Musi weChipiri, June 14, the muchengeti yeLondon yakabudiswa "Kuruboshwe uye Libertarian Kurudyi Cohabit mune Inoshamisa Nyika yeGenocide Belittlers."1 Muchirevo ichi chinoda kusvika 1,100-izwi, munyori weBritish George Monbiot akatirwisa isu tiri vaviri (pakati pevamwe) se "vanoramba kuurayiwa kwevanhu" uye "vanodzokorora" zvinyorwa zvedu pane yaimbova Yugoslavia neRwanda. Monbiot akaenderera mberi nekurwisa Noam Chomsky, John Pilger, neboka reUK-based Media Lens nekushamwaridzana kwavo nevanhu vakaora sezvatiri.
Mukupindura, mumwe nemumwe wedu akaendesa zvinyorwa zvakasiyana kune muchengeti pasati papera vhiki inotevera (Chikumi 17-19). Asi ivo muchengeti yakaona zvatatumira zvine dambudziko, uye ikanonotsa danho rayo pamusoro pemamiriro avo apo yaida kutarisa chokwadi chezvatakanga tanyora - chimwe chinhu chaive chisina kuitira Monbiot's kukanganisa kwakaremerwa uye kurasisa kwepakutanga.
Pakazosvika July 5, the muchengeti akanga aramba manyoro edu ose ari maviri.2 Asi, zvakatikokawo kuti titumire zvakare mhinduro imwe chete, pasina vimbiso yekuburitswa, uye ndokukumbira kuti ticherechedze muganho wemazwi mazana mashanu nemakumi mashanu - kana hafu-urefu hwekutanga kwaMonbiot.
Nenguva isipi takaendesa gwaro rakabatanidzwa kune muchengeti pa550-mazwi chaiwo; uye muna Chikunguru 20, mavhiki mashanu uye zuva rimwe mushure mekunge yaburitsa Monbiot yekutanga, iyo muchengeti yakaburitsa mhinduro ipfupi, 524-izwi pasi pemazita edu. Asi pane kuzvipa zita rairatidza zvatinotaura nezve zvikanganiso zveMonbiot, kusaziva, uye kupenga-kudaidza zita, muchengeti akazvipa zita rairatidza kunyunyuta uye kudzivirira: "Hatisi Vanoramba Genocide."3
Macomments angangoita maviri akatumirwa kune muchengeti Response column's Webhu peji pazasi chidimbu chedu neCanada media-activist Joe Emersberger akapa zvinongedzo kumhinduro dzedu dzekutanga, dzatakanga tatumira kuZNet. Asi mashoko aEmersberger akabviswa neve muchengetiMapurisa enjere, haafanire kudzoserwa; chirevo chemumwe wedu (Peterson) chakabatana nemhinduro dzakafanana chakabviswawo. Pakupedzisira, chirevo chekupedzisira ichi chakadzoserwa, "zvichida mukupindura zvichemo zveveruzhinji," Media Lens inotenda.4
Kune rumwe rutivi, chirevo chekutanga chakanyorwa ne muchengeti mushure mekunge yavhura mhinduro yayo munaChikunguru 20 yakatibvunza: "Kana uchiti uri kwete uchiramba kuti genocide muBosnia neRwanda urikuti kudii? Uye ndapota, mutsara mumwe chete unokwana."5 Chokwadi, uyu mubvunzo unehasha, uye haugone kupindura mumutsara mumwe. Asi zvakare mubvunzo wataive tapindura kwenguva refu mukati Zvematongerwo Enyika6 uye muzvinyorwa zvedu zvepakutanga izvo muchengeti yakanga yaramba, uye mutarisiri wayo weWebhusaiti akanga asingabvumiri chero munhu kutumira hyperlink!
