoya. Oko kwaxhokonxa umngeni kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, I-Natural Resources Defense Council, v. Gorsuch, apho iNkundla yalurhoxisa ulawulo lweReagan.
UGorsuch nangona kunjalo waqhubeka neenzame zakhe zokuphelisa i-EPA. Kunyaka wakhe wokuqala ephethe i-arhente, kwakukho a Ama-79 ekhulwini ayancipha kumatyala onyanzeliso, kunye a 69 ipesenti yehla kwiimeko i-EPA igqithiselwe kwiSebe lezoBulungisa ukuze litshutshiswe. Watyhala a 25 ekhulwini ukusika kwinkxaso-mali ye-arhente yakhe kwisindululo sokuqala sohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lukaReagan.
Kwathatha iminyaka yeCongress ukubhukuqa ukusikeka kwakhe kuMthetho woMoya ococekileyo "kuyo yonke into ukusuka kwiimoto ukuya kubavelisi befenitshala," ngokutsho kuPhil Clapp, umongameli weNational Environmental Trust.
Uthathe i-meaxax kwiinkqubo zikaMongameli uCarter zamandla avuselelekayo kwaye "wabeka ilanga libuyele kwiminyaka elishumi" ngokutsho kuClapp.
UGorsuch wade warhoxa kwiofisi yakhe ukunqanda ukutshutshiswa ngenxa yeNewsweek ichazwe "njengehlazo elibi elibandakanya ubuqhophololo bezopolitiko, [Super] ukuphathwa kakubi kwengxowa-mali, isifungo sobuxoki, kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwamaxwebhu atyunjiweyo, phakathi kwezinye izinto."
Unyana wakhe, uNeil Gorsuch, wayekhathazeke kakhulu kukurhoxa kukanina. Kuye inkumbulo Ngaba Unzima Ngokwaneleyo? ubalisa ibali lendlela uNeil awadibana ngayo naye xa wayerhoxa:
Wabhala wathi: โUNeil wacaphuka kakhulu. Embindini weGeorgetown prep kwaye ekrelekrele njengesabhokhwe, uNeil wayesazi kwasekuqaleni ubunzulu beengxaki zam. Kwakhona wayenemvo yobulungisa, njengokuba kunjalo ngoontanga bakhe abaninzi.
โโKwakungafanelanga ukuba urhoxe,โ watsho ngokuqinileyo. โAwenzanga nto iphosakeleyo. Wenze kuphela oko umongameli [uReagan] uyalele. Kutheni uyeka? Undikhulise ukuba ndingayeki. Kutheni uyeka nje?โ
โWayekhathazeke ngokwenene,โ wongezelela.
Ngoku, kuyabonakala ukuba unyana wakhe ulungiselela ukuziphindezela.
Ukufika apho, yena kunye nabanye abantu baseRiphabhlikhi eNkundleni babonakala besihogo-begobe-esikhumbeni ukuba bajike umthetho we-arhente yolawulo, nto leyo eya kukholisa oosozigidi ababanika iiholide ezitofotofo, babathengele amakhaya, kwaye bawabhatale kungenangqondo. iimali zokuthetha (kwaye wahlawula umfazi kaRoberts i $ 10 yezigidi).
Nantsi indlela umthetho olawulayo - usebenzisa umzekelo we-EPA kunye ne-CO2 - kufuneka usebenze (kwifomu eyenziwe lula kakhulu):
1. ICongress iwisa umthetho loo nto ithi, umzekelo, i-Arhente yoKhuseleko lokusiNgqongileyo ifanele ilinganisele umonakalo obangelwa zingcoliso kwindalo esingqongileyo. ICongress (iGatya loMgaqo-siseko Isebe likarhulumente) lichaza injongo ebanzi yomthetho, kodwa iCandelo leSigqeba (iSiqendu II, esibandakanya i-EPA kunye nezinye ii-arhente ezilawulayo) zinoxanduva lokuyiqhuba.
2. I-EPA, inxalenye yelo sebe eliLawulayo kwaye liphendula kumthetho nakuMongameli, emva koko ubize iiphaneli zeengcali. Bachitha unyaka okanye ngaphezulu besenza ujulo, bentywila nzulu kwisayensi, beza namashumi okanye amakhulu eengcebiso zokunciphisa i-CO2 esemoyeni, ukusukela kwimigaqo yokuba zingaphi na iimoto ezikhuphayo ezinokukhuphela ukugrumba kunye nokucoca iinkqubo ezinokuvuza i-CO2 okanye i-methane (ethoba i-CO2), njl.
