Iguqulelwe nguTamara Vukov
“Isithethe sabacinezelweyo sisifundisa ukuba ‘imeko yonxunguphalo’ esiphila kuyo asiyongxaki kodwa ngumgaqo.” -Walter Benjamin
I-TV: Ngomhla we-4 kaFebruwari walo nyaka, i-Federal Republic yaseYugoslavia yatshintshwa yilizwe elitsha laseSerbia naseMontenegro. Emva kokubulawa kweNkulumbuso uZoran Djindjic ngoMatshi 12, 2003, eli qumrhu litsha lezopolitiko liye lafumana ubuninzi bobukho balo kwimeko yonxunguphalo. Nangona ukunyanzeliswa kwemeko yonxunguphalo kubonakaliswe kakhulu njengethuba eliqhubela phambili lokufaka idemokhrasi yokwenyani kunye nokubuyisela ucwangco kwisizwe, ngaba unokuchaza ukuba le milinganiselo yonxunguphalo ibonakala njani kwaye yintoni eyenziwa ngokwenene egameni labo?
AG: Imeko yonxunguphalo imele ilinge eliphambeneyo leqaqobana labantu lokuthatha indlu abahlala kuyo bayikhulise ibe yintolongo yesizwe. Kwanomntu wasemzini, eli linge liphambeneyo liye laphumelela. Urhulumente wasabