Zvanga zvichinakidza kuona New York Times nemamwe ma media enhau anoratidza kushushikana kwavo nekusimuka nekupararira kwe "nhau dzenhema." Izvi zvinyorwa zvinozvitora sechokwadi chiri pachena kuti izvo zvavanopa zvakatwasanuka, zvisina tsarukano, kutaura kwakavakirwa pachokwadi. Ivo vanopa nhau dzakadai, asi ivo vanopawo kuyerera kwakadzikama kweavo akasiyana siyana enhau dzenhema, kazhinji nekuparadzira ruzivo rwenhema kana nhema rwunopihwa kwavari nenyika yekuchengetedza nyika, mamwe mapazi ehurumende, nenzvimbo dzesimba remakambani.
Chimiro chakakosha chenhau dzenhema dzenhau ndedziya dzinounzwa uchidzvanyirira ruzivo rwunodaidzira nhau dzakasarudzika mubvunzo. Izvi ndizvo zvakanga zvakaita โNhema Idzo Dzisina Kupfurwa,โ musoro wemagazini yaJanuary 18, 1988. Times Mupepeti achitaura nezvemashoko anoparadzirwa emakore mashanu akanga apfuura ayo vapepeti vakanga vamedza uye havana kuzomboongororazve. Nhema-kuti maSoviet aiziva kuti ndege yekuKorea 007, yavakapfura muna Nyamavhuvhu 31, 1983, yaive ndege yevagari - yakazofukunurwa neCongressman Lee Hamilton, kwete ne Times.
Nhau dzenhau dzemanyepo dzinonyanya kuitika apo mutsara wepati unokurumidza kuumbwa pane imwe nyaya, paine chero misiyano saka inokurumidza kubviswa sekusaziva, kusafarira nyika, kana kungokanganisa. Mumufananidzo unoshamisa, nokuda kwechitsauko chebhuku chine musoro unoti โVakabatwa Vakakodzera uye Vasingakodzeri,โ Noam Chomsky neni takaratidza kufukidza ikoko na nguva, Newsweek, CBS Nhau, uye New York Times yekupondwa kwa1984 kwemupristi Jerzy Popieluzko muCommunist Poland, chiitiko chinoshamisa uye chezvematongerwo enyika kune vezvenhau vezvematongerwo enyika vekuMadokero, vakapfuura kuburitsa kwavo kuuraya kwemazana zana ezvitendero zvakaurayiwa muLatin America nenyika dzevatengi veUS mumashure-. Makore eHondo Yenyika Yechipiri akatorwa pamwechete.1 Zvakanga zvakachipa uye zvakachengeteka kutarisa zvakanyanya kune "akakodzera" akabatwa, nepo kutarisa zvakanyanya kufa kwezana iro kwaizoda inodhura uye dzimwe nguva ine ngozi kuedza kutsvaga kungadai kwakagumbura Dhipatimendi reHurumende. Asi chaive chiri chimiro chenhau dzemanyepo kupa sarudzo (uye kutsamwa) kune munhu anobatsira mune zvematongerwo enyika, tichiregeredza huwandu hukuru hwakaurayiwa nesangano rezvematongerwo enyika raitsvaga kudzikisira kana kudzvinyirira zvachose.
Fake nhau paRussia ndeye Times tsika iyo inogona kurondwa kumashure kusvika kusvika pakumukira kwa1917. Muchidzidzo chekare chekuvhara bepa reRussia kubva muna Kukadzi 1917 kusvika Kurume 1920, Walter Lippmann naCharles Merz vakawana kuti "Kubva pakuona kwehunyanzvi hwekutapa nhau kutaurwa kweChimurenga cheRussia hachisi chinhu chipfupi nenjodzi. Pamibvunzo yakakosha mambure aingogara achirasisa, uye nhau dzinotsausa dzakaipa kupfuura kusambovapoโฆ. Vanogona kupomerwa mhosva yokungobvuma kusingagumi, uye kugadzirira kusinganeti kunyengedzwa, uye pane dzimwe nguva nekushayikwa kwenjere. "2 Lippmann naMerz vakawana kuti kusarura kwakasimba kwekunyora kwakanyatso kunyudzwa mukushuma nhau. Kupikisa kwevapepeti vachishingairira macommunist kwakaita kuti bepa ritaure hutsinye husina kumboitika, uye kufanotaura kuparara kuri pedyo kwehurumende yeBolshevik kasingasviki makumi mapfumbamwe neimwe mumakore matatu. Vatori venhau vakagamuchira zvisina kutsoropodza zvirevo zvehurumende uye vaivimba nemishumo kubva kuโchiremera chepamusoroโ chisingazivikanwi. Izvi zvaive mwero Times tsika.
