Yagara iri tsika yenhengo dzebato rehondo, kusanganisira vanhu vakaita saNew York Congressman Peter King, kurwisa vatsoropodzi vehondo dziri kuramba dzichiitika vachipomerwa kukuvadza varume vedu vanorwa nezviito zvavo zvehutsinye, kusada nyika uye kunyange kunyengera uye kutaura. Zvinangwa zvevanopikisa hondo zvinogona kunge zviri kuuraya kana kurwadziswa kwemasoja nevagari vekunze nemauto eUS, kana kureva nhema pamusoro peizvi nezvimwe zviito, kana kubvunza hurongwa hwemauto nezvinangwa zvevatungamiriri veUS. Kushoropodzwa kwehasha uku kunonzi kunokanganisa mauto edu nekuburitsa zvakavanzika zvemauto. Ivo zvakare vanonzi vanodzikisira rutsigiro rweruzhinji rwekuedza kwehondo kumba nekubvunza mhedzisiro uye chikonzero.
Imwe yakaoma nemitsara iyi yekurwisa vatsoropodzi vehondo ndeyekuti inogona kushandiswa zviri nyore kune chero kuburitswa kwezviitiko zvemauto, kunyangwe pro-war propaganda. Mishumo yevakafa muhondo, kunyangwe ikaderedzwa, inogona kuita kuti veruzhinji vasave nehanya nehondo, uye vamwe vanoparadzira mashoko ehondo vakashoropodza vezvenhau kuti vataure chokwadi chakananga, kusanganisira mishumo yepamutemo. Peter Braestrup's Nyaya Yakakura: Maitiro eAmerican Press neTerevhizheni Yakashuma uye Kududzira Dambudziko reTet 1968 muVietnam neWashington. (Westview: 1977), ongororo yakatsigirwa neFreedom House yezvekuburitswa kwenhau kweTet inogumbura panguva yeHondo yeVietnam, yaizivikanwa nekupomera kwayo mhosva yekushomeka kwenhau uye kutadza kutsigira hondo. Braestrup akapomera pachena vezvenhau mhosva yokurasikirwa nehondo. Sekuona kwake, nhepfenyuro inoshanda nemazvo yaizodzvinyirira nhau dzisina kunaka, kusimbisa izvo zvakanaka, uye kushanda seruwoko rwekuparadzira kwemauto. Iri bhuku, rinotariswa zvakanyanya munharaunda, ringadai rakaita CBS's Walter Cronkite nevazhinji vevezvenhau vaanoshamwaridzana navo vapanduki nekutaura zvinoodza mwoyo zvinyorwa zvePentagon. Zvinonzwisisika kuti varwi vepamusoro-soro vakapa zvipo izvi, kana kuti vakatowedzera kusava netariro pamusoro pekufambira mberi kwehondo, vaifanira kunge vakanyarara kana kunyepa, uye ivowo vaifanira kunge vakapiwa mhosva uye vakagoverana nevezvenhau mhosva yekurasikirwa nehondo kuburikidza nenhau dzakakundikana. management. (Kuti uwane ruzivo pamusoro pezvikanganiso zvaBraestrup uye kupokana, uye kugamuchirwa kweushamwari uye kusatsoropodza kwaakapihwa nemapundits, ona. Kubvumira Kugadzira, mapeji 211-221 uye Mashoko Okuwedzera 3.)
Hurumende dzeUS dzagara dzichireva nhema pamusoro pevakakuvara muhondo, vachiratidzira vese vakafa vekuUS uye, kunyanya, huwandu hwevanhu vakaurayiwa mu "kukuvara kwechibvumirano." Kana vakanyepa, kufumurwa kwenhema idzi pakupedzisira kungakuvadza hondo, zvokuti manyepo acho pachawo, sezvingabvira angangove anga ari danho rekurwisa hondo rakagadzirwa nevarongi vehondo vachida kuzvidza zvirevo zvehurumende! Muchidimbu, kuratidza basa revatori venhau mukukundikana kwemauto kunovhura bhokisi rePandora iro rinogona kusvika kure munhau nemauto-zvematongerwo enyika.
Chimwe chakaomerwa nekutaura kuti zviito zvekurwisa hondo uye kuburitswa pachena ndizvo zvakakonzera kufa kwemauto eUS kutadza nguva dzose kuratidza chero mhedzisiro. muhondo dzayo dzichangoburwa naWikiLeaks naBradley Manning zvakakonzera kukuvadzwa mumwechete kweUS. Iwo magwaro aitsanangura zviitiko zvekare, uye sezviri pachena haana kuburitsa hurongwa hwemauto hwaizove hwechido chekuda kumauto evavengi.
