Bruce Ackerman naTodd Gitlin (AG) vakapindura kuna Tony Judt's "Bush's Useful Idiots…The Strange Death of Liberal America" (London Ongororo yeMabhuku, Gunyana 21, 2006) (1), muchidimbu chine musoro unoti "Tinopindura." kuZita reRiberals” (American Prospect, Web Exclusive, Gumiguru 18, 2006) (2). Vazhinji vakasaina vakasununguka vakawedzera mazita avo pamhinduro iyi (3).
Chakanyanya kupa mhinduro iyi yaive chirevo chaJudt chekuti vakasununguka "vabvuma mutemo wePresident Bush" wakashata wezvematongerwo enyika, "unonzi AG hauna musoro sekutaura kwekodzero yekuti vakasununguka "zvimbo zvaOsama bin Laden. .†Kusiyana naJudt, vanodaro AG, "vazhinji" vakasununguka "vakarambira mugwara"[uye] vakaramba uye vachiramba pachena mitemo inoshatisa yehutongi hwaBush, vachinamatira zvakasimba ku "zvisungo zvakasununguka" Bush. aramba. Iyi tsinhiro pfupi inoongorora chirevo ichocho.
Chekutanga, AG vanoti “Tese takapokana nehondo yeIraq seisiri pamutemo, isina hungwaru uye inoparadza hunhu hweAmerica. Hondo iyi yakakurudzira, uye inoramba ichipisa, maJihadis avo kuzvipira kwavo kumhirizhonga inotyisa, isina kurongeka yakaratidzwa zvakanyanya nekurwiswa kwaGunyana 11…†Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti "vose" vakasaina pano (kuburikidza naGumiguru 23). kupikisa hondo hakusanganisire nhamba huru yevakasununguka vane mukurumbira, kusanganisira Paul Berman, David Corn, George Packer, Jean Beth Elshtain, Michael Walzer, Marc Cooper, Peter Beinart, Leon Wieseltier, David Remnick, Jacob Weisberg., uye Michael Berube, pakati pevamwe.
Panewo mubvunzo wechimiro uye kusimba kwekupikisa hondo. Vakasununguka vashoma, kusanganisira Todd Gitlin, vakazvibvisa pakuratidzira kwehondo kwakaitika hondo isati yatanga nekuda kwehutungamiriri hwavo husina kunaka (MHINDURO), uye vakapedza nguva yakawanda varipo, uye vakawana nhau dzakanaka dzenhau, kushoropodzwa kwekuratidzira. Muchinyorwa che "The Liberal Quandry Over Iraq," muNew York Times Magazine yaZvita 8, 2002, George Packer akasimbisa "mhosva yakakomba" yekuratidzira kuri kuitika kwekurwisa hondo “izvo zvinongovimbisa kusasimba kwayo. "Inodzorwa ne "nzvimbo dziri kure dzeKuruboshwe kweAmerica," vanhu vasinganzwe zvakakodzera kutsanangura "kuchengetedza mhondi iyi [Packer zvinoreva Saddam, kwete Bush] nezvombo zvake. ..Packer anopedzisa achiti “Iri harisi sangano rinovaka rinorwisa hondo.†Vaakamubvunzurudza vakasununguka vaivewo vari mudambudziko uye vakabvumirana naPacker pamusoro pemamiriro ezvinhu anosiririsa ebato rinopikisa rehondo. Kupikisa kwavo hondo, muchidimbu, kwakakanganiswa zvachose.
Ziva zvakare kuti AG haataure kuti hondo yeIraq pachayo yaimirira “mhirizhonga inotyisa, isingaite; Hondo yeUS inongova "isina kuchenjera." Kushushikana kweA-G kuri pamhinduro dzehondo kune "maAmerican nevatidyidzani vedu," kwete kune vakawirwa nechisimba muIraq (izwi AG rinonyatso dzivirira) . Mitemo yakasununguka haingade here kuti mhirizhonga inoyerera kubva muchisimba ichityora Chibvumirano cheUN kuwana mhosva ine simba, chido chekushandisa izwi rinoshanda zvakajeka, uye kutaurwa kwakajeka kwekutyorwa kwemutemo wenyika dzakawanda?
Chechipiri, maererano neMiddle East, AG inotaura kuti “Tinotenda kuti nyika yeIsrael ine kodzero yakakosha yekuvepo, isina kurwiswa nemauto, mukati memiganhu yakachengeteka iri pedyo neya1967,†uye kuti hurumende yeUS basa rinokosha rokuwana rugare. “Kodzero yakakosha yekuvepo†senyika yechiJudha ine mitemo yerusaruraganda, kana kusununguka kubva mukurwiswa? Tony Judt akapomerwa mhosva yekutsigira vanopikisa "kodzero yekuvepo" yeIsrael mukubvunza kwake hwaro hwerusarura hwevanhu veIsrael uye mutemo. Kushandiswa kusina kujeka kwemutauro uyu naAG kunodyisa mukushoropodzwa kwaJudt nevadziviriri vemisimboti yerusaruraganda. Pfungwa yekuti Israeri inotarisana nekutyisidzira kuvepo kwayo neimwe nzira haisi yekumanikidza, kunyangwe kutyisidzira kwemauto eIsrael kune nyika yePalestine kuvepo uye kuvapo kwenyika isina kusimba seRebhanoni ndeyechokwadi.
Israel yanga ichichenesa vanhu vekuPalestine, ichivarova nesimba ravo guru rehondo, kuvaka nzanga ine rusaruraganda, uye kutyora mutemo wepasi rose nezvisarudzo zveDare Repasi rose kwemakumi emakore, asi pachinzvimbo chekutarisa kune avo vanonyanya kushungurudzwa, AG inoratidza kushushikana chete nevadzvinyiriri. Hapana kana izwi pamusoro pekodzero dzePalestine kuti dzisunungurwe mukurwiswa nemauto, kuba ivhu nemvura, uye rusaruraganda. Izvi zvinoratidza kurerekera kwakadzama kwakavakirwa muhurongwa hwematongerwo enyika netsika dzeUS, asi iri mukunetsana kukuru nemisimboti yakasununguka yekuenzana uye hunhu uye ruvengo rwerusaruraganda.
Ziva zvakare kuti AG inoshoropodza chete marongero aBush kuIsrael nePalestine, kwete ayo aClinton neaimbovapo US manejimendi, ayo anga achitsigira kucheneswa kwemadzinza eIsrael uye rusaruraganda, uye kuburikidza nerutsigiro rwavo rwemauto nerusaruro rweIsrael vanga vachibatana- chakakonzera kutadza kwemakumi emakore akawanda kuita chibvumirano chepasi rose pamusoro pemhinduro. Zvisinei nekurangana uku, AG anoti United States “ine basa rakakosha mukuwana runyararo rwekuMiddle East rwusingaperi.†Zvinoenderana here netsika dzerusununguko kunyepedzera kuti United States haisi chikamu chedambudziko, uye kudzivirira kutaurwa pachena. Zvekuti mhinduro inoda kutendeuka mukufunga kweUS izvo zvisingaite, sekutaura kwakasununguka uku, kutarisisa zvishuwo zveIsrael, uye iyo inoda kutarisana neboka rekuda simba richiumba mutemo weUS?
Chechitatu, "mhinduro yakasununguka" inosimbisa kuti kunyange "hondo inofanira kuva sarudzo yekupedzisira," kushandiswa kwechisimba dzimwe nguva kunoruramiswa, sezvakaita muBosnia, Kosovo, neAfghanistan, hondo idzo vanosaina vanonyatsobvumira. Zvakadaro, hondo dzemuKosovo neAfghanistan dzakaitwa mukutyora chaiko kweUN Charter (ona Chitsauko 2, Chitsauko I, Charter yeUnited Nations, Chikumi, 1945) (4), kuitira kuti kana misimboti yakasununguka inoda kutevedzera. mutemo, AG nevamwe vavo vakatsigira kutyorwa kwemisimboti iyoyo munyaya idzi. Pamusoro pezvo, hondo idzi mbiri dzakabatsira kumisa kodzero yaifungidzirwa kuvatungamiriri veUS kuita mhirizhonga nekufunga kwavo, uye rutsigiro rwakasununguka rwehondo idzi dzisiri pamutemo chaive chinhu chakakosha chekuputsika kwechinyakare chipingamupinyi chemhirizhonga. Kusiyana nezvakataurwa naA-G, tsigiro yekushandiswa kwechisimba uye zvisiri pamutemo zvakapa kuti mitemo yaBush “inoparadza” igamuchirwe.
Pfungwa yeAG yekuti muBosnia, Kosovo neAfghanistan hondo dzaive "nzira yekupedzisira" iri pakusanzwisisa kwakadzama kwenhoroondo yazvino. MuBosnia, United States yakaparadza chibvumirano chakakosha cheLisbon che1992 icho chingadai chakapedza hondo yeBosnia kutanga, haina kumbotsvaga kugadzirisa muKosovo uye yakashandisa Rambouillet Musangano chete kusimbisa hurongwa hwehondo sezvo maSerbs "aida kubhomba zvishoma." ,†uye kurwisa kwayo Afghanistan kwaiitwa kutsiva, zvisiri pamutemo, uye yakanga isina kugadzirwa kubata bin Laden. Pfungwa yekuti chero yeidzi hondo nhatu ingangove "yekupedzisira sarudzo" kana "kupindira kwevanhu" inotsamira pakusaziva uye kuda kutenda (nokuda kwehumbowo hunomanikidza, ona mutongi wehondo weBosnia Lord David Owen's Balkan Odyssey [Harcourt. Brace: 1995], uye purofesa wemutemo weCanada Michael Mandel's Maitiro eAmerica Anobva Kupondwa [Pluto press: 2004]).