Uku kuita kwenhau dzenhema kwa1917-20 kwakadzokororwa kazhinji mumakore akatevera. ISoviet Union yaive yakanangana nemuvengi kusvika kuHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, uye kuburikidza nazvo zvese, Times kufukidzwa kwaigara kuine utsinye. Nekupera kwehondo uye kubuda kweSoviet Union semukwikwidzi wemauto, uye nekukurumidza simba renyukireya rinokwikwidza, Hondo Yemashoko yakanga ichienderera. MuUnited States, anti-communism yakava chitendero chenyika, uye Soviet Union yakaratidzirwa muhurukuro yepamutemo uye nezvinobudisa nhau senjodzi yepasi rose inoda kudzivirirwa nokukurumidza. Iine pfungwa iyi iripo uye nehurongwa hweUS hwekuwedzera kwayo pasi rose kwesimba kwakagadzwa, kutyisidzira kweCommunist kwaizobatsira kusimudzira kukura kwakasimba kwemauto-maindasitiri akaoma uye akadzokororwa kupindira kurwisa kunonzi kurwiswa kweSoviet.3
Mhosva Yakakura Yepakutanga: Guatemala
Imwe yenyaya dzakanyanya kujeka umo kutyisidzira kweSoviet kwakashandiswa kupembedza mhirizhonga yaitsigirwa neUS kwaive kupidigura hurumende yegutsaruzhinji yeGuatemala muna 1954 neuto diki remumiriri rakapinda nechisimba kubva kuNicaragua yeUS Somoza. Chiito ichi chakatsamwiswa neshanduko dzehurumende dzakagumbura vakuru veUS, kusanganisira mutemo wa1947 unobvumidza kuumbwa kwemasangano evashandi, uye hurongwa hwekudzosa (pakukosheswa kwemitero) uye kugovera kuvarimi vasina minda zvimwe zvezvivakwa zvisina kushandiswa zveUnited Fruit Company. nevamwe varidzi vevhu vahombe. United States, iyo yakanga yakanyatsogutsikana nehutongi hwehudzvanyiriri hwemakore gumi nemana hwaJose Ubico, haina kukwanisa kushivirira dambudziko iri regutsaruzhinji, uye hurumende yakasarudzwa, inotungamirwa naJacobo Arbenz, yakakurumidza kupomerwa mhosva dzakasiyana siyana, zvichibva pane zvaipomerwa. Red kutorwa kwehurumende yeGuatemala.4
Mumushandirapamwe wekunyepa kusati kwapinda, vezvenhau vakawira mumutsara kuseri kwemhosva dzenhema dzekudzvinyirira hurumende zvakanyanya, kutyisidzira vavakidzani vayo, uye kutora kwechiKomonisiti. The Times yakashuma yashumazve uku kubatwa zvisina kufanira kwaipomerwa uye tyisidziro kubvira muna 1950 zvichienda mberi (yandinoda zvikuru: Sidney Grusonโs โHow Communist Won Control of Guatemala,โ March 1, 1953). Arbenz nevakamutangira, Juan Jose Arevalo, vakanyatso dzivirira kumisa mahofisi evamiriri neSoviet bloc nyika, vachitya kutsiva neUS-hazvina zvazvakabatsira. Zvichitevera kubviswa kweArbenz uye kugadzwa kweudzvanyiriri hwebapiro rekurudyi, munyori wenhau dzakaitika mudare Ronald Schneider, mushure mekuongorora magwaro 50,000 XNUMX akatorwa mumanyuko echiKomonisiti muGuatemala, akawana kuti kwete chete maKomonisiti haana kumbobvira atonga nyika, asi kuti Soviet Union kwakakosha kana kutodyira mari muhurumende yeArbenz,โ uye panguva iyoyo aive akabatikana zvakanyanya nezvinetso zvemukati zvekuzvinetsa neCentral America.5
Hurumende yehudzvanyiriri yakakurumidza kurwisa nekuparadza mapoka matsva emagariro akange aumba munguva yedemocracy, kunyanya masangano evarombo, vashandi, uye vadzidzisi. Arbenz akanga akunda makumi matanhatu neshanu muzana emavhoti musarudzo dzakasununguka, asi โmusununguriโ Castillo Armas akakurumidza kuhwina โplebisciteโ ne65 muzana yemavhoti. Kunyangwe izvi zviri mhedzisiro inozivikanwa muutongi hwehudzvanyiriri, vezvenhau vemazuvano vaive vasisafarira Guatemala, vasingataure nezvesarudzo. The Times yakanga yataura muna 1950 kuti mutemo weUS Guatemala โhauyedze kuvharidzira kufambira mberi kwenzanga neupfumi asi uri kufarira kuona kuti Guatemala inova rusununguko rwokuzvitonga.โ6 Asi zvakazoitika, vapepeti vakatadza kuona kuti mhedzisiro yemutemo weUS yaive "yekuvharisa kufambira mberi kwemagariro nehupfumi," kuburikidza nekuiswa kwehutongi hwehugandanga.
Muna 2011, inopfuura hafu yezana ramakore mushure me1954, iyo Times yakashuma kuti purezidhendi weGuatemala Alvaro Colom akanga akumbira ruregerero nokuda kweโMhosva Huruโ iyoyo, kupidigura hurumende yeArbenz nechisimba, โchiito chechisimba kuhurumende kutanga chitubu chayo chegutsaruzhinji.โ7 Chinyorwa chacho chinotaura kuti, maererano nemutungamiri Colom, mhuri yekwaArbenz "iri kutsvaga ruregerero kubva kuUnited States nebasa rayo" muMhosva Huru. The Times haina kumbobvira yaita ruregerero chero rupi zvarwo kana kunyange kubvuma basa rayo pachayo muMhosva Huru.
Imwe Mhosva Yakakura: Vietnam
Fake news dzakazara mu Times uye mamwe mabhuku makuru panguva yeHondo yeVietnam. Maonero akajairwa ekuti vapepeti vepepa vakapikisa hondo ari kurasisa uye manyepo. In Pasina Kutya kana Favour, kare Times mutori wenhau Harrison Salisbury akabvuma kuti muna 1962, apo kupindira kweUnited States kwakawedzera, Times yakanga "yakadzama uye nguva dzose" ichitsigira mutemo wehondo.8 Anopikisa kuti bepa iri rakaramba richiwedzera kupikisa kubva muna 1965, zvichizoguma nekudhindwa kwePentagon Papers muna 1971. Asi Salisbury inotadza kuziva kuti kubva muna 1954 kusvika nhasi. Times haana kumbosiya Cold War hurongwa uye mazwi, maererano neiyo United States yairamba "hutsinye" hweimwe nyika uye kudzivirira "South Vietnam." Bepa iri harina kumboshandisa izwi rekuti hutsinye kunyika ino, asi rakarishandisa vakasununguka richireva zviito zveNorth Vietnamese neizvo zveNational Liberation Front muhafu yekumaodzanyemba kweVietnam.
Kumira kwakasiyana-siyana muhondo yekubhomba yeUS muna 1965 uye mushure, mukuda kwe "kupa rugare mukana," yaivewo hwaro hwenhau dzenhema sezvo hutungamiriri hwaJohnson hwakashandisa kumiswa kwechinguvana kunyaradza kuratidzira kwehondo, uku kujekesa veVietnamese kuti vakuru veUS vakada kuzvipira kuzere. The Times nevamwe vayo vakamedza chirauro ichi pasina kupokana.9
Uyezve, kunyange kubva muna 1965 zvichienda mberi Times yakanga ichida kuburitsa mishumo yakawanda inoisa hondo muchiedza chisingafadzi, haina kumbobvira yabva mukutsamira kwakasimba kune zviri pamutemo masosi, kana kubva pakusada kutarisana nekukuvadzwa kwakaitwa kuVietnam nevagari vayo nehondo yeUS. Kusiyana nekutsvaga kwayo kwekuda kwevapoteri veCambodian kubva kuKhmer Rouge mushure meKubvumbi 1975, bepa iri harina kumbotsvaga humbowo kubva kumamiriyoni evapoteri veVietnam vaitiza mabhomba eUS nehondo yemakemikari. Mune maonero ayo zvakare, kuvhurika kutsva kwaingogumira kune vatauri vakagamuchira nzvimbo yehondo uye vaizoisa kutsoropodza kwavo kumatambudziko ayo ehunyanzvi uye mutengo wepamba. Kubva pamavambo kusvikira kumugumo, avo vakatsoropodza hondo senhimbe youtere yedenho huru vakabviswa mugakava racho.10
Iyo 1981 Papal Kuuraya Kuedza
Nhepfenyuro huru dzakapa imwe tsinhiro kuparadziro yeHondo Yemashoko mukushuma pamusoro pekuedza kupondwa kwaPope John Paul II muRoma muna Chivabvu 1981. Panguva apo hurumende yeReagan yakanga ichitsvaka kuita dhimoni Soviet Union seโumambo hwakashata,โ The kupfurwa kwapapa neTurkey fascist Ali Agca kwakakurumidza kusungirirwa kuMoscow, akabatsirwa nekureurura kwaAgca-mushure memwedzi gumi neminomwe yekusungwa, kubvunzurudzwa, kutyisidzirwa, kukwezva, uye kuwana vezvenhau - kuti maBulgarian neSoviet KGB ndivo vaive seri kwayo. Hapana humbowo hunovimbika hwaitsigira kubatana uku, zvaitaurwa zvacho zvaisaita, uye huwori hwacho hwaishamisa. (Agca aigara achitaurawo kuti ndiJesu Kristu.) Mhosva yaipokana nevaBulgaria (uye sezviri pachena veKGB) yakarasika kunyange mumatare edzimhosva eItaly akarerekera divi rimwe chete uye ane zvematongerwo enyika. Asi iyo Times akaritenga, ndokuripa ngwariro yenguva refu, yakakomba, uye isina mubvunzo chose chose, sezvakaita vazhinji vezvenhau vomuUnited States.