Kuenderera mberi nekudzivirira kwayo kweMonbiot uye nekusimbisa kwayo hurukuro yedivi rimwe, iyo Mucherechedzi (The muchengeti's sister bepa, iro rinoonekwa neSvondo kuti ribatsire muchengeti's Muvhuro kusvika Mugovera purogiramu) yakabudiswa Nick Cohen's "Kuderera uye Kuwa kwePuppetmasters" 7 mazuva matatu mhinduro yedu isati yabuda. Iyi yaive diatribe yaipokana ne "west-kuvenga" vakangwara (Noam Chomsky, Tariq Ali, Harold Pinter, Arundhati Roy, uye "munyori anopenga anonzi Diana Johnstone") uyo mumashoko aCohen "vanotenda kuti maLackeys eAmerican imperialism aigadzira nyaya dze Hudzvinyiriri hweSerbia kuratidza kuwedzera kwesimba rekumadokero." Zvino mazuva matanhatu mushure mekuburitsa mhinduro yedu, iyo muchengeti rakabudiswa "Kuti maTutsis Akakonzera Kuuraya kweRwanda Ipfungwa Yakachena" naJames Wizeye, anozivikanwa se "munyori wekutanga kuRwanda high commission" kana embassy muLondon.8 Hapana mhinduro yekubvisa yakabudiswa kubva ipapo muchengeti akapikisa chidimbu ichi chemanyepo kubva kumutauriri wehurumende iyo, yatakakakavadzana, yanga iri muurayi mukuru muRwanda neDemocratic Republic of Congo kwemakumi maviri emakore apfuura.9
vamwe Guardian-Observer History10
The muchengeti uye Mucherechedzi vagara vasingakwanisi kubva kune yakajairwa, yezvematongerwo enyika, nyaya dzekuMadokero dzebato-mutsara paYugoslavia neRwanda. Izvi zvakajekeswa zvakanyanya muchiitiko cheYugoslavia apo mutori wenhau wavo aitungamirira ikoko, Ed Vulliamy, akataura achidada nerusaruro rwake rwekupokana nevaSerb uye kusada kutaura nenzira isina kwayakarerekera. "Ini ndiri mumwe weavo vatori venhau vasingakwanisi kuona iyi seimwe nyaya yandinofanira kuramba ndakavharirwa uye umo ndinofanira kunge ndisina kwandakarerekera," akanyora kudaro muna 1993. "[W]ith Omarska naTrnopolje [muna 1992] hondo yakava pfungwa isina musoro. . . . Ndiri kudivi revanhu vechiMuslim vokuBosnia vachirwisana nepurogiramu yezvakaitika kare uye yehondo yokuvaparadza.โ11 Kune rumwe rutivi, mazana evaSerb vokuBosnia akaurawa ndokubatwa chibharo mumisasa yetorongo yaitungamirirwa namaMuslim eBosnia yeCelebici, Konjic uye Tarcin (kududza mikuru mitatu);12 asi Vulliamy haana kumbonyora nezvazvo kwavari, kunyange mumishumo yake yakawanda ye muchengeti, akataura nezvokuvapo kwaTarcin naCelebici kamwe kamwe mukupfuura.13 Pane chero munhu angafungidzira zvake uye muchengetizvakaitwa nemutori wenhau weRussia uyo, paakashanyira Celebici naTarcin chete munguva yehondo muBosnia, akazivisa kuti makambi aya anoita kuzvipira kuSeb kunokonzera kukosha kwetsika, uye chinangwa chenhau ipfungwa isina musoro? Kana kuti zvavakaita kumutapi wenhau wekuRussia uyu ndiye aive abuditsa chikumbiro ichi pasi pemusoro unoti: โTinofanira Kurwira Kurangarirwa kweMasasa eMuslim eBosniaโ?14
