Z Magazine
April, 2008
Ongororo yeBhuku: "Safari Journalism":
John R. Schindler's Kutyisa Kusina Kutsvene Versus the
Edward S. Herman
Kugona kwemunhu kugadzikana kwe kufunga nekudzvinyirirwa kwe chokwadi chisina kunaka nguva dzose inoramba ichivhuna nzvimbo itsva yekushandira kune zvematongerwo enyika zvinodiwa. Mushure me9/11, iyo yakareba yeUS kuedza kuvaka al-Qaeda, bin Laden nemamwe mapoka evapanduki eAfghan (kusanganisira maTaliban), nerubatsiro rweSaudi nePakistan, kukwezva Soviet Union kupinda muAfghanistan, zvikaita kuti zviomerwe ndokuzokundwa zvakazoonekwa kuti adzokera kumashure. The kutendeuka kwakatevera kwevana vedu mushure mekukurumidza
Nyaya inofananidzwa uye yakanyatsoenderana inosanganisira iyo
Schindler, purofesa ye strategy pa
Asi simba rayo riri muudzame hukuru hwaanopa pakukosha kwahwo Radicalism yechiIslam muhondo dzeBosnia dza1992-1995 uye mumakore akatevera uye mwero wekuti vaongorori vekuMadokero vakaisa pasi chiitiko ichi uye vakabatsira kugadzira mufananidzo wenhema wehutungamiriri hwemaMoslem anoshivirira echiBosnia. Zvinosekesa, zvakare, nekuti mutauriri wechikamu chakakosha chehurumende yeUS nevehungwaru, vane maonero anopokana neaya echikamu chekugadzwa kwaitsigira nechido "rubatsiro. kupindira” kubatsira vaMuslim veBosnia (uye kusvikira kutambanuko duku vaCroatia) vachirwisana navaSerb vane madhimoni. Bato rekupedzisira iri raisanganisira vatungamiriri veClinton State Department (Madeleine Albright, Richard Holbrooke), Bill Clinton, Al Gore,
Maonero ake pamusoro pekukundikana kwenhau kwakakomba uku aienderana neayo
Schindler anopokana kuti Izetbegovic ne "Leninist style yanguard of Islamists" vangangove vakanyanya kukosha mukugadzira hondo dzeBosnia nekuparara kwenyika. VaBosnia vokuSerb vakaedza kuti vawirirane naIzetbegovic kusati kwatanga kurwa, muna 1990, asi "maMuslim vakaratidza kusafarira’ (63); hurongwa hwekugovanisa masimba nemaSerb hwakataurirana muna Chikunguru 1991 izvo zvakaita kuti Izetbegovic ataure kuti "nzvimbo dzedu dzave pedyo," akapunzika sezvo "Izetbegovic anga asati abuda mukamuri paakaramba chikumbiro," uye bato rake rakakurumidza kuzivisa kuti "zvaizoda." kusapindira mune chero hurongwa hwekugovana masimba nevaSerbs” (71). Nhamburiko yokupedzisira yokudzivisa hondo huru mukupera kwaFebruary 1992 yakaunza mapato ose ari matatu kuLisbon, uko iwo ose akasaina gadziriro nenyika imwe yakapa rusununguko rwakakura kunharaunda dzedzinza. Asi "achangotendera, Izetbetgovic akabva achinja pfungwa." Sekutaura kunoita Schindler, “Kupopotedzana kweLisbon ndiko kwakakonzera hondo” (74).
Kubviswa uku kubva muchibvumirano cheLisbon kwakaitwa nekurudziro yemumiriri weUS, Warrren Zimmerman, naSchindler nevamwe vatauri vane ruzivo vanopikisa kuti kuramba kwaIzetbegovic kutaurirana kwakavakirwa pakutenda uye kunzwisisa kwake kuti achakwanisa kunyoresa United States uye. NATO kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvake zvezvematongerwo enyika kuburikidza nehondo. Zvaida SDA yake (Bato reDemocratic Action) maererano nevebato ideologist Dzemaludin Latic, yaive ingangoita 45 muzana ye Bosnia plus Sandzak (dunhu riri muSerbia pacharo!), chinangwa “Sarajevo yakanga isina mukana wekuwana pasina rubatsiro rukuru rwemauto eAmerica” (202). General Philippe Morillon, mukuru wemauto eUN
Vakabudirira, vachikurudzira kuti Izetbegovic neyake
Schindler anopikisa, uye anopa humbowo hunotsigira, hwekuti Izetbegovic nebato rake havana kungotyora zvimwe zvibvumirano zvekumisa moto uye zvimwe zvibvumirano kupfuura maSerbs kana maCroats, asi kuti aida kuuraya kana kuona vanhu vechiMuslim vakaurayiwa kuti vatore mapoinzi ezvematongerwo enyika (zvichipihwa izvo neSafari uye Mukuru weUS anobatsira kuuraya uku kwaizogara kuchinzi kune maSerbs), uye kuti hutsinye hwakaitirwa vavengi nevasungwa hunoitwa nemauto ake, aisanganisira zviuru zvina kana kupfuura mujahadin, vakanga vasina tsitsi uye pamwero mukuru.
Pakati pekuongorora kwaSchindler ndiko kuratidza kwake kwakadzama kuti Izetbegovic aive muIslam aikoshesa, uyo asina kumbobvira afarira nyika inoshivirira madzinza, asi aigara akazvichengeta izvi kubva kune vanonyengereka uye bamboozled. Western pundits, avo vaida kutenda uye kungwarira kuti vasatarisire zvakanyanya - anonyanya kuomesera Susan Sontag, uyo "akanga asina nzwisiso inooneka matambudziko enyika dzeBalkan,” asi “akapa mashoko anoramba achityisa, achishora Europe se‘isingakoshi’ nokuda kwokusarwira vaMuslim.” Schindler anotsvaga zvakatendwa naIzetbegovic kubva mubasa rake kuvaNazi muHandschar Division yeWaffen-SS, kuburikidza nenhengo yake muYoung Muslim, kusvika kune yake. Chiziviso cheIslam, kune nzendo dzake dzakawanda dzekuenda, zviratidzo zve ushamwari, uye nerutsigiro rwezvinhu kubva, maSaudis naKhomeini's Iran, kusvika pakugamuchira kwake zviuru zvevarwi vemujahadin vakapinda muBosnia kubva muna 1992 zvichienda mberi, uye kuzviito zvake zvakawanda zvinokuvadza vasiri maMosiremu nemaMosiremu vetsika yakanyanyisa. Asi aigara aine mazwi uye masaini kune vanofarira Sontag, David Rieff, Ed Vulliamy,
Vulliamy anonyatso dzivirira kutora kubva ku Chiziviso cheIslam. Muchitsauko chake chakareba paBosnia mu “Dambudziko Rinobva kuGehena” (Basic Books, 2002), Samantha Power haambotauri nezvebhuku; nepo Rieff achinokora mashoko mariri, kwete nezita, asi kupfurikidza nomuromo womuSerbia, ipapo achikundikana kutsanangura chikonzero nei isina revo. Vulliamy anotsanangura kurambwa kwaIzetbegovic kwe zvirongwa zverugare kubva kuLisbon zvichienda mberi semugumisiro wekuzvipira kwake ku "nyika yemarudzi akawanda," uye kutenda kwake kuti chero rudzi rwekuparadzanisa kwaizova "kusingabviri pasina kuchenesa madzinza" (Mwaka muGehena, 67-68)–apo aida kupatsanurwa kwakanaka, kuine hondo nekucheneswa kwemarudzi zvichiyerera zvichibva pakuzivisa kwake kuzvitonga, uye sezvakatsanangurwa pazasi, akaita basa rakakwana kubvisa maSerb kubva munharaunda yeSarajevo.
Izetbegovic haana kumboramba zvake Chiziviso cheIslam, uye Schindler anoita nyaya inogombedzera yekuti Izetbegovic, nepo aine zviso zviviri uye asingazezi, aipesana zvakanyanya nedemocracy uye nyika ine marudzi mazhinji uye aishingirira kuumba nyika yechiIslam inotungamirirwa nemisimboti yechiIslam yakaiswa naKhomeini mu.
Mukati mehondo uye pashure pehondo, Sarajevo yakaramba ichicheneswa madzinza evaSerb nemaMuslim. kushungurudzwa zuva nezuva, uye kuuraya nguva dzose, kusanganisira kuponda kwakawanda kunoitwa Bosnia Muslim mauto akazvimirira, iro rinouraya zvakanyanya "boka remhondi" rinotungamirwa neCaco imwe. "SDA [bato raIzetbegovic] zvikwata zvakaita mugove weshumba webasa-kuuraya, kubata chibharo, kubira nekubira, zvakagadzirirwa kugadzira Sarajevo yese-Muslim, uye brigade yeCaco ndiyo yaive nesimba kwazvo" (Schindler, 104). "Zvakatora Izetbegovic hafu yegore kuti avhare chikwata chaCaco" mushure mekunge audzwa nezvekuuraya uku, uye ainyatsoziva nezvazvo. Bosnian Muslim yakabata "misasa yevasungwa" munharaunda yeSarajevo (akadaro nemazita avo mumisangano yepachivande). Pasi peChibvumirano cheDayton cha1995 muSerb p
Asi kuvenga kweziso, kusarudza, uye kudzokorora kwe inflated party line charges dzaive pakati peSafari project. Hufakazi hukuru hunopokana hwakafuratirwa. Naser Oric, mutungamiriri wemhondi wemauto echiMuslim muSrebrenica, uyo saSchindler anonongedza akauraya vanhu vanopfuura chiuru vevaSerb munzvimbo yeSrebrenica, uye achiratidza kudada vatori venhau vekuMadokero mavhidhiyo evaSerbs vakagurwa musoro uye vakazvitutumadza nezve imwe nyaya yaakauraya 114 Serbs, anoita. isingaoneke muindex yemabhuku aVulliamy, Rieff's kana Samantha Power. Schindler inopawo akati wandei inoshamisa mifananidzo ye kuurayiwa kwevaCroatia nemaSerbs kunoitwa neBosnia Muslim mujahadin fighters, asi izvi zvinokundikanawo kuzviita mumabhuku eSafari - zviito zveSerb chete (nemifananidzo yakabatana) inobvumirwa.