Munguva yedare reSeneti muna 1991 pakudomwa kwaRobert Gates kuti atungamire CIA, aimbove mukuru wesangano Melvin Goodman akapupura kuti CIA yaiziva kubva pakutanga kuti kureurura kwaAgca kwaive kwenhema, nekuti vaive "nekupinda kwakanaka" kwemasevhisi epachivande eBulgaria. The Times yakasiya chirevo ichi mukutaura kwayo pauchapupu hwaGoodman. Mugore rimwe chetero, neBulgaria zvino yava nhengo ye "nyika yakasununguka," muongorori anochengetedza Allen Weinstein akawana mvumo yekuongorora mafaira epachivande eBulgaria pakuedza kuuraya. Basa rake rakataurwa zvakanyanya, kusanganisira mu Times, asi paakadzoka asina kuwana chinhu chine chokuita neBulgaria kana kuti KGB, mamwe mapepa akawanda, kusanganisira Times, akawana kuferefeta kwake kusisakoshese nhau.
Missile Gap
Kubva munenge muna 1975 kusvika 1986, zvizhinji zvekutaura pamusoro peinonzi "missile gap" pakati peUnited States neSoviet Union yaingova nhau dzenhema, ne Times vatori venhau vachipfuura nerukova rwemashoko ehurumende anoshatirisa uye zvirevo zvisina musoro. Mhosva yakakosha yakaitika pakati pemakore ekuma1970, semhare dzerudyi muhutungamiri hweFord dzaiyedza kuwedzera Hondo Yemashoko uye nhangemutange yezvombo. Chirevo cha1975 CIA chaive chaona kuti maSoviet aivavarira chete nyukireya parity. Izvi zvaisagutsa, saka mukuru weCIA, George HW Bush, akagadza timu itsva yevakasimba, avo vakakurumidza kuona kuti maSoviet aiwana hukuru hwenyukireya uye kugadzirira kurwa hondo yenyukireya. Iyi inonzi Team B report yakatorwa face value mu a Times chinyorwa chepeji rekutanga chaDecember 26, 1976, naDavid Binder, uyo akatadza kutaura kurerekera kwaro mune zvematongerwo enyika kana chinangwa, uye haana kuedza kubvunza nyanzvi dzine maonero akasiyana. Iyo CIA yakazobvuma muna 1983 kuti fungidziro yeChikwata B yaive yemanyepo. Asi munguva iyi yose, Times akatsigira nyaya yemauto nekuparadzira ruzivo rwenhema, mazhinji acho akarambwa zvinogutsa naTom Gervasi mune yake yekare. Ngano yeSoviet Militacy Supremacy, bhuku risina kumboongororwa mu Times.
Yugoslavia uye "Humanitarian Intervention"
Hondo dzema1990 dzekuparadza muYugoslavia dzakabudirira mukubvisa hurumende yakazvimirira kubva pamasimba ndokuitsiva neyakaputsika yakasara yeSerbia uye nyika dzine urombo uye dzisina kugadzikana dzakakundikana muBosnia neKosovo. Yakapawo tsigiro isingakodzeri yepfungwa ye "kupindira kwevanhu," iyo yakatsamira pahuwandu hwekunyepedzera uye kusarudzwa kwekuzivisa. Mutungamiriri weSerbia ane dhimoni Slobodan Miloลกeviฤ anga asiri munhu akasarudzika achitsvaga "Greater Serbia," asi aive mutungamiri asina kurongeka parunyorwa rwekuMadokero akaedza kubatsira vashoma veSerb muBosnia, Croatia, neKosovo kuramba vari muYugoslavia seUnited. Nyika neEuropean Union dzakatsigira kubuda kwemutemo kune mubvunzo kwakaitwa neYugoslav Republics akati wandei. Akatsigira imwe neimwe yekugadziriswa kwakarongwa kwemakakatanwa aya, ayo akaparadzwa nevakuru veBosnia neUS vaida mazwi ari nani kana kukundwa kwemauto kweSerbia, pakupedzisira vachizadzisa izvo zvekupedzisira. Miloลกeviฤ akange asina chekuita nekupondwa kwaChikunguru 1995 Srebrenica, umo maBosnia maSerbs akatsiva mauto eBosnia Muslim anga achiparadza misha iri pedyo yeBosnia Serb kubva kunzvimbo yavo muSrebrenica pasi pekuchengetedzwa kweNATO. Zviuru zvakati wandei zvekufa kwevanhu vekuSerb zvakange zvisina kutaurwa munhau, nepo huwandu hwevakaurayiwa veSrebrenica hwakawedzera.11
Nguva yaPutin
Sangano rezvematongerwo enyika reUS rakakatyamadzwa nekufadzwa nekudonha kweSoviet Union muna 1989-91, uye nhengo dzayo dzakafadzwawo nehurongwa hweMutungamiri Boris Yeltsin, mutengi weUS, mukutonga kwake vanhuwo zvavo vekuRussia vakawirwa nedambudziko rekudonha kwehupenyu. , nepo diki seti ye oligarchs yakakwanisa kupamba nyika yakaputsika. Kukunda kwaYeltsin musarudzo muna 1996, achibatsirwa zvikuru nevapi vezano veUS, zano, nemari, zvaive zvevapepeti vepepanhau. Times, โKukunda Kwedemokrasi yeRussia.โ12 Havana kunetswa nehuwori hwesarudzo, kusikwa kwegomba-larceny-based economic oligarchy, kana, nguva pfupi yapfuura, mitemo mitsva inoisa simba muhofisi yemutungamiri wenyika.13
Mutsivi waYeltsin, Vladimir Putin, zvishoma nezvishoma akasiya kuzviisa pasi kwekutanga kune zvido zvekuMadokero, uye nokudaro zvakaonekwa senjodzi. Kusarudzwa kwake zvakare muna 2012, kunyangwe hazvo aive nehuwori hushoma pane hwaYeltsin muna 1996, akashoropodzwa munhau dzeUS. The lead Times yaMay 5, 2012, yaitaura nezveโkurohwa mbamaโ nevacherechedzi veOrganisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe, vachiti hapana makwikwi chaiwo, uye โzviuru zvevaipikisa hurumende zvakaungana muMoscow square kuti vaimbe kuti โRussia isina Putin. 'โ14 Pakange pasina "zvinonetsa pakuve pamutemo" kwakataurwa mu Times mushure mekukunda kwaYeltsin muna 1996.