Kurerekera kwaVulliamy, uye pasina kupokana "nhau yake yekunamatira" -yakabva mukusavimbika munhandare iyi yekukonana,15 zvakaratidzwa kwemakore akawanda nekunyepedzera kwake kusiririsa panyaya yaFikret Alic, uyo Vulliamy akatsanangura se "muBosnia wechidiki ane torso yakaonda, kuseri kwewaya yakarukwa yemusasa wevasungwa weTrnopolje, yakava chiratidzo chekuuraya kwakashata muBosnia-Herzegovina" ;16 nekuramba kwake kubvuma mutungamiri weBosnia wechiIslam uye Mutungamiriri wenguva yehondo Alija Izetbegovic kuramba nyika yemarudzi akawanda, inoshivirira, uye yenyika uye kutsigira kwehutongi hwechiIslam hwakavharika;17 uye nekuzvipira kwake kwenguva refu kuhuwandu hwekufa kwevaMuslim vekuBosnia vakatarisana nekudzokororwa kwakadzikama kunoitwa nevekutanga.18 Kusavimbika kumwe chete uye kusavimbika kwakaratidzwawo mumhirizhonga ya2009 yaVulliamy pakukoka kweAmnesty International kuna Noam Chomsky kuti vape hurukuro yavo yegore negore Stand Up for Justice, vachipomera Chomsky's apologetics asina kutaurwa pamusoro pehutsinye hweSerbia muhondo dzeBalkan, kusanganisira "kupfira makuva. akafa."19
Aya maonero eVulliamy uye chimiro che disinformation pasina mubvunzo zvakadyiswa mubvunzurudzo yaEmma Brockes ya2005 naChomsky ye muchengeti,20 nyaya yekuti muchengeti Reader's Editor (ombudsman) akagumisa kuti akanga ataura zvisizvo zvaitendwa naChomsky zvakanyanya zvekuti muchengeti yakadzima bvunzurudzo kubva pawebhusaiti yayo.21 Kunyange zvazvo Brockes angadai akabvunza Chomsky mibvunzo pamusoro penyaya dzakawanda dzaanonyatsoziva, akaisa pfungwa paYugoslavia neSrebrenica, uye pamusoro pemuongorori Diana Johnstone, uyo ane basa reYugoslavia Vulliamy rakambonzi "chepfu."22 Imwe isingakanganwiki smear mu muchengetikubata kwemubvunzurudzo kwakaonekwa pakarepo pazasi pezita rayo ("Muzivi Mukurusa?"), apo nenzira yekusuma, vaverengi vakawana mitsara inotevera:
Q: Unodemba kutsigira avo vanoti kuurayiwa kweSrebrenica kwakawedzeredzwa?
A: Kudemba kwangu chete ndechekuti handina kuzviita nesimba zvakakwana.
Iyi nhevedzano yemibvunzo nemhinduro hakuna kwayaigona kuwanikwa mubvunzurudzo yakabudiswa. Muchokwadi, mhinduro yakataurwa pano yakapihwa kumubvunzo wakasiyana zvachose, umo Brockes akabvunza Chomsky kana aidemba kusaina tsamba yakavhurika yaipikisa danho remuparidzi weSweden rekusaburitsa shanduro yebhuku raJohnstone ra2002. Mapenzi 'Crusade: Yugoslavia, NATO uye Western Delusions (Mwedzi Ongororo Press); tsamba iyi yairehwa Mapenzi 'Crusade se "zvakakosha," uye akawedzera kuti "kune dzimwe nyaya dzinokosha dziri mungozi, dzinoti rusununguko rwekutaura uye kodzero yekutaura maonero anopesana." 23 Brockes uye muchengeti's language-substitution yakabvisa pfungwa yetsamba yakazaruka parusununguko-rwekutaura nyaya uye kudzivirira kwayo kwakakura kwebasa raJohnstone, uye kunyorazve mazwi chaiwo aChomsky kutsigira "vaya vanoti kuurayiwa kweSrebrenica kwakawedzeredzwa." Ndiro raive bhuku raJohnstone rakaomarara uye rakashata rakasimudzwa nechinzvimbo charo chekufungidzirwa pakuuraya kweSrebrenica, iro mubvunzo waBrockes wakarerekera uye wakaremerwa wakarerutswa kusvika pakusava nemusoro.
