Z Magazine
January, 2006
Ongororo yeBhuku: Peter Brock's Media Kucheneswa: Dirty Reporting-
Journalism uye Njodzi mu
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Edward S. Herman
Iri bhuku rakakosha uye rakakosha rinozadzisa zvakakwana mavhoriyamu epamusoro paari
Zvinoshamisa zvikuru izvo Brock anoratidza zvakajeka ndezvekuti vezvenhau vanobatana, vachisundira vasingaregi kuita zvehasha, zvinofungidzirwa kuti ndizvo zvakanakira kumisa kuchenesa uye kuuraya dzinza, inotambirwa mumaoko a mapato ane hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika akavimbisa uye akabudisa kucheneswa uye kuurayana kwemadzinza kwakawanda kupfuura kungadai kwakaitika pasina kurwisana kwavo uye basa rekuparadzira hondo. Ndharo imwe cheteyo iri pachena mumavhoriyamu aJohnstone naMandel ayo anobata nemagumo uye nzira dze vatori vechikamu veko uye vekunze. Kutarisa pa "kururamisira" kunopesana nerunyararo, uye madhimoni evaSerbs uye kuvaita boka rakasiyana-siyana rinoda kurangwa, ndiyo motokari yakashandiswa neBosnia Muslim mutungamiri Alija Izetbegovic nevamwe vake vepedyo, uye Clinton / Albright naKohl-Genscher uye vadyidzani vavo, kudzivirira kugarisana kune runyararo-zvinonyanya kukosha mukutsigira kubva mu1992 Lisbon Agreement-uye kushanda nekusingaperi kuti NATO ipindire muchiuto ichimiririra, kutanga, Izetbegovic nemaBosnia maMuslim uyezve Kosovo Liberation Army neKosovo Albanians. Brock anoratidza kuti vezvenhau vakashandira izvi pro-mhirizhonga uye anti-runyararo zvinopera zvisingaite uye zvinobudirira.
Anotaura zvinogutsa kuti iyi yaive muenzaniso kesi ye "pack journalism," uye zvakare yeinonzi "advocacy journalism" kana "nhau yekunamatira." Vatapi venhau vakakurumidza kugutsikana kuti chakanaka chiri kurwisa zvakaipa, kana kuti zvaisungirwa uye zvine ngozi shoma kutora izvi sekupihwa, uye saka vakabatana nepaki uye vakava vamiriri vakanamatira kune yainzi yakanaka divi uye avo vakabatwa. Izvi zvakabatsirwa muBalkans nenyaya yekuti vazhinji vevatori venhau vaisaziva mutauro kana nhoroondo yenzvimbo iyi, uye kuti, nekuda kwekutyisidzirwa kwekukuvadzwa kwemuviri mukuyedza kuita utori venhau chaihwo, vaiwanzoungana munzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa. -vazhinji vavo, sokutaura kwakaita mumwe mucherekedzi anotsoropodza, vakangoshuma zvavakaona โmamita 150 kumativi ose egomo. Holiday Innโ (General Lewis MacKenzie).
Izvi zvakaita kuti vatsamira paโnhauโ kune mumwe nomumwe uye nemanyuko ehurumende vachifara kugovera zvinodikanwa zvavo. Sezvo vakagara muchikamu che
Pack vatori venhau muSarajevo (nedzimwe nzvimbo muBalkans) vaigoneka zvakanyanya, vachiziva chokwadi chakazara pamberi, vachipa pfungwa dzekuona uye kuenzanisa, uye pakuvhima nyaya dzaizosimbisa kurerekera kwemasangano - uye saka ndapota ndapota. vapepeti vavo kumba-uye kufambisira mberi chikonzero chavakurudzira uye chavakaita mushandirapamwe. Vatori venhau vakaita saDavid Rieff, Roy Gutman naEd Vulliamy vakabvuma pachena kuti vaive varatidziri vehukasha kupindira kweNATO (kureva, hondo), uye vaive vasiri vega. Asi izvi zvaireva kuti vakanga varega kuva vatori venhau vane hunyanzvi vaizotarisa chokwadi nezvairehwa nemativi ese uye vopa mufananidzo uzere uye wakanaka zviitiko zvakaoma mukurwisana. Ivo panzvimbo pezvo vaizokwevera kungano dzaifambisira mberi chikonzero chacho uye vaizodzibata nokushingaira kusingatsoropodzi. Sokutsanangura kwazvakaita mumwe mucherechedzi, izvi zvaireva kuti Izetbegovic "aigona kuvatamba saStradivarius," uye kutaura zvazviri kuvashandisa sevamiriri veBosnia Muslim propaganda uye disinformation. (Kunyanya "kudzikama" Roy Gutman akaridzwa seStradivarius neCroatian information service uye US Embassy pamwe nevakuru veMuslim.)