"Mhinduro yakasununguka" inodaro inotevera kuti "kuvimba kwaBush mukupindira kwemauto hakusi pamutemo uye kunopesana," "inoderedza dziviriro yenyika," uye inoregeredza "zvinodiwa zvakakosha zvekuvaka hurongwa hwepasi rose inotaura nerunyararo zvishuvo zvekusimuka kwesimba muAsia neLatin America.†Asi AG haapikisane nehomwe huru yebhajeti remauto eUnited States, kunyangwe kushora “udzvanyiriri hwezvombo†kunowanikwa muLT Hobhouse’s classic Liberalism. 1911)(5), uye kutyisidzira kwechiuto kunheyo dzakasununguka kunofanira kuve pachena. AG vanotadza kuziva kuti kupindira kwemauto kunoyerera kubva munzvimbo huru yemauto, uye havazombofa vakadzokorora mubvunzo waMadeleine Albright kuna Colin Powell: "Chii chinangwa chekuva nemauto akanakisa aya" kana tichikwanisa. Asi hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika hweUS hwavakirwa pamuzinda mukuru wemauto, nemari dzemauto eUS dziri kuita hafu yehuwandu hwekuita hondo yepasi rose, uye nemaDemocrats nemaRepublicans vachiitsigira, saka AG neavo. vamwe vaunoshanda navo vanoitora seyakapihwa zvakare, mukutyora nheyo dzakasununguka.
Mumwe wevakasaina chirevo cheAG, Michael Tomasky, mupepeti mukuru weThe American Prospect, akatsanangura kuti maDemocrats anofanirwa kuzviratidza pakuchengetedzwa kwenyika nekutsigira nesimba “kusimudzirwa kwedemocracy†sechinangwa chenyika (muchitsauko chake muGeorge Packer. , Kurwa NdekweDemocracy [Harper Perennial: 2003]). Sezvingabvira mumaoko emaDemocrats hakuzove ne "zvisizvo" mukushandiswa kwechisimba, uye chirevo cheAlbright chinoratidza kuda kugadzirira kushandisa simba chinogona kufuratirwa. Izvi zvichabatsira kururamisa iyo yakavakirwa-mukati bhajeti rakakura remauto, uye ichapa chivharo chekuratidzwa kweumambo kwesimba pasi pemaitiro akakodzera (Bush anofarira kusimudzira demokrasi zvakare, asi anowanzoita zvisizvo). Saka chimiro chesimba chinoraira kupindira kwegwara rekunze uye dambudziko revakasununguka nderekugadzira yavo yega zvikonzero zvekupindira izvo zvinowirirana nehunhu hwakasununguka uye hazvizove “chinyorwa chehumambo.†(Ona "George Packer yangu" uye Kurwira Kutsigira Imperialism,” ZNet Commentary, Ndira 28, 2005)(6)
AG vanoti “Kusashandiswa zvisirizvo kwesimba remauto kunoisawo panjodzi rusununguko rweAmerica kumba.—Kunenge kuti chikumbiro chayo chakatenderwa—chakatenderwa neA-G—hachikonzeri rusununguko rweAmerica. Asi "vakomana vakanaka" (maDemocrats) havawanzo kutonga, uye vanogara vachimanikidzwa kuratidza kuti havana kusimba pa "chengetedzo," kuitira kuti, zvinopesana naAG naTomasky, vagone " œkushandisa zvisirizvo†simba remauto kazhinji semaRepublicans (a Democrat akawedzera Hondo yeVietnam muna 1962 uye mutsivi weDemocrat akatipinza muhondo iyoyo zvizere mu1965).
Muchidimbu, nyika yehumambo uye ine mauto ichashandisa simba rayo rehondo zvisingaite, uye mhinduro dzehondo iyi dzisingaperi dziri kuzosanganisira kukanganisa rusununguko rwemhuri. Asi AG haakwanise kutarisana nehukama hwakadzama uhwu uye kupikisa mauto uye nyika yeumambo. Vanojairana nazvo, uye mukuita "misimboti yakasununguka" inokanganiswa uye inoraswa, uye vakasununguka vanoshanda se "mapenzi anobatsira" ehurumende.
Notes
(1) http://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n18/judt01_.html
(2) http://www.prospect.org/web/page.ww?section=root&name=ViewWeb&articleId=12124
(3) http://www.prospect.org/web/page.ww?section=root&name=ViewWeb&articleId=12123
(4) http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/chapter1.htm
(5) http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/hobhouse/liberalism.pdf
(6) http://www.zmag.org/sustainers/content/2005-01/28herman.cfm