Imwe smear isingakanganwike yaive gakava raBrockes rekuti Chomsky anoshandisa scare-quotes "kukanganisa zvinhu zvaasingabvumirani nazvo," uye kuti akazvishandisa achitenderedza izwi rekuti "kuuraya" kuratidza kuti "munguva yehondo yeBosnia 'kuuraya" kuSrebrenica kungangove kwakanyanyisa. " Zvose izvi zvakabvumira Brockes kuti awedzere kusavimbika uye kunyomba kuti, "muzvinyorwa zvishoma, zvinogona kuuya zvishoma sezvidzidzo pane zvevechiri kuyaruka; kufanana, Srebrenica yakanga isiri kuuraya." Asi apo ongororo yezvemitemo yekunze yakamanikidza Brockes kuratidza kuti Chomsky aive ataura izvo Brockes aiti akataura, kurekodha kwekutaurirana kwake naBrockes kwakawanikwa kunge "kwakanyorwa zvishoma" (kureva, kudzimwa) imwe nguva pakati pekuburitswa kwe interview uye muchengeti's official kubvunza nezvenyaya iyi.24
Sezvacherechedzwa, aya marudzi ehunyanzvi ari muVulliamy "journalism of attachment" tsika, uye zvinosekesa kuona kuti mumbiri yake yaChomsky, Brockes akakanganisa zita rekutanga raJohnstone se "Dian".e" pane ku Diana, sekupereterwa kwaakanga aitwa naVulliamy mwedzi misere yakanga yapfuura mune imwe tsinhiro ye IWPR Balkan Dambudziko Chirevo.25 Zvinoita senge Brockes uye/kana vapepeti vake vakamboshanda kubva murugwaro urwu rwemwedzi misere vachigadzira gwaro rekupedzisira rebvunzurudzo, kana kuti Vulliamy pachake akabatsira mukugadzirira gwaro iri. Chero zvazvingava, hapana munhu muchengeti akabata zvisirizvo zvezita raJohnstone rekutanga risati raburitswa mubvunzurudzo waBrockes.
Mukutanga kwaZvita 2005, Ed Vulliamy akabatana nevamwe vanyori makumi maviri nevaviri nevaratidziri vakange vagara vachitsigira shanduro yekuMadokero yeSrebrenica - uye "yakanaka" ne "yakaipa" kuratidzwa kwehondo muYugoslavia - mukupikisa. muchengetiSarudzo yekubvisa Brockes yekunyomba kubvunzurudza naChomsky uye kuburitsa "gadziriso" yepakutanga. The "muchengeti yakasvibisa zita raBrockes zvisina kururama," nhamba idzi makumi maviri nemana dzakataurwa mutsamba yakavhurika, uye "dzakapa chitambi chechokwadi pakuedza kwevanoongororazve kuramba kuurayiwa kweBosnia uye kuderedza kuurayiwa kweSrebrenica." Pakati pevakasaina Vulliamy vaive David Rohde, David Rieff, David Rieff, Attila Hoare, Oliver Kamm, Nick Cohen, naNerma Jelacic - vese veteran maximizer eSerb perfidy uye Bosnia Muslim kubatwa.26
Zvakajairwa kuhutori venhau hwaVulliamy hwakareba hwekunamatira uye kudana "kurwira kurangarirwa kwemisasa yeBosnia," manyepo mubvunzurudzo yaBrockes naChomsky, uye kurwisa kwaMonbiot pa "vanouraya rudzi," yanga iri fungidziro isingataurwi yekuti chero dambudziko kumusangano wenhoroondo nezve. Srebrenica inodarika miganhu yehutori venhau inoremekedzwa. Kunorambwa seanokumbira ruregerero kana kuzvidza kana kupfira makuva chinhu chipi nechipi chinodenha mamiriro enhoroondo anogara achidzvanyirirwa neakaunzi ekutanga kana mibvunzo yezvichemo zvevakuru nezvehuwandu hwevanhu vakaurayiwa ipapo. 27 The journalism of attachment itorigid party-line journalism.
Uye sezvakave paine kwenguva yakareba bato rekuMadokero-mutsara pakuputswa kweYugoslavia,28 umo mabasa evapari vemhosva nevakakuvadzwa akakandwa pakutanga (1991-) uye akateererwa nesimba rekuda uye nehushingi ne Guardian-Observervanyori, saka mutsara webato pamusoro pekupondwa kwevanhu vakawanda muRwanda muna 1994 wakatungamira kuburitswa kweiyo theatre yemhirizhonga kweanoda kusvika makore akawanda.