Kuburitswa kunoshamisa muWikiLeaks trove yaive vhidhiyo inoratidza chikopokopo chekuUS muIraq vanhu vaipfura nepfuti pasi, uye vachiita izvi vachifara. Vagadziri vehondo vangadai vasina kumboburitsa uye / kana kuratidza vhidhiyo yakadaro, iyo inoratidza chokwadi chisingafadzi che "chibatiso kukuvara," iyo mune iyi kesi yakanga isiri chibvumirano chakanyanya (uye Wikileaks inopa iyo yakawedzera kutendeseka zita: "Dhaka rekuuraya,” Kubvumbi 5, 2010). Vhidhiyo iyi ingadai isina kujekesa vapanduki vari kurwisa mauto eUS muIraq, asi inogona kunge yakakanganisa veruzhinji kumba. Ingori mhando dzakadai dzechokwadi uye chokwadi chakavigwa kuseri kwebato rehondo uye midhiya yakasefa uye yakavharidzirwa vhezheni yehondo dzeUS zvinounza kutyisidzira chaiko. Chokwadi ichocho chakavanzika, kana chichibvumirwa kuwedzera, chingadzivisa, kupfupisa, kana kuti kugumisa hondo. Asi nenzira imwe cheteyo, kana zvokwadi idzodzo dzakavanzwa dzichigona kuchengetwa dzisingaonekwi, hondo dzinogona kupfuta.
Saka ndiani aive nemhosva yekufa kwemauto e58,000 eUS munguva yehondo yeVietnam? Kashoma varatidziri, avo kana vaine chekuita nevakakuvadzwa neUS vakavaderedza nekukanganisika kwavo munharaunda uye nekutyisidzira kwekukanganisa kwakanyanya kumba, izvo zvinotoita kuti sarudzo dzevatungamiriri vadzivise (ona Noam Chomsky, Nezvikonzero zveHurumende [Vintage: 1973], chits. 5, “Pamiganho Yekusateerera Kwevanhu”; Gabriel Kolko, Anatomy yeHondo [Pantheon: 1985], chap, 25, “The Tet Offensive's Impact on Washington”). Basa rekufa kwemauto eUS zviuru makumi mashanu nesere, pamwe nemamiriyoni akati wandei eVietnamese, zviri pachena rinofanira kupihwa hutungamiriri hwenyika hweUS, kubva kuTruman kuenda kuJohnson naNixon nevapangamazano vavo vepamusoro uye vari pasi saWalt Rostow naRobert McNamara. Vaive varume ava (uye vese vaive varume) vakaita sarudzo dzekutsigira kudzoserwa kweFrance kweIndochina mushure meHondo Yenyika II, uye ndokutora basa rekuisa hurumende yevashoma munyika iyo iri kure nechisimba. Vakuru ava vakagadzira boka rakakura rematsotsi ehondo, kana misimboti yeNuremberg yakashandiswa pasi rose, izvo zvavasiri pachena.
Boka rehurumende iri rakatevera hondo refu yehukasha muVietnam nekuti United States yaive nesimba guru uye repamusoro remauto uye vatungamiriri vayo vaive vakatsunga kurishandisa kudzivirira kupararira kwecommunism kana chero nzvimbo yakazvimirira yesimba. Vakanga (uye vakaramba) vachizvikudza, vane pfungwa, uye vanenge vasingazvizivi, uye vakanga (uye vakaramba) vachida kushandisa zviwanikwa zvakakura uye kuuraya zvinenge zvisina muganhu mukutsvaka kutonga. Muhurongwa hwavo hwepfungwa "communism" yaive yakabatanidzwa pasi rose monolith ichitsvaga kutonga nyika (yakanaka nyaya yekutamisa). Vakatarisira pasi kuipa kwekuparadzana pakati peSoviet Union neCommunist China, pamwe nekusimba kweVietnamese yenyika uye kusavimba neChina, pfungwa dzavakagadzirira kuziva pachena chete mushure mehondo refu uye inodhura, kuparara uye kuurayiwa kwevanhu vazhinji. Vietnamese, uye chibayiro che58,000 veAmerica. (Ona David K. Shipler, “Robert McNamara and the Ghosts of Vietnam,” New York Times Magazine, August 10, 1997.)
Vachiri kuramba vachiwedzera mhirizhonga muVietnam, vatungamiriri veUS vakanyepedzera kupa nhaurirano dzekugadzirisa, asi vaive vasingade kuita chibvumirano chakakomba nekuda kwemitengo yezvematongerwo enyika yekurasikirwa nemaKomonisiti, huremu hwavakapa "kutendeseka," uye yavo. kutenda kuti muvengi anofanira kupedzisira azvipira kuhondo huru yeUS uye kugona kuuraya. Uyu waiva mufananidzo we "njodzi dzekutonga," izvo zvinokurudzira simba rinotonga kurerutsa kudisa kwechinangwa kurwisa uye kubvuma kuparadzwa uye rufu. (Ona Gareth Porter, Ngozi dzeKutonga: Kusaenzana kweSimba uye Mugwagwa weHondo muVietnam [Univ. yeCalifornia Press, 2006].) Hutungamiri hweUS hwakashamiswa nechido chevatungamiriri veVietnamese kutora vanhu vazhinji vakafa, vachifunga izvi sekutadza kwehunhu kwavari, asi vasingambocherechedzi kuti kuda kuuraya nekuparadza kudzivirira kurasikirwa nechiso uye. simba rokudzora nyika iri kure raiva norutivi rwetsika.