Dhimoni raPutin rakawedzera nedambudziko reUkraine ra2014 uye yakazotevera kurwa kweKiev muEastern Ukraine, rutsigiro rweRussia rweEast Ukraine kuramba, uye referendamu yeCrimea uye kutorwa kweCrimea neRussia. Izvi zvese zvakanzi "hutsinye" neUnited States nevabatsiri vayo nevatengi, uye zvirango zvakatemerwa Russia, uye hombe yeuto reUS-NATO yakatangwa pamiganhu yeRussia. Kusawirirana kwakawedzera nekupfurwa kweMalaysia Airlines Flight 17 kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweUkraine-pakarepo, asi zvinenge zvenhema, zvichipomerwa vapanduki ve "pro-Russian" neRussia pachayo.15
Hondo yeAnti-Russian yakawedzerwa nekupindira kwakawedzera kwenyika muSyria kubva muna 2015 zvichienda mberi, mukutsigira Bashar al-Assad uye kurwisa mauto evapanduki anga ave kutongwa neISIS neal-Nusra, nhungirwa yeAl-Qaeda. United States nevadyidzani vayo veNATO neMiddle East vanga vachipokana neSyria, mukubatana neal-Nusra nemamwe mapato echiIslam anonyanyisa, kwemakore akati wandei. Kupindira kweRussia kwakashandura mafambiro, zvichikanganisa chinangwa cheUS neSaudi chekuchinja kwehutongi kurwisa Assad, uye kunetesa vabatsiri veUS.
The Times yakafukidza zviitiko izvi nekukumbira ruregerero kusingadzoreki-yekupidigura kwaFebruary 2014 muKiev-iyo isina kumbobvira yati yakadaro, yebasa reUS mukupidigura hurumende yakasarudzwa yaVictor Yanukovych, uye nehasha nekutyisa pareferendamu yeCrimea neRussia. kunyura, izvo zvisingambobvumiri zvingave mhinduro yekudzivirira kuKiev coup. Kudanwa kwaro kwechirango che "kurwiswa" kweRussia kusingakuvare muCrimea kwakasiyana zvakanyanya neapologetics yemamiriyoni-pamwe nekukuvara kwakakonzerwa nechisimba cheUS "yesarudzo" (kwete kudzivirira) muIraq kubva munaKurume 2003 zvichienda mberi. Vapepeti vebepa uye vanyori vanoshora kusaremekedza kwaPutin mutemo wepasi rose, uku vachiregedza nyika yavo kubva pakushoropodzwa nekutyorwa kwayo kwemutemo iwoyo.16
Mu Times's reporting and opinion columns Russia inogara ichirwiswa sekuwedzera uye kutyisidzira vavakidzani vayo, asi hapana kutaurwa kunoitwa nekuwedzera kweNATO kusvika kumiganhu yeRussia uye kutanga-kutyisidzira-kuiswa kwezvombo zvinorwisa-missile muEastern Europe-yekupedzisira kare. aizviti aipindura kutyisidzira kwemakombori kubva kuIran! Ongororo yakaitwa nenyanzvi yezvematongerwo enyika John Mearsheimer uye nyanzvi yeRussia Stephen F. Cohen yakaona kufambira mberi kweNATO kwakabviswa pamapeji emaonero e Times.17 Kusiyana neizvi, nhengo yebhendi reRussia Pussy Riot, Maria Alyokhina, akapihwa nzvimbo yekushora Putin neRussia, uye boka repunk rock rakapihwa musangano ne Times bhodhi rekunyora.18 Pakati paNdira 1 naKurume 31, 2014, bepa rakaburitsa zvinyorwa makumi maviri nenhatu zvine Pussy Riot uye zvaifungidzirwa kukosha sechiratidzo chemiganhu yeRussia pakusununguka kutaura. Pussy Riot akanga akanganisa kunamata kwechechi muMoscow uye akazongomira mushure mokunge mapurisa apindira, pakukumbira kwevakuru vechechi. Mutongo wemakore maviri mujeri wakatevera. Zvichakadaro, muna Kukadzi 2014, sisita vane makore makumi masere nemana Sista Megan Rice vakatongerwa kugara mujeri kwemakore mana nekuda kwekupinda panzvimbo yezvombo zvenyukireya yekuUS muna Chikunguru 2012 vakaita kuratidzira. The Times akapa nhau iyi diki kutaurwa muchikamu cheNational Briefing, pasi pezita rokuti "Tennessee Nun Anotongerwa Kuratidzira Runyararo." Hapana op-ed makoramu kana musangano neiyo Times bhodhi reRice. Kune varatidziri vakakodzera uye vasingakodzeri, sezvakangoitawo vakakuvadzwa.
MuSyria, nerubatsiro rweRussia, mauto eAssad uye mauto akabatana akakwanisa kudzinga vapanduki kubva kuAleppo, kusvika mukuodzwa mwoyo kweWashington nevezvenhau. Zvanga zvichijekesa kuona alarm inoratidzwa pamusoro pevakakuvara muAleppo, ine mapikicha anoperekedza evana vakasiiwa uye nyaya dzekutambura kwevanhu uye kushayiwa. The TimesKutarisa kune avo vagari vemo nevana uye kutsamwa kwaPutin-Assad hutsinye hunomira mukupesana nekunyarara kwavo kwevazhinji vakaurayiwa muFallujah muna 2004 uye mberi, uye nguva pfupi yadarika munzvimbo dzine vapanduki dzeSyria, uye muIraq. guta reMosul, pasi peUS uye kurwisa kwakabatana.19 Kubata kwakasiyana kwevakabatwa vakakodzera uye vasina kukodzera kwave kwakazara mukufukidza kweSyria.