Kune vese vaongorori ava, mhirizhonga yeBosnia yaive nyaya ye "genocide" yevaSerb. izvo zvakanzi naRieff "zvose asi zvakapedzwa" muna 1994. Nhengo dzeSafari hadzina kumbobvira dzaita maererano nezvakawanikwa zve vaongorori vekutanga Ewa Tabeau, Jakub Bijak naMirsad Tokaca, vaviri vekutanga vachishandira Hofisi yemuchuchisi we ICTY, Tokaca inotsigirwa nehurumende yeNorway, kuti vanhu 100,000 1992 chete vakaurayiwa muBosnia 1995-XNUMX, kumativi ose, uye kuti nhamba yose yevanhu vasiri varwi kumativi ose yakanga iri munhevedzano ye65,000 XNUMX. Huwandu hwevagari veBosnia hwaive pasi pe50,000. Munguva imwe chete iyi mazana ezviuru zveIraqi vakafa kubva ku "zvirango zvekuparadza kukuru," asi maSafari brigades aisafarira. Muchokwadi, mubhuku raSamantha Power pamusoro pekuuraya rudzi, "Dambudziko Rinobva kuGehena,” hapana Iraq, Vietnam, Indonesia kana East Timor anooneka muindekisi yake—asi ane ichi chitsauko chirefu cheBosnia. uko “kuparadza rudzi” kwaifungidzirwa kwakaitika! (Simba rakati kufa kweBosnia kwakasvika mazana maviri ezviuru, asi haana kupa kuparara pakati pekufa kweMuslim, Serb neCroat, uye haasiyanisi pakati perufu rwevarwi nevanhuwo zvavo. Anotaura pane imwe nguva kuti George Kenney akasiya chigaro kubva kuDhipatimendi reHurumende mukuratidzira mutemo usina hutsinye, asi anotadza kutaura kuti gare gare akachinja pfungwa uye muna Kubvumbi 1995 akapa fungidziro yekufa kweBosnia kumativi ese muhurongwa hwe25,000-60,000.)
Uye muzvidzidzo zvake zve
Zvinosekesa kuona kuti sei ikozvino, nepo kubatana kweAl-Qaeda kuri humbowo hwekupedzisira hwehuipi muhurumende yeUS uye vezvenhau, chokwadi chinokatyamadza chaClinton, Holbrooke nevanopindira vanobatsira vanhu vachitsigira chikonzero cheMuslim muhondo yeBosnia, iyo. zvakavaita kuti vagamuchire uye nekukurudzira zvakanaka kuvepo kweAl-Qaeda uye kunyura muBosnia, hazvitaurike. Uku ndiko kuti nyore compartmentalization ye kufunga maererano nerubatsiro uye mubatanidzwa nevakaipa pane imwe nguva munguva inogona kufuratirwa kana tikapandukira vakashata gare gare uye toda kunyepedzera kuomerera kuhunhu hwepamusoro. Izvi zvinoratidzwa zvakare mubasa raSamantha Power apo, mubhuku rake richangoburwa, Kudzingirira Murazvo (Penguin, 2008), anozopedzisira ataura nezve al-Qaeda naOsama bin Laden, asi achingoreva Afghanistan, Indonesia neIraq, kwete Bosnia, kwaakapa nzvimbo yakawanda maari "Dambudziko Rinobva kuGehena. " Izvi zvinobatsira kuchengetedza iyo yekare crusade uye safari yakachena kunyangwe isu tave kupa pfungwa kune vaimboregeredzwa vakashata.
Pane zvimwe zvidhori zviviri pano. Imwe nderekuti maSafari propagandists neBosnia Genocide Lobby vakatoita chikamu mukucheneswa nekuuraya madzinza muBosnia, 1992-1995, sezvo kushambadzira kwavo kwedivi rimwe uye nekusagadzikana kwakabatsira Izetbegovic nehutungamiriri hwaClinton kudzivirira kugadzirisa kwezvematongerwo enyika kubva kuLisbon zvichienda mberi. Kupengereka kwavo kwehudhimoni kwakabatsirawo kutsika dzakaita kuti hondo yeKosovo nokugara zviitike. Tinogona kuyeuka, zvakare, kuti hondo yeKosovo yakaitwa, maererano naBill Clinton, kugadzira "kushivirira, demokrasi yemarudzi akawanda" munharaunda iyoyo, iyo yakashandurwa kuva yekuchenesa madzinza pamwe chete nezvinodhaka nevakadzi- trade capital yeEurope. Kucheneswa kwemadzinza muKosovo inogarwa neNATO, hurusa muhondo dzeBalkan muzvikamu zvakaenzanirana, uye kunosvika kuvaRoma pamwe chete nevaSerb, kwakatsanangurwa naDavid Rieff pamusoro pechikonzero che“kutsiva.” Vavengi vanochenesa nekuda kwe ropa ruchiva, makaro, uye zvirongwa zve "zvikuru" (
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