Yaivewo chikamu chehunyanzvi hwemaneja emuchina werufu weUS, uyo waisanganisira (uye unosanganisira) nhepfenyuro yekutsigira, kuti vakakwanisa kunyepedzera kuti nyika ino yairwisa North Vietnamese "chisimba," ichitsvaga kuchengetedza "yakazvimiririra. South Vietnam, "uye kuyedza kubvumidza vanhu vekuSouth Vietnamese "rusununguko rwekusarudza" uye "kuzvisarudzira." Vakatogadzira mutsara wekuti "hudzvanyiriri hwemukati," izvo zvakabvumira chokwadi chekuti South Vietnam neSouth Vietnamese - imba uye nzvimbo yevagari veNational Liberation Front, iro mauto makuru anopikisa - vairwa neUS nemauto, kuita hutsinye. pamusoro pemupambi wenharaunda yavo!
Mutsara unonyanya kutaurwa unobva muhondo yeVietnam ungangove wekuti "Zvakave zvakafanira kuparadza guta [BenTre] kuitira kuriponesa." (Ona Peter Arnett, Rarama Kubva kuHondo Yehondo: Kubva kuVietnam kuenda kuBaghdad, Makore makumi matatu neshanu muHondo Yenyika [Touchstone: 1995], p. 255). Zvichengetere chii? Kudzora kwechero vasara neanopikisa chaiye uye hutongi hwake hwakatemerwa vashoma! Sarudzo dzemahara pakubatanidzwa kweNorth neSouth Vietnam yakakamurwa ne1954 Geneva Accords haina kuitwa nekuti Ho Chi Minh angadai akakunda nekutonga zvikamu zvakabatanidzwa, sekubvuma kwaEisenhower munhoroondo yake. Asi izvi zvinogona kudzimwa muMahara Press uye muparidzi wechokwadi anogona kunge ari kurwisa hutsinye hwemukati nekuda kwesarudzo yemahara. Tinogona kuona kuti kumashure mu1966 Dhipatimendi reHurumende rakataura maererano neVietnam kuti "Tinotsvaga kuve nechokwadi kuti veSouth Vietnamese vane kodzero nemukana wekudzora mafambiro avo," iyo yakazivisa panguva imwechete iyo mauto eUS akabatsira kupwanya Buddhist. nezvimwe zvisiri zvekomunisiti mukati meSouth Vietnam zvaipikisa zvidhori zvechiuto zvakaiswa nemauto eUS. [Ona George Kahin, Kupindira: Sei America Yakabatanidzwa muVietnam [Knopf: 1986], chitsauko 16, “The Final Polarization”). Uye mune yekare yeOrwellian chokwadi inversion, iyo New York TimesJames Reston aigona kutaura kuti takanga tiri kuVietnam kuratidza kuti “hapana nyika [kureva, North Vietnam] ichashandisa mauto kana kutyisidzira kwemauto kuti izadzise zvinangwa zvayo zvezvematongerwo enyika.” Kutaura idi, uto rehondo ndiro bedzi iro United States yakaunza kunyika iyoyo iri kure mukuronda kwayo kutonga.
Panyaya yekurwiswa kweIraq-kutora 2003-2012, pano zvakare vanga vasiri varatidziri vakakonzeresa kufa kwemauto e4,488 US (tirege kufa kwemamiriyoni kana kufa kweIraqi), aive George Bush, Dick Cheney, Donald. Rumsfeld, Paul Wolfowitz, vezvematongerwo enyika vakaita saJoseph Biden naPeter King vakatsigira nekuvhotera hondo, naBill Keller, Judith Miller, Rupert Murdoch nevamwe vese vezvenhau vakabatsira kudzikamisa kupikisa kwemhomho yevaratidziri vasina. t tinoda kuti vakomana vedu vatumirwe kunze kwenyika kuti vapinde muhondo yehutsinye hunobva pamanyepo makuru, uye vaurawe mukuita. Zvombo zvekuparadza kwakawanda zvakange zvisipo, uye pfungwa yekutevera yekuti hondo yaive mukufarira demokrasi yeIraq yaive yekunyepedzera kuseka sekuda kweUS kuzvitonga muVietnam.