Iyi paki uye bandwagon maitiro akazvidyisa pachayo. Sezvo yaingotarisa kushungurudzwa kwevaMuslim veBosnia, iine mifananidzo yakaipa uye nyaya dze kutambura kwavo, vachifuratira vakabatwa neSerb uye mamiriro ezvinhu, uye vachibatsirwa nehurongwa hwakafanana uye kusarura kweICTY uye masangano ezvematongerwo enyika eWestern, bato huipi hwedivi rimwe chete hwakasimbiswa zvishoma nezvishoma. (Aimbova mukuru weDhipatimendi reHurumende
Brock ane yakadzama uye inogutsa deconstruction yezvichemo zve kubatwa chibharo uye kubata chibharo senzira yemauto eSerb uye yakasarudzika (chitsauko 5). Kunyange zvazvo asingamborambi kubatwa chibharo kwevaSerb, anoratidza kuti hapana humbowo hudiki hunoratidza kuti kubatwa chibharo kwevaSerb kwaive kwakawanda kana kurongeka kupfuura mauto eBosnia Muslim kana Croatian. Anotaura kuti zvinyorwa zvevaSerb vakabatwa chibharo zvakakura uye zvemhando yepamusoro kupfuura izvo vakakuvara MaSerbia, kunyangwe zviwanikwa zvakakura zvakaiswa mukuunganidza humbowo hwekupedzisira. Iyo data yeSerb haina kumbobvira yakwanisa kukwezva kufarira kwepakiti (uye zvakafanana zvaive zvechokwadi nezve kurapwa kwepakiti ye Serb zvinyorwa zve mhosva dzehondo uye misasa yejeri umo maSerbs akabatwa). Kusarura kwacho kwakavhiringidza vezvenhau โ Paul Lewis achinyora mu New York Times pamusoro pokuti โKubatwa Chibharo Chaiva Chombo ChavaSerbiaโ (Oct. 20, 1993) akataura kuti mumwe mushumo weUN wakazivisa โvanhu 800 vanyajambwa nemazita,โ asi Lewis akakundikana kutaura kuti vaiva vakadzi vokuSerbia. Iko fungidziro ye50,000 kana 20,000 vakabatwa chibharo veSerbs yakanga yakavakirwa pasina humbowo, uye dzidziso yekuti kubata chibharo yaive mhosva yakakosha yevaSerb yakatsamira pane zvematongerwo enyika. kurerekera kwepakiti uye hukama hwepamusoro neruzhinji uye propaganda chiitiko che vaCroatia nevaMuslim veBosnia. (Chirevo cheUN chaNdira 1994 chinoongorora zvinyorwa zvese zvekubatwa chibharo, tisingabatanidzi humbowo kubva kumaSerbs, zvakanyorwa 126 zvakasimbiswa. vakakuvadzwa. Izvi zvakawanikwa hazvina kufadza vezvenhau.)
Basa renhau mune iyi hysterical propaganda barrage, neakanakisa emishumo inotaura kuti zvirevo "hazvina kusimbiswa" (!), Chaive chinonyadzisa, kuratidza vezvenhau vasingachadzoreki zvachose uye kupembedza zvakataurwa nemukuru weUN, Aracelly Santana ekuti โHandisati ndamboona kushomeka kwehunyanzvi hwakadaro. uye tsika dziri mupepanhau.โ Vamiriri veUN nevakuru veBritish vanobata nenhau mukati
Brock zvakare ane nhaurirano yakanaka kwazvo yemufananidzo wakakurumbira waFikret Alic, akatorwa kuTrnopolje transit camp muna Nyamavhuvhu 1992, mumwe mufananidzo wakanaka wekutsvaga kuzvidza muvengi uye kushomeka kwekusagadzikana. Vatori venhau vekuMadokero nevezvenhau. Anoratidza kuti vatori venhau vatatu vekuBritain, vaviri kubva kuIndependent Television News (ITN) uye mumwe kubva ku Guardian, akatsvaga murume aive akaonda zvake pakati pevagari vepamusasa, ndokunyatsoronga pikicha yaiita kunge Alic akavharirwa mujeri rakakomberedzwa, vatori venhau vazviisa nemaune kuseri kwetambo ina dze waya ine ngura uye ine minzwa, yaisungirirwa zvisina tsarukano pakati pembiru, newaya yehuku yakatetepa yakarembera pasi, neAlic kune rimwe divi. "Vakamera nevagadziri vezvigadziriso vakacheka mafoto e Alic kuitira kuti tambo nhatu kana ina dzewaya ine minzwa dzisimbiswe. Pakanga pasina waya ine minzwa fenzi yakatenderedza musasa, yaive nzvimbo yekufambisa uye isina kana musasa wejeri, uye vapoteri vaiva mumusasa wacho vakanga vakasununguka kubuda.
Asi mufananidzo weFikret Alic wakakurumidza kubatwa nevezvenhau vekuMadokero, uye wakasanganiswa nemifananidzo yaBelsen uye.
Mufananidzo unonyengera uyu wakashanda zvinoshamisa mukusimudzira maitiro emadhimoni uye hurongwa hwehondo, uye kunyangwe zvichibva pakunyeperwa kwakakomba. haina kururamiswa mune yakajairika uye ichiri mupenyu nhasi (muEmma Brockes 'achangobva kurwisa Noam Chomsky mu. The Guardian anotaura kuti ITN yakahwina sutu yayo yemahara panyaya iyi, asi akatadza kuona kuti yakahwinwa pamubvunzo wechinangwa, kwete. pamubvunzo wekuti chokwadi chine chekuita nemufananidzo chaive kurasisa). Uye iyo pack vatori venhau yaizopa yakadzikama rwizi rwe kutevera zvakaipa, nguva dzose kune rimwe divi uye kubviswa chirevo, uye kazhinji manyepo. Brock ane akati wandei mapeji anongonyora nhema, dzimwe nguva mapikicha evakatambudzwa vanoonekwa sevaMuslim asi maSerbs chaiwo (ona mapeji 30-32, 122-4, 170-2), uye mizhinji yemifananidzo ye kurerekera pachena kwakapararira mubhuku rose. Brock anoratidzawo kuti vatori venhau vaiwanzo taura sei nezvekurwiswa kwevaSerb kumataundi akasiyana-semuenzaniso, Goradze, Mostar, Bihac, Vukovar, uye Struga-asina kumbotaura nezvenyaya yekuti mataundi akambocheneswa kubva kuSerbia, kana kuti maSerbs. vakanga vachitsiva kurwiswa kuchangobva kuitika kubva kumadhorobha aya. The decontextualization uye kusaverenga zvisirizvo kwe kutevedzana kwazvino kwezviitiko kwaive kwakajairwa mashandiro ekuita, kutsamira pakurerekera pamwe nekutsamira kusingatsoropodzi paBosnia Muslim kana Croat. sources. (Kunyepa pamusoro pekurwiswa kwevaSerb paGoradze, mapeji 75-76; paVukovar, pp. xiii-xv; on kushanda kunoshamisa kwepropaganda yeCroat uye kushomeka kwe kuvimbika kweAP uye mamwe masosi ekuMadokero kuStruga, mapeji 42-45; panaMichael Gordon manyepo enhamba dzemumisasa yevasungwa yeSerb, peji 80-81).
Brock anocherekedza kuti pakanga paine vakapokana kubva kumapato line pack utori venhau, asi anoratidza kuti izvi zvakakurumidza kurwiswa nekudzikisirwa, nenzira yakajairika. Uku ndiko โkucheneswa kwezvinobudisa nhau,โ kwakabvumira kukunda kweโkushuma kwakasviba.โ Brock pachake, anyora chinyorwa chinoshoropodza iyo yakatovharwa yebato mutsara midhiya yenhau kumashure muna 1993 ("Dateline Yugoslavia: The Partisan Press," Foreign Policy, Chando 1993-1994), akarwiswa zvine utsinye nenhengo dzepakiti, uye muparidzi we chinyorwa chake chakaiswawo pasi pekumanikidzwa uye kutyisidzirwa nekuda kwekutsauka uku.
Zvichida nyaya yainyanya kunakidza yaive yaDavid Binder, anonyora Foreword kubhuku raBrock riri kuongororwa pano, uye ndiani anga aine ruzivo uye ruzivo. New York Times mutori wenhau anoshanda muBalkan muma1980 nema1990. Binder, zvisinei, akanga asiri mutungamiriri wepati, akapupurira uye akashuma pamusoro pekuedza kwevaKosovo Albanians kudzinga maSerbs kubva muKosovo muma1980 uye avo vakaziva kuti zvinhu zvinokosha zvenharaunda iyoyo zvaiedza kucheneswa kwemarudzi. Asi nekusimbiswa kwemutsara webato muma1990 kusimbirira kwake pane dzimwe nguva kutaura zvinhu zvaiisa maBosnia maMuslim kana maKosovo Albanians mugwara rakaipa kwakatariswa nekusafarirwa nevapepeti vake. Mune imwe nyaya yakashata yakakurukurwa naBrock, Binder akanyora chinyorwa chakavakirwa pauchapupu hwevakawanda vanokwanisa veUN uye vemauto vemukati avo vakanongedzera kumaMuslim eBosnia sekwakabva. bhomba rakauraya vanhuwo zvavo vekuBosnia vechiMuslim muSarajevo mumusika weMarkale bhomba musi waKukadzi 5, 1994, asi zvakabatsira kutengesa zviito zveNATO zvine hukasha kurwisa maSerb. The Times yakaramba kuburitsa chinyorwa, izvo zvakamanikidza Binder kuenda kune bepanhau reSwitzerland, Die Weltwoche uye magazini Foreign Policy ("Anatomy of a Massacre," Chando 1994-95).
Pakupedzisira Binder akabviswa pakutaura pamusoro peBalkans achifarira vatori venhau vakaita saRoger Cohen, Carlotta Gall, Marlise Simons, naJohn F. Burns, avo vaive vakagadzirira kuita bato-uye dzimwe nguva vaiparadzira nhema, asi manyepo chete aisimbisa bato. mutsara uye zvisakarurama zvaro (ona nhaurirano yaJohn F. Burns pazasi). Kurapa kweBinder kwaiyeuchidza kubviswa kwe Raymond Bonner kubva pakutaura pamusoro
Pasi pepakeji system, uye nekukunda kwemaitiro edhimoni uye nyore Manichean nyika maonero ekurwira, pakanga paine kupindira kukuru kwekuzvidira uye kuparara kwemitemo yevatapi venhau. Kumhanya kwakange kuri kuenzanisira villainy zvachose, chiitiko chakakurumbira zvakare pakupera kwehondo yeKosovo muna Chikumi 1999 apo NATO-nyika. vatori venhau vakamhanya muKosovo vachitsvaga vakabatwa chibharo, zvitunha, uye nyaya dze Utsinye hwevaSerbia. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya hutsotsi hwevatori venhau huri kuwedzera uye kunyengedzwa kwakanyanya, zvichiita kuti vatori venhau vagare madhadha kune vanofarira propaganda. Kana vakuru veBosnia vechiMuslim vakati 200,000 Bosnian Muslim vakaurayiwa muna 1992-1993, izvo zvakamedzwa zvisina kutsoropodzwa nevezvenhau (uye Clinton) pasinei nekusatendeseka, kusawirirana, uye kusava nechokwadi kunoratidzwa nevanoda
Brock anoratidza kuti yaive tsika yenguva dzose kuti vezvenhau kumedza uye kufambisa pasina humbowo hweBosnia Muslim mukuru. uye kunyange ham radio station inotaura nezvekufa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzehondo. Idzi dzaive dzakagara dzakaputirwa kana nhema zvachose, asi vezvenhau vakatora chirauro, uye vachiodzwa mwoyo kuona gare gare kuti vaive vanyengerwa, vasina kururamisa kana akadzidza kungwarira. Pakanga pasina mutengo chaiwo wevatapi venhau kana vezvenhau mukuita zvikanganiso zvinokuvadza kumuvengi ane dhimoni
Brock ndiye pazvakanakisa pakuongorora basa re John F. Kupisa kwe New York Times naRoy Gutman we Newsday, uyo akagovera 1993 Pulitzer Mubairo wekutapa nhau kubasa kwavo
Burns, uyo ainyatsozivikanwa panguva iyoyo kuva mudiwa weIzetbegovic, akanga apiwa mukana wekukurumidza kuHerak, pamwe chete nemugadziri wemufirimu weSoros (uyo kuvapo kwake pakubvunzurudzwa hakuna kumbobvumwa mumushumo weBurns). Herak akaonekwa achitya kwazvo, akaudza Burns nyaya yake โzvimwe pamberi pevakuru vejeri,โ uye pashure peimwe purogiramu akabvunza Burns kuti vakuru vejeri vavimbise kusamurova mushure meuchapupu hwake! Pakanga pasina humbowo hunotsigira muzvitunha kana zvapupu zvakaona kumhosva dzake dzaaipomerwa, uye mumwe muBosnia Serb akasungwa naHerak akanga ataura pakarepo kuti Herak ainyepa. Vese maBurns nemugadziri wemuvhi vakadzvinyirirwa chokwadi chokuti Herak akanga apomera UNPROFOR mukuru, Canadian General Lewis MacKenzie, we kubata chibharo Vakadzi veBosnia mune imwe nzvimbo bordello. Kusvirwa kwakabvuma kuna MacKenzie kuti izvi zvaizoderedza kuvimbika kwaHerak uye kukanganisa nyaya, asi akadzvinyirira ruzivo mukutyora nyanzvi mitemo uye mukutsigira nhema kuti aifanira kuziva kuti inhema.
Makore anoverengeka gare gare Herak akabvuma, achitaura kuti akanga atambudzwa uye kumanikidzirwa kurangarira mitsara yake yokureurura nomusoro. Nguva pfupi yadarika mushure mekubvumidzwa uku vaviri vevainzi vakapondwa vakabuda vari vapenyu. The Times, mukutaura nezvekuonekwa kwevaviri vaifungidzirwa kuti vakaurayiwa neHerak, yakataura kuti izvi zvainyadzisa hurumende yeBosnia Muslim, asi haina chayakawana chinonyadzisa muchiitiko kune avo. New York Times, uye hapasati pave nekufamba kwakaitwa nekomiti yePulitzer yekubvisa mubairo weBurns 'Pulitzer zvichienderana nekureurura mukutambudzwa nehumbowo hwekukanganisa hwakadzvinyirirwa.
Brock ane akati wandei mimwe mifananidzo yekutyorwa kweBurns ye tsika dzezvenhau. Burns akapayona mukupomera rufu rwechiMuslim 200,000 1993 muhondo pakuvamba saJuly 140,000, kubva pakufungidzira kwake muna April kweXNUMX XNUMX; uye, โkubuda zvishoma nezvishoma kunze
Ongororo yaBrock yebasa raRoy Gutman inoparadza zvakaenzana. Anoratidza zvakasimba kuti Gutman akanga asiri A Chapupu kuGenocide (zita reGutman 1993 bhuku zvichibva pane zvaakatumira kubva
Gutman akawana mazhinji ekwaanobva nerubatsiro rweCroatia, Bosnia Muslim uye US Embassy vamiriri, zvakanyanya kubva kuCroatia Information Center (CIC), sangano rehurumende rinoparadzira basa iro Gutman. akaonekwa kuti "akanyanya kana mashoma kudzidza." Gutman akati akasangana nemumiriri mukuru weCIC, uye Gutman sosi, Jadranka Cigelj, "netsaona," asi anobvuma kuti akawana zvapupu zvakati wandei (kana vatsigiri vezvapupu zvekunzwa) kubva. ChiCroatian "nheyo dzinobatsira" uye
Gutman aive akasununguka mukushandisa analogies kuna Belsen,
Ongororo yakadzama yaBrock yebasa raGutman (pp. 87-116) chidzidzo chinogombedzera mukutadza kwevatapi venhau icho chinofanirwa kuverengwa nemudzidzi wese wezvenhau, kunyanya tichipihwa chokwadi chekuti kuita kwakashata kunotsanangurwa naBrock pano kwakaguma nemubairo wePulitzer, wakagovaniswa. nemukwikwidzi waGutman mune disinformation John F. Burns! Gutman haana kunakidzwa nekuongororwa naBrock, achimuyambira ne-e-mail kuti wake Pupurira Kuurayiwa Kwemarudzi haigoni โkunokorwa mashoko mumamiriro ezvinhu api naapi.โ Haana kana kufarira kuratidzwa
Bhuku raBrock rine zvimwe zvakawanda zvakanaka mukati maro, senhaurirano ye iro basa re
Zvinonetsa zvakaenzana, sezvo Johnstone kana Mandel haana kuongororwa mune inonzi "kuruboshwe" nyika, Mune Zuva, Progressive, uye Amai Jones, pane mukana wakanaka wekuti Brock achabatana navo mukupfuura vachifarira mabasa mashoma "ane nharo". Ichi chiratidzo chekugona kwe imperialism kuita mutsara webato repamutemo pachirongwa cheumambo chisingapikiswe kunyangwe kuruboshwe kwacho. Iyi ndiyo hegemony pakunaka kwayo.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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