3. Iingcebiso zeengcali zigqithiswa ngaphaya kwephaneli yamagosa abeka imithetho kunye neengcali eziqeshiweyo zokwenza imithetho. ukuze i-EPA yenze isigqibo malunga nokuba imigangatho mayibe yintoni na. Bathathela ingqalelo ubuchule obukhoyo boshishino kunye neendleko ngokuchasene nezibonelelo zemithetho eyahlukeneyo, phakathi kwezinye izinto.
4. Emva kokuba beze naloo migaqo isebenzayo, bayayithumela ukuba ijongwe esidlangalaleni kunye nokuthethwa kwetyala. Xa loo nkqubo yenziwe kwaye imvumelwano iphunyeziwe, bayenza ibe yimithetho ye-EPA esemthethweni, bayipapashe, banyanzelise, kwaye ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2 kuqala ukuhla.
Le yinkqubo ehambelana ngokulula nengqiqo, njengeNkundla ePhakamileyo Ulawule ngo-1984 xa baseka oko kubizwa ngokuba yi "Chevron deference" ukwenza ngokusemthethweni kunye nokukhusela iiarhente zethu ezilawulayo.
Loo mfundiso-yasekwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwaye ibonisa inkulungwane yentando yeNkongolo kunye noongameli bawo omabini amaqela asayine ii-arhente zolawulo ukuba zibekho-ithi xa i-arhente elawulayo yenza inkuthalo yayo kwaye imisela imithetho efanelekileyo yento okanye indlela yokuziphatha abanayo. igunya elisemthethweni lokulawula, iinkundla kufuneka "zihlehlise" kwisigwebo se-arhente.
I-Congress ipasisa imithetho exhobisa ii-arhente ezilawulayo ukusombulula iingxaki, ii-arhente zifumana indlela yokwenza oko kwaye zibeke imithetho endaweni, kwaye izisombululo zinyanzeliswa yi-arhente. Kwaye xa umntu emangalela ukubhukuqa imigaqo, ukuba iinkundla zigqiba ukuba kufikelelwe kuyo ngenkqubo efanelekileyo ngaphandle korhwaphilizo, loo migaqo imile.
Emva koko kwafika iqela labagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo abalungileyo - kubandakanya uNeil Gorsuch - owabhangisa imithetho eyenziwe yi-EPA malunga nokukhutshwa kweCO2 kwimizi-mveliso yamandla ngoJuni wabo, ngo-2022 West Virginia v EPA isigqibo. Oku kuseka iingxabano zanamhlanje.
Ingqiqo yabo kukuba ngenxa yokuba umthetho owenze i-EPA awuthethi ngokuthe ngqo "ukulawula i-CO2," i-arhente ayinalo loo mandla. Kwaye ngoku ilahlekelwe loo mandla, isiphumo saloo nto West Virginia v EPA isigqibo kunyaka-kunye-nesiqingatha eyadlulayo.
Umzi-mveliso wamalahle, i-oyile, kunye nerhasi yendalo sele ikhupha iicorks ze-champagne phantse iminyaka emibini ngoku, njengoko amanqanaba e-CO2 eqhubeka nokukhula kunye nobushushu beplanethi yethu.
Ukongeza kwiGorsuch, abenzi bezigqibo zeNkundla West Virginia v EPA kuquka Amy Coney Barrett ogama Utata wayeligqwetha kwiOli yeShell kangangamashumi eminyaka, kunye noJohn Roberts, uSamuel Alito, noBrett Kavanaugh bonke abaseNkundleni ngenxa inkxaso evela kuthungelwano ixhaswa ngemali ngamafutha eebhiliyoni zamafutha kunye neshishini labo (phakathi kwezinye).
Kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, uClarence "ekuthatheni" uThomas, owayexhasa i Ukuhlonelwa kweChevron Kwiminyaka eli-15 eyadlulayo kodwa ngo-2020 wabhala:
"Chevron inyanzelisa iijaji ukuba zirhoxe kwigunya lenkundla ngaphandle kwesohlwayo somgaqo-siseko. โฆ Chevron ikwanika ii-arhente zomdibaniso amandla achasene nomgaqo-siseko.โ
Ukusinika inkcazo malunga nendlela oku kuya kwenzeka ngayo, bonke abathandathu baseRiphabhlikhi kwiNkundla bavotela ukuthunga amandla e-EPA okulawula i-CO2; bonke abakhethiweyo beDemokhrasi aba-3 basichasile isigqibo.