Nyaya idzi dzamuka zvakare nekuburitswa kwaEdward Snowden kwemagwaro eNational Security Agency anoratidza kuti musangano mukuru wekuunganidzwa kwezvekufambiswa kwemashoko muAmerica nevekunze pamwe nevakuru vemunyika nekunze. Nzvimbo yeNSA nevamwe vakuru-vakuru ndeyekuti mapurogiramu eNSA ekuunganidza ruzivo akanga ari chimbo chehondo yehugandanga uye chakanangana nemagandanga, saka ivo vakanga vari pamutemo uye chiito chaSnowden chakanga chisiri chepamutemo chete asi chekutengesa. Secretary of State John Kerry akataura paCNN kuti "Vanhu vanogona kufa nekuda kwezvakaitwa nemurume uyu. Zvinogoneka kuti United States icharwiswa nokuti magandanga anogona kunge ava kuziva nzira yokuzvidzivirira nayo, neimwe nzira kana imwe, yavaisamboziva.” (“CNN Newsroom,” June 25, 2013.) Kerry, chokwadika, anoziva nezvenzufu muhondo, sezvo akabvuma kuti akauraya vakadzi nevana munguva yake somurwi muVietnam. Haape humbowo izvozvi hwekuti ruzivo rwaSnowden rwakaburitswa runogona kubatsira magandanga, uye haakurukure nezve mukana wekuti izvo zvakaburitswa zvinogona kuponesa hupenyu nekupa veruzhinji ruzivo rwehondo iyo vanogadzira hondo vanoedza kuchengeta.
Congressman Peter King akauyawo achiti haasi Snowden chete asi mubvunzurudzo wake wenhau uye mutepfenyuri wemashoko Glenn Greenwald anga "achiisa hupenyu hweAmerica panjodzi" uye kuti Greenwald pachake anofanira kunge achipomerwa mhosva. ("Anderson Cooper 360 °," CNN, June 11, 2013.) King anoti Greenwald akatyisidzira kusunungura mazita evamiririri veCIA kunze kwenyika uye "Nguva yekupedzisira yakaitwa munyika ino, wakaona mukuru weCIA station akapondwa mukati. Girisi." Kutaura zvazviri Greenwald haasati amboita kutyisidzira kwakadaro, uye Mambo haanawo mhosva pamusoro pekuuraya kwechiGiriki kwemukuru wechiteshi cheCIA, Richard Welch, izvo zvaanoti zvakakonzerwa nekusunungurwa kwezita remunhu akabatwa. Counterspy Magazine. Asi chivharo chaWelch chakafuridzirwa zvakanaka pamberi pe Counterspy kudhindwa, pakati pezvimwe zvikonzero nekugara kwake kwekugara kunozivikanwa kuve kwemukuru wechiteshi cheCIA. ("CIA Press Exploitation Scored," Chokwadi pane File World News Digest, Ndira 13, 1978). Asi iyo Counterspy-Welch mhondi tayi inhema dzakamisikidzwa dzekuda nyika, uye Mambo anogona kuishandisa akasununguka.
Muchidimbu, sezvakaita Vietnam neIraq (pakati pevamwe vazhinji) avo vane mhosva yekufa kwevakomana vekuAmerica vari kurwa hondo munzvimbo dziri kure havasi ivo varatidziri, vanoridza muridzo, uye vatori venhau vakaita saGreenwald, avo vanosheedzera kune hwaro hwesarudzo dzehondo nemanyepo. uye kudzvanyirira kunovanzira veruzhinji zvikonzero chaizvo nemhedzisiro yesarudzo idzodzo. Kusiyana neizvi, ndivo vanoita sarudzo nevatauri vavo uye varevereri vanotakura mutoro wekutanga wekufa kweAmerica.
Daniel Somers, ane makore makumi matatu ekuzvarwa murwi wehondo yeIraq akazviuraya musi waChikumi 30, 10, aive akajekawo mugwaro rake rekuzviuraya kuti mhosva yekufa kwake uye kutyisa kwaakabatsira kuunza kuIraqi kuenda kune vanosarudza hurumende, uye hakuna mumwe. Anoti ndangariro dzake dzezvaakanga aita dzakanga dzisingatsungiririki; kuti kutangazve hupenyu hwamazuva ose mushure mezvaakaita “chaizova chiratidzo chesociopath….Kundimanikidza kuita zvinhu izvi ndozotora chikamu mukuvhara kunotevera kunopfuura kudarika chero hurumende ine kodzero yekurayira. Ipapo, hurumende imwe cheteyo yakatendeuka ndokundisiya." Akaenderera mberi nekunyora, "Chero mhosva iri pavari." ("Ndine urombo Kuti Zvauya Kune Izvi," Gawker, Chikumi 22, 2013.) Daniel Somers anotsinhira kuti mainstream ine vakashata nemagamba vakatsikitsira pasi.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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