Pano, zvakare, kudzingwa kwevapari vemhosva nevakabatwa kwakajeka: Mabasa aya aienderana neruvengo rwagara rwuripo rweUS neBritish kuhurumende yeRwanda yevaHutu pasi peMutungamiri Juvenal Habyarimana, uye kubatana kwavo nemauto eRwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) . Asi muRwanda, chikamu chechitatu chakaiswa kune vanopomerwa muponesi yenyika kubva kuvaHutu "genocidaires," uye akapa kumurume uyo, maererano namashoko aJehovha muchengetiMutori wenhau mukuru weAfrica Chris McGreal, ndiye "aimbova mutungamiriri wevapanduki veTutsi akagumisa kuuraya rudzi [uye] akashevedzwa saAbraham Lincoln weAfrica"29 โ Paul Kagame.
Aya akapihwa mupari wemhosva-akabatwa-muponesi mabasa, achiteverwa zvakanyanya ne muchengeti kubva muna Kubvumbi-Chikunguru 1994 nguva, shandura chokwadi chaicho chekunetsana kweRwanda pasi, idi rinova pachena kana munhu akaongorora hutsinye hwemwedzi mina iyo mukati memamiriro eiyo 20-gore kukwira uye kupararira kwenzvimbo kwesimba raKagame. 30
Kagame akadzidzira kuFort Leavenworth, Kansas muna 1990. RPF payakapinda muRwanda kubva kuUganda musi wa1 Gumiguru wegore iroro, vakatopfeka nhumbi dzemauto eUganda, United States neBritain hadzina kupikisa hutsinye uhu, naivowo. yakadzivisa UN Security Council kuita chero chiito paRwanda kusvika Kurume 1993,31zvichitevera kurwiswa kukuru kweRPF kwakaratidza hukuru hwayo pamusoro peMauto ehurumende yeRwanda, yakadzinga vanhu miriyoni imwe chete, uye yakanetesa zvikuru hurumende yeHabyarimana. Kubudikidza nekutanga kwaKubvumbi 1994, zvaive zvakakosha kune yaizove nhoroondo yekugadzwa kwe "Rwandan genocide" kuti hutsinye hweRPF nekugara kwechikamu chekuchamhembe kwenyika, kuwedzera kwayo nekukurumidza kwemauto uye simba rezvombo,32 kupinda kwayo mune zvematongerwo enyika munyika yeRwanda pasi pezvibvumirano zvekugovanisa masimba zvakatemerwa neMadokero, kurwisa kwayo kwemauto, uye kuponda kwayo uye kucheneswa kwerudzi rwevaHutu kwakakura, zvese ngazvinyarare sezvinobvira, uye chiitiko ichocho chekutaura pachinzvimbo chevaHutu. Kushungurudzwa kwevaTutsi. The muchengeti(pamwe chete nedzimwe nhepfenyuro dzeUS neUK) dzakasangana nedambudziko iri.33
"Chiitiko chekutanga" mukupondwa kwevanhu vakawanda muna 1994 uye mushure kwaiva kupfurwa kwejeti yaHabyarimana panguva yayaisvika kuairport muKigali musi waApril 6. VaHutu vanonyanyisa vakapoteredza Habyarimana, avo, vakatarisana nokurasikirwa nesimba neropafadzo pasi pezvibvumirano zveArusha zverugare nokugovanisa masimba zvaAugust 1993, vakaponda purezidhendi wavo panzvimbo pokubvuma kuitwa kwezvibvumirano ndokuvamba hurongwa hwavo hwokuparadza vaTutsi vomuRwanda.34
Asi dambudziko rakakura remhando yehutu yekurangana rakamuka muna 1997, apo Michael Hourigan, muongorori mukuru weRwanda Tribunal, akawana vazivisi veRPF vakapupurira "kubatanidzwa" kwaKagame,<