Chimwe chikamu chekusimbaradza Russophobia chinogona kubva muna Gumiguru 2016 gakava remutungamiri wenyika, umo Hillary Clinton akazivisa kuti Donald Trump aizova "puppet" yaPutin semutungamiri, dingindira rake rekutanga rakatanga kusimbisa. Kusimbisa uku kwakatowedzera mushure mesarudzo, nerubatsiro rwevezvenhau nevehungwaru, sezvo musasa waClinton waitsvaga kutsanangura kurasikirwa kwavo nesarudzo, kuchengetedza kutonga kwebato, uye pamwe kunyange kuita kuti zvakabuda musarudzo zvipidirwe mumatare edzimhosva kana koreji yesarudzo kuburikidza nekutaura kwaTrump. kukunda kupindira kweRussia.
Kukurudzira kukuru kwekubatana kwaPutin kwakauya nekuburitswa kwaNdira 2017 kwemushumo neHofisi yeMukuru weNational Intelligence (DNI), Mhedziso Yekuongorora Zviitwa zveRussia uye Chinangwa muSarudzo Dzazvino dzeUS. Inopfuura hafu yeiyi gwaro pfupi yakatsaurirwa kune yeRussia-inotsigirwa neRT nhau network, iyo iyo rondedzero inobata sechinhu chisiri pamutemo propaganda sosi. Sangano iri rinonzi ndechimwe chikamu cheRussia "pesvedzeroโฆ [iyo] yakashuvira kubatsira Mutungamiriri wenyika, VaTrump, mikana yekukunda kana zvichibvira nekuzvidza Secretary Clinton uye kumusiyanisa pachena nemutungamiri akasarudzwa." Hapana humbowo hupihwe hunoratidza kuti paive nechero "mushandirapamwe" wakarongwa, pane kungogara kuratidzwa kwemaonero uye mitongo yenhau. Iwo maitiro akafanana anoshandiswa kuzivisa "pesvedzero yemushandirapamwe" weRussia anogona kushandiswa nesimba rakaenzana kune vezvenhau vekuUS uye neRadio Free Europe mabatiro esarudzo yeRussia chero ipi zvayo - uye chokwadi, kupindira kweUS musarudzo yeRussia muna 1996 kwaive pachena, kwakananga, uye kwakaenda. kure zvikuru kupfuura chero โpesvedzero yemushandirapamweโ yakavanzika.
Nezvekupindira kwakananga kweRussia musarudzo dzeUS, vanyori veDNI vanobvuma kusavapo kweโhumbowo huzere hunotsigira,โ asi kutaura chokwadi hapana humbowo hunotsigira zvachose โ kungofungidzira, fungidziro, uye fungidziro. "Isu tinoongorora kuti ... Putin akaraira mushandirapamwe wekukurudzira muna 2015," vanonyora kudaro, yakagadzirirwa kukunda Mai Clinton, uye "kukanganisa kutenda kweveruzhinji muhurongwa hwedemokrasi hweUS," asi vasingapi humbowo hwekurongeka kwakadai. Chirevo ichi zvakare hachina humbowo hwekuti Russia yakabira kutaurirana kweDemocratic National Committee (DNC) kana maemail aClinton uye aimbova maneja weClinton mushandirapamwe John Podesta, kana kuti yakapa ruzivo rwakabirwa kuWikiLeaks. Julian Assange uye aimbove mumiriri weBritain, Craig Murray, vakadzokorora kutaura kuti masosi aya akaburitswa nevemukati menzvimbo, kwete kubiwa kubva kunze. Veteran intelligence nyanzvi William Binney naRay McGovern vanopokanawo kuti humbowo hweWikiLeaks hwakaburitswa, kwete kubiwa.20 Zvinocherechedzwawo kuti pamasangano matatu ehungwaru akasaina gwaro reDNI, National Security Agency - iyo agency inogona kunge iine humbowo hwekubira kweRussia uye kutapurira kwayo kuWikiLeaks, pamwe nechero "mirairo" kubva kuna Putin - inongotaurwa. โkuvimba kuri pakati nepakatiโ mune zvayakawana.
Asi sezvakangoita maReds ari kutonga Guatemala, maSoviet achipfuura kugona kweUS missile, kana KGB kuronga kuuraya papa, Times yatora iyo yekuRussia yekubira nyaya seyakasimbiswa chokwadi, kunyangwe pasina humbowo hwakaoma. Times mutori wenhau David Sanger anotaura nezve "rondedzero yeshumo uye inokatyamadza yekuedza kweRussia kukanganisa hurongwa hwesarudzo hweAmerica," ndokuzobvuma kuti mushumo wakabudiswa "hauna ruzivo rwekuti masangano ... akasvika sei pakugumisa."21 Mushumo wacho pachawo unosanganisira kutaura kunokatyamadza kwokuti โKutonga hakuna kuitirwa kureva kuti tine uchapupu hunoratidza chimwe chinhu kuva chokwadi.โ Pamusoro pezvo, kana chirevo chaive chakavakirwa pa "kupindira kwenhaurirano" pamwe chete nedata repakombiyuta rakabiwa, sezvakataurwa naSanger neDNI, sei DNI yatadza kutaura hurukuro imwe chete inoratidza kuraira kwaPutin nezvirongwa?
The Times haana kumbobvira ataura kana kupa op-ed nzvimbo kuna William Binney, Ray McGovern, kana Craig Murray, anotungamira zviremera zvinopokana pahunyanzvi hwekubira tekinoroji, nzira, uye izvo zveDNC hacks. Asi nzvimbo yakawanikwa ye op-ed yaLouise Mensch "Zvekubvunza nezveRussia Kubira." Mensch inyanzvi yekurangana yakashata isina hunyanzvi hwekuita, yakatsanangurwa nevanyori Nathan Robinson naAlex Nichols seanonyanyo zivikanwa ne "kushandisa nguva yake zhinji paTwitter achishoropodza mauto anofungidzirwa epamhepo 'Putinbots'", achimuita "mumwe." yevashoma vanhu vakavimbika painternet. "22 Asi anoburitswa mumagazini Times nekuti, mukupesana neanoziva uye anovimbika Binney naMurray, anotevera bato, achitora kuRussia kubira kweDNC sechinhu.
Kupindira kwakasimba kweCIA muhurongwa hwesarudzo muna 2016 na 2017 kwakaputsa nzvimbo itsva mukuita zvematongerwo enyika. Aimbove mukuru weCIA Michael Morell akazivisa muna Nyamavhuvhu 2016 op-ed mu Times: "Ndakamhanya CIA Iyezvino Ndiri Kutsigira Hillary Clinton," uye aimbova mukuru weCIA Michael Hayden akaburitsa op-ed mu. Washington Post mazuva mashoma sarudzo dzisati dzaitwa, dzine musoro unoti "Aimbova Mukuru weCIA: Trump iRussia's Useful Fool." Morell aive neimwezve op-ed muiyo Times pana Ndira 6, iye zvino ari kurwisa pachena purezidhendi mutsva. Kurwiswa uku kwainyomba Trump zvisingaite uye kurumbidza Clinton, achitoratidza Trump semutengesi; vakajekesawo kuti hunhu hwaClinton hwakanyanya kuSyria neRussia hwaidiwa zvakanyanya pane kurerekera kwaTrump kunhaurirano nekushandira pamwe neRussia.
Izvi zvaive zvekare nezvenyaya yekunyomba kwakaitika aimbova mumiriri weTrump Defense Intelligence kufonera Michael Flynn nemumiriri weRussia, izvo zvinogona kunge zvaisanganisira nhaurirano yezviitwa zvehutongi hwehutongi. Mikana yezvematongerwo enyika yekudyidzana iyi yakakurumidza kunzwisiswa nevakuru veObama vaibuda, vashandi vezvekuchengetedza, uye vezvenhau, neFBI ichibvunzurudza Flynn uye nekutaura kwakapararira kwekutya zvakaitwa naFlynn, izvo zvingadai zvakamufumura kuRussia. Asi misangano yakadai yekumisikidzwa nevamiriri veRussia yanga iri "tsika yakajairika" sekureva kwaJack Matlock, mumiriri weUS kuRussia pasi paReagan naBush, uye Matlock akazvigadzirira Jimmy Carter musangano wakadai.23 Mumiriri waVaObama munyika, VaMichael McFaul, vakabvuma kuti vakashanyira Moscow kuzoita hurukuro nevakuru vakuru muna 2008, sarudzo dzisati dzaitwa. Daniel Lazare akaita nyaya yakanaka kwete chete kuti zvisiri pamutemo uye kutyisidzira zvisiri pamutemo hazvigoneke, asi kuti kubvunzurudza kweFBI kwaFlynn kunokanganisa. "Asi vanopokana naTrump vari kuyedza kunyengerera veruzhinji kuti 'zvakaipisisa kupfuura Watergate.'24
Pfungwa yezvematongerwo enyika yemushumo weDNI saka inoita kunge yanga iri, zvishoma, kusunga maoko ehutongi hwaTrump mukubata kwayo neRussia. Vamwe vaongorori vekunze vakapokana kuti tingangove tanga tichiona musori wekutanga kana kupidigura hurumende kwakakundikana, asi zvichine mhedzisiro yaidiwa yekunetesa hutongi hutsva.25 The Times harina kupa shoko rekushoropodza uku kuita zvematongerwo enyika uye kupindira muhurongwa hwesarudzo nemasangano ehungwaru, uye kutaura zvazviri vapepeti vanga vachishanda navo neDemocratic Party sechikwata chakabatana muchirongwa chakajeka chisina uye chinopokana nedemocracy. yakagadzirirwa kukanganisa kana kushandura zvakabuda musarudzo dzemuna 2016, nechikonzero chekuvhiringidza sarudzo dzekunze.
The Times uye vezvenhau vakawanda havana kumbotaurawo nezvenyaya inokatyamadza yekuti zvinonzi zvakabiwa zvakaburitswa zveDNC naClinton nePodesta maemail zvakaburitsa chokwadi chisingapikiswe pamusoro pemanomapulations chaiwo esarudzo vachimiririra mushandirapamwe waClinton, chokwadi icho veruzhinji vaive nekodzero yekuziva uye. zvinogona kunge zvakakanganisa zvakabuda musarudzo. Kutariswa kwezvichemo zvisina humbowo zvekupindirwa kweRussia nekubira zvakabatsira kutsausa pfungwa kubva mukushungurudzwa chaiko kwesarudzo kwakaburitswa neWikiLeaks. Pano zvakare, zviri pamutemo uye nhepfenyuro dzenhau dzenhema dzakabatsira kuviga nhau chaidzo.
Mumwe museve muRussophobia quiver yaive yakavanzika yehungwaru "dossier" yakanyorwa naChristopher Steele, aimbove mumiriri weBritish intelligence aishandira Orbis Business Intelligence, kambani yakazvimirira yakahaiwa neDNC kuchera tsvina paTrump. Chirevo chekutanga chaSteele, chakapihwa muna Chikumi 2016, chakapomera Trump mhosva dzakakomba, kunyanya kuti VaTrump vakabatwa mukutiza pabonde muMoscow, kuti kufambira mberi kwake mune zvematongerwo enyika kwakatsigirwa neKremlin kweanenge makore mashanu, achitungamirwa naPutin. kuitira kudyara kusawirirana mukati memubatanidzwa wezvematongerwo enyika weUS uye kukanganisa mubatanidzwa wekuMadokero. Gwaro iri raive rakavakirwa panhaurirano dzinofungidzirwa naSteele nevakuru (Russian) vari kure: kureva, pahumbowo hwekunzwa, avo kutaura kwavo, uko kunogoneka, dzimwe nguva kunokanganisa.26 Asi yakataura izvo chaizvo izvo maDemocrats, vezvenhau, uye CIA vaida kunzwa, uye vakuru vehungwaru vakati munyori wacho "akavimbika," uye vezvenhau vakazviputira. The Times yakazvidzivirira pati pachezvayo mushandirapamwe uyu wakashata nokudana mushumo wacho kuti โhauna kusimbiswa,โ asi zvisinei yakashuma kutaura kwawo.27
Iyo Steele dossier zvakare yakave chikamu chepakati chekuferefeta uye kunzwa pa "Russia-gedhi" yakabatwa neHouse Intelligence Committee kutanga munaKurume 2017, inotungamirwa neDemocratic Representative Adam Schiff. Achitsigira chirevo chake chekuvhura pagwaro rainge rakaremerwa nerunyerekupe, Schiff haana kuratidza kufarira kuziva kuti ndiani akapa mari pabasa reSteele, kuzivikanwa uye mamiriro chaiwo evakuru veRussia vataurwa, kana kuti vakabhadharwa marii. Zviripachena kutaura nevanhu vekuRussia vane dhizaini yekupesvedzera sarudzo yemutungamiri wenyika yeAmerica inogamuchirwa chose kana mumiriri anotsigirwa nekupindira uku ari anti-Russian!
The Times yakaita basa guru muiyi fungu richangoburwa reRussophobia, inoyeuchidza nezvekuita kwayo 1917-20 umo, sezvakataurwa naLippmann naMerz muna 1920, "kutenda kusingagumi, uye kugadzirira kusinganeti kunyengedzwa" kwakaratidza maitiro ekugadzira nhau. Ndichiri kutaura nezvekubvuma kweCIA kuti yakanga isina humbowo hwakaoma, ichivimba ne "humbowo hwemamiriro ezvinhu" uye "kugona," iyo Times akafara kutsanangura kugona uku kwenguva refu uye kureva kuti airatidza chimwe chinhu.28 Zvinyorwa uye zvinyorwa zvenhau zvakashanda zvakafanana pafungidziro yenhema yekuti kubirwa kweRussia kwakaratidzwa, uye kuti maRussia akapa data iyi kuWikiLeaks, zvakare isina kusimbiswa uye yakarambwa zvakasimba naAssange naMurray.
The Times yakamhanya mutsipa nemutsipa ne Washington Post mukumutsa kutya kwehondo yeruzivo rweRussia uye kubatanidzwa zvisiri pamutemo naTrump. The Times ikozvino inosanganisa nyore nyore nhau dzemanyepo nekutsoropodza kwemasangano akagadzwa, saMark Scott naMelissa Eddy's "Europe Inorwisa Muvengi Mutsva weKugadzikana Kwezvematongerwo enyika: Fake News," Kukadzi 20, 2017.29 Asi chakanyanya kushamisa kufananidzwa kunogamuchirwa nevanyori vepepanhau sekupihwa ongororo yeCIA yekubira nekuendeswa kweRussia kuWikiLeaks, mukana kana mukana wekuti Trump chidhori chaPutin, uye kudiwa kwekukurumidzira kwemusangano uye " non-partisanโ kuferefetwa kwezvirevo izvi. Uku kumedza mutsara mutsva webato rehondo kwawedzera zvakanyanya munhau dzakasununguka. Ose ari maviri Times uye Washington Post vakatsigira pfungwa yekuti "nhau dzenhema" idzi dzinofanira kudzikiswa, pamwe neimwe nzira yekuzvidira-yakarongeka media media kana kupindira kwehurumende kunofumura hunyengeri.
Chiitiko chakanyanya kushamisa chenhau mune ino anti-kufurira-mushandirapamwe yaive iyo Postchidimbu chaCraig Timberg, "Kuedza kwekunyepedzera kweRussia kwakabatsira kuparadzira 'nhau dzenhema' panguva yesarudzo, nyanzvi dzinodaro," iyo yakaratidza chirevo cheboka re "nyanzvi" dzisingazivikanwe dzinodaidzwa kuti PropOrNot iyo yaiti yakazivisa mazana maviri mawebhusaiti ayo, achiziva. kana kuti kwete, vaive "vaigara vachitengesa nhema dzeRussia." Ndichiri kunyomba mawebhusaiti aya, mazhinji acho enhau akazvimirira ega aingove maitiro avo akashoropodza mutemo wekune dzimwe nyika weUS, "nyanzvi" dzakaramba kuzvizivisa, zvichinzi nekutya "kunangwa nemauto evapambi vane hunyanzvi." Sekunyora kwakaita mutori wenhau Matt Taibbi, โUnoda kuburitsa mazana evanhu mazita, asi hausi kuzoisa zita rako pane zvaunotaura? Famba hako."30 Asi the Post yakagamuchirwa nekusimudzira iyi McCarthyite kuedza, inogona kunge iri chigadzirwa chePentagon kana CIA ruzivo rwehondo. (Uye masangano aya anotsigirwa nemari uye zvakanyanya mubhizinesi rekuparadzira.)
Musi waZvita 23, 2016, Mutungamiri Obama vakasaina Mutemo wePortman-Murphy Countering Disinformation uye Propaganda, uyo unofungidzirwa kuti uchabvumira United States kurwisa zvinobudirira kurwisa kunze kwenyika (kureva Russian neChinese) propaganda uye disinformation. Ichakurudzira kuedza kwehurumende kupikisa propaganda, uye kupa mari kumasangano asiri ehurumende kuti abatsire mubhizinesi iri. Zviri pachena kutevedzera zvirevo zvekuRussia kubira uye kuparadzira, uye inogovera mweya wekunyorwa kwemazana maviri ezvishandiso zveMoscow zvinoratidzwa mu Washington Post. (Zvichida PropOrNot ichakodzera kuwana rubatsiro uye kukwanisa kuwedzera runyoro rwayo.) Vakasununguka vakanyarara pamusoro pekutyisidzira kutsva kwekusununguka kwekutaura, pasina mubvunzo vachipesvedzerwa nekutya kwavo kweRussia-based fake news and propaganda. Asi ivo vanogona kucherekedza, kunyangwe kana vanonoka, kana VaTrump kana mumwe wevatevedzeri vake vakaisa kuti vashande pamaonero avo enhau dzenhema uye propaganda.
Kubudirira kwemushandirapamwe webato rehondo yekuve kana kudzoreredza hunhu hwekurerutsa kusawirirana neRussia hwakajekeswa zvakajeka mukutonga kwaTrump kukurumidza kupindura bhomba kusvika Kubvumbi 4, 2017, kufa kwezvombo zvemakemikari zveSyria. The Times nevamwe vapepeti venhau nevatori venhau vakakwazisana nechisimba ichi nechido chakafanana, uye zvakare vaisada humbowo hwemhosva yaAssad kupfuura zvaitaurwa nehurumende yavo.31 Chiito ichi chaikuvadza kuAssad neRussia, asi chakashandira vapanduki zvakanaka.
Asi vezvenhau havambobvunzi cui bono? muzviitiko zvakadai. Muna 2013, mhosva yakafanana yakatarisana naAssad, iyo yakaunza United States kumucheto kwehondo yakazara yebhomba muSyria, yakazova mureza wenhema, uye zvimwe zviremera zvinotenda kuti nyaya yazvino ine dambudziko zvakaenzana.32 Zvakangodaro, VaTrump vakafamba nekukurumidza (uye zvisiri pamutemo), vachibata kurova kune kumwe kuwirirana pakati peUnited States neRussia. CIA, Pentagon, inotungamira maDemocrats, nevamwe vese vebato rehondo vaive vakunda mhirizhonga yakakosha mukurwira hondo yekusingaperi.
Notes
- .Noam Chomsky naEdward S. Herman,Kubvumira Kugadzira (New York: Pantheon, 2008), chitsauko 2.
- .Walter Lippmann naCharles Merz,Kuedzwa Kwenhau (New York: New Republic, 1920).
- .PaGrand Area framework, ona Noam Chomsky, โThe New Framework of Order,โ inPamusoro peSimba uye Ideology (Boston: South End, 1987).
- .Edward S. Herman, "Kudzorera Guatemala kuFold," muGary Rawnsley, ed.,Cold War Propaganda muma1950s (London: Macmillan, 1999).
- .Ronald Schneider,Communism muGuatemala, 1944-1954 (New York: Praeger, 1959), 41, 196โ97, 294.
- .Editorial Board, "Chiitiko cheGuatemala, "New York Times, April 8, 1950.
- .Elisabeth Malkin, "Kukumbira Ruregerero kweGuatemala Coup, Makore 57 Gare gare, "New York Times, October 11, 2011.
- .Harrison Salisbury,Pasina Kutya kana Favour (New York: Times Books, 1980), makumi mashanu.
- .Richard Du Boff naEdward Herman,America's Vietnam Policy: Iyo Strategy yekunyengedza (Washington, DC: Public Affairs, 1966).
- .Ona Chomsky naHerman,Kubvumira Kugadzira, chitsauko 6.
- .Editorial Board, "Kukunda kweRussia Democracy, "New York Times, July 4, 1996.
- .Edward S. Herman naDavid Peterson, โKuparara kweYugoslavia, "Kudzokorora Kwemwedzi 59, kwete. 5 (Gumiguru 2007); Herman naPeterson, "Murombo Marlise: Vadyidzani vake Vekare Vari Kurwisa Dare uye Kutoratidza maSerbs seVakabatwa,โ ZNet, Gumiguru 30, 2008, https://znetwork.org.
- .Stephen F. Cohen,Yakakundikana Crusade: America uye Dambudziko rePost-Communist Russia (New York: Norton, 2000).
- .Ellen Barry naMichael Schwartz, "Mushure meSarudzo, Putin Anotarisana Nematambudziko kuKutendeseka, "New York Times, March 5, 2012.
- .Robert Parry, "Inotambudza Gaps muNew MH-17 Report,โ Consortium News, Gunyana 28, 2016, http://consortiumnews.com.
- .Paul Krugman anoti, "Mr. Putin munhu asinganetseki nezvinhu zvidiki semutemo wepasirese" ("Mumiriri weSiberia, "New York Times, Chikunguru 22, 2016)โzvichireva, zvenhema, kuti vatungamiriri veUS โvanonetsekanaโ nezvinhu zvakadaro.
- .Imwe vhezheni yechinyorwa chaMearsheimer yakabuda seโNei Dambudziko reUkraine Iri Mhosva yekuMadokero, "Foreign Affairs, September 10, 2014. Bepa racho rakarambawo nyaya yaStephen Cohen ya2012 โThe Demonization of Putin.โ
- ."Sochi Under Siege,"New York Times, February 21, 2014.
- .Michael Kimmelman, "Zviso zveAleppo Zvinotiratidza, Kuti Tiwane Zvishoma, "New York Times. Nyaya inofambidzana nayo, "Vaparadzi veAleppo: Assad, Putin, Iran,โ inosiya vamwe vatambi vakuru nevaurayi. Onawo Rick Sterling, "Maitiro eUS Propaganda Inotamba muhondo yeSyria,โ Consortium News, Gunyana 23, 2016.
- .William Binney naRay McGovern, "Nyaya Inotyisa paRussia 'Hacking,'โ Consortium Nhau, Ndira 6, 2017.
- .David Sanger, "Putin Akaraira 'Kukurudzira Campaign' Yakanangana neSarudzo yeUS, Chirevo chinodaro, "New York Times, Ndira 6, 2017.
- .Nathan J. Robinson naAlex Nichols, "Chii Chinoita Inonzwisisika Mainstream Opinion, "Current Affairs, March 22, 2017.
- .Jack Matlock, "Bata neRussia Embassy,โ Jack Matlock blog, Kurume 4, 2017, http://jackmatlock.com.
- .Daniel Lazare, "MaDemocrats, Liberals, Bata McCarthyistic Fever,โ Consortium News, Kukadzi 17, 2017.
- .Robert Parry, "A Spy Coup muAmerica?โ Consortium News, Zvita 18, 2016; Andre Damon, "Democratic Party Inoyangarara Chikumbiro chePalace Coup,โ Information Clearing House,โ Kurume 23, 2017, http://informationclearinghouse.info.
- .Robert Parry, "The Sleazy Origins yeRussia-gedhi,โ Consortium News, Kurume 29, 2017.
- .Scott Shane et al., "Iyo Sensational, Unverified Dossier Yakave Dambudziko raDonald Trump, "New York Times, Ndira 11, 2017.
- .Matt Fegenheimer naScott Shane, "Bipartisan Voices Back US Agencies On Russia Hacking,"New York Times, Ndira 6, 2017; Michael Shear naDavid Sanger, "Putin Akatungamira Yakaomarara Cyberattack Scheme yekubatsira Trump, Chirevo Chawana, "New York Times,Ndira 7, 2017; Andrew Kramer, "Mashandisiro Akaitwa neRussia maElite Hackers kune Yayo Cyberwar, "New York Times, December 30, 2016.
- .Robert Parry, "NYT's Fake Nhau nezve Fake News,โ Consortium News, Kukadzi 22, 2017.
- .Matt Taibbi, "Iyo 'Washington Post' 'Blacklist' Nyaya Inonyadzisa uye Inosemesa, "Rolling Stone, Mbudzi 28, 2016.
- .Adam Johnson, "Kunze kwemakumi mana nemanomwe eMedia Edhiyo paKurwiswa kwaTrump kuSyria, Mumwe chete Anopokana,โ Kurongeka uye Kururama muKutaura, Kubvumbi 11, 2017, http://fair.org.
- .Scott Ritter, "Wag Imbwa-Matambiro Akaita Al Qaeda Donald Trump uye The American Media,โ Huffington Post, Kubvumbi 9, 2017; James Carden, "Iyo Chemical Weapons Kurwisa muSyria: Pane Nzvimbo Yekupokana?"nyika, April 11, 2017.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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Isu tinofamba pano paLunatic Fringe tinoziva zvese nezve Fake News, asi, manyepo pane manyepo, kubva munzira-yainzi inonzi rabid squirrel iri pamusoro peOl 'Don kusvika kune matipi ezvigunwe zvake zvidiki, chiitiko chitsva - kuzvidzora. , yake, uye USA pachayo.