UJustice Elena Kagan wabhala ukuba iNkundla:
"[D] akanalo nofifi malunga nendlela yokujongana nokutshintsha kwemozulu ... ukanti uyazityumba, endaweni yengqungquthela okanye i-arhente yeengcali ... umenzi wesigqibo malunga nomgaqo-nkqubo wemozulu. Andikwazi ukucinga ngezinto ezininzi ezoyikeka ngakumbi.โ
Umthetho wabo yayikukuba, ngokusisiseko, lonke olo phando kwimigaqo ethile elindelweyo - onke loo makhulukhulu ezazinzulu, izigidi zezimvo zoluntu, kunye namakhulu amawaka eeyure zesayensi ezityale imali ekuqondeni iingxaki kunye nokuza nezisombululo ezisebenzayo - kufuneka kwenziwa yiNkongolo kunee-arhente zolawulo lolawulo.
Ngokungathi iCongress inexesha kunye nabasebenzi. Ngokungathi iCongress yayigcwele iingcali zenzululwazi, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali olukhulu kakhulu, kwaye inezigidi zeeyure ngonyaka zokuxoxwa kwetyala. Ngokungathi abantu baseRiphabhlikhi kwiipokotho ze-fossil fuel billionaire abanakuvimba nasiphi na isenzo seCongress nokuba senzile.
Gorsuch, okqhubekayo, uphumelele kwi West Virginia v EPA imeko, kodwa yayigxile kancinci kwi-CO2.
Kwityala elixoxwayo namhlanje, nangona kunjalo, iNkundla ilungiselela ngokucacileyo ukwandisa olo loyiso ngokuvuthela yonke into. Ukuhlonelwa kweChevron ngaphandle kwamanzi, ngaloo ndlela iphelisa okanye inciphisa kakhulu imimiselo karhulumente ekhuselayo eMelika kwaye ivula umnyango kwimingeni yenkundla kuyo yonke i-arhente elawulayo edweliswe kwindawo evulekileyo yeli nqaku (kunye nokunye).
Bathi, ngokusisiseko, ukuba i-EPA (kunye nayiphi na enye i-arhente elawulayo) ayikwazi ukwenza onke amanyathelo adweliswe ngasentla: endaweni yoko, uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha kunye nexesha elide lwengxaki, ukuphuhlisa izisombululo ezithile, kunye nokubhala imithetho ethile kufuneka makwenziwe, bathi, yiCongress ngokwayo.
Ngokukodwa, eli tyala lixoxwa yiNkundla namhlanje โ Loper Bright Enterprises v Gina Raimondo - inento yokwenza nokuba abalobi kufuneka bahlawule na okanye bangahlawuli imirhumo enceda ekuhlawuleni iindleko ze-arhente ebalawulayo.
Kodwa xa ujonga amagqabantshintshi afakwe yi-billionaire- kunye namaqela asekunene afumana inkxaso-mali njenge Iziko le-CATO, Ukhuphiswano lweShishini, Isiseko sezoMthetho sePacific, Iziko loMthetho laManina eliZimeleyo, Isiseko somthetho saseMzantsi-mpuma, Umanyano lwabaqeshi abangamaKristu, Ilungelo leSizwe lokuSebenza iSiseko soKhuselo loMthetho, Ukuqhubela phambili iNkululeko yaseMelika, kwaye i Iziko leBuckeye, ufumana eyona njongo yeli tyala.
CATO, umzekelo, ubhala:
โ[Ndi]cacile ngoku ukuba ukuhlonelwa kweChevron akukho mgaqo-siseko kwaye kuyimbali. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amane edluleyo, kuye kwabangela umonakalo omkhulu kwiinkundla ezingaphantsi kubantu nakumashishini.โ
Ishishini eliKhuphisanayo ubhala yeNkonzo yeSizwe yokuLoba eLwandle:
"I-arhente ayinawo amandla omthetho: inokusebenzisa kuphela amandla enikezelwa yiCongress. โฆ YiNkongolo kuphela enokwenza isigqibo sokuba igunya elinikwe nguMgaqo-siseko kufuneka lisetyenziswe. โฆ ilinge le-arhente lokusebenzisa eli gunya lingazange linikezelwe aligqithisi kuphela igunya leNkongolo elinike lona; idlulela ngaphaya kwalo naliphi na igunya iCongress elinokulinika ngokusemthethweni. "
I-Pacific Legal Foundation isika ngqo entliziyweni yokukwazi kwee-arhente ukulawula nantoni na, Kuthetha ityala livula:
โIngaba iNkundla mayisitshitshise kusini na Chevron... "
Iziko leBuckeye ubhala bathumela zabo i-amicus ngokufutshane kwiNkundla:
"[T] uthetha egameni lamawakawaka amashishini amancinci ajongene nokwandiswa kwamandla ngokusebenzisa Ukuhlonelwa kweChevron... "
Kwicala lakho, mna, kunye nabanye abantu abaninzi baseMelika abafuna nje umoya ococekileyo kunye namanzi, iziyobisi ezikhuselekileyo kunye neemoto, kunye nokhuseleko olufanelekileyo emsebenzini, ulawulo lweBiden luye lwanyuka.
Ukukhusela ii-arhente ezilawulayo zaseMelika, i imfutshane karhulumente federal efakwe kwiNkundla ichaza oko kusemngciphekweni:
โAbamangali banomthwalo onzima ngakumbi ekuceleni le Nkundla ukuba irhoxise Chevron, emi entloko ye โumgca omde wemizekeloโ efikelela kumashumi eminyaka emva. INkundla kwi Chevron ichaze indlela yayo engeyiyo into entsha, kodwa njengokusetyenziswa โkwemithetho-siseko ezinziswe kakuhleโ ngokunxulumene neendima zee-arhente neenkundla ekusombululeni izinto ezingaqondakaliyo ezisemthethweni.
โIinkundla zamatyala ziye zacela Chevron kumawaka ezigqibo ezixeliweyo, kwaye iCongress iye yawisa umthetho ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngokuchasene nemvelaphi yayo. Amaziko alawulwayo kunye nabanye baxhomekeke rhoqo ekutolikweni kwee-arhente eziye zaxhaswa ziinkundla phantsi Chevron sikhokelo.
โNgokubeka kumbindi wezigqibo zokutolika kwii-arhente ezilawulwa nguMongameli, Chevron ikwakhuthaza uxanduva lokuphendula kwezopolitiko, ukufana kwesizwe kunye nokuqikeleleka, kwaye ihlonipha ii-arhente zobungcali ezinokuzisa kulawulo lwezikim ezintsonkothileyo ezisemthethweni.
โAbafaki-zicelo abaniki 'zizathulo ezikhethekileyo' zokurhoxisa Chevron, singasathethi ke ngohlobo โlokugwetyelwa okukhethekileyoโ obekuya kufuneka ukubhukuqa inxalenye yemithetho yezolawulo eyendeleyo.
โAbafaki zicelo bayayiphikisa le nto Chevron idlulisela ngokungafanelekanga igunya โlokuthetha ukuba yintoni na umthethoโ ukusuka kwiSebe leNkundla ukuya kwiSebe eliLawulayo. Kodwa le Nkundla iye yacacisa ukuba Chevron isakhelo sixhomekeke kwintelekelelo yokuba โumgaqo-siseko umbi yenza abathunywa abangengabo abasuka kwiNkongolo ukuya kwi-arhente ukuvala izikhewu ezisemthethweni.โ (ugxininiso lolwam)
Le inokuba yi-enchilada enkulu, ityala eliguqula ngokusisiseko iMelika kunye norhulumente waseMelika ukusuka kwisizwe sanamhlanje, esisebenza kakuhle ukuya kwindawo engasemva yehlabathi lesithathu apho amaqumrhu amakhulu kunye noosozigidi bezigidi ababenze baba zizityebi, endaweni yoko. Thina baNtu ngabameli abanyuliweyo, misela imigaqo. Liphupha leshishini laseMelika.
Inokuzalisekisa isithembiso sikaBannon kunye neTrump sokudiliza - okanye ubuncinci ukukhupha - uninzi lweearhente ezilawulayo zaseMelika, zisishiya sonke sixhomekeke kwiinceba zethenda ze-CEO zelizwe.
Amaqela amaninzi aye wacela uGorsuch ukuba arhoxe etyaleni kuba omnye wabahlobo bakhe kunye nabaxhasi bakhe yibhiliyoni eya kwenza inzuzo enkulu ekutshatyalalisweni kweearhente zethu ezilawulayo. Ungasathethi ke ngokuzalisekisa ilifa likamama wakhe.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, nangona kunjalo kubonakala ngathi ayikhathali malunga nokungqubana komdla okubonakalayo: amaRiphabhlikhi kule Nkundla abonakala engakwazi ukuziva eneentloni okanye ukuziphatha ngendlela esesikweni.
Gcina iliso kweli tyala kwaye ubeke ingqalelo kwingxelo yeengxoxo zanamhlanje phambi kweNkundla. Ukwazi ukuba kuqhubeka ntoni na apha endleleni - kwaye ngoba, kwaye ivela kubani - kunokuba kubaluleke kakhulu kwabo bachaphazelekayo ngekamva lelizwe lethu kunye nokhuseleko lwabantwana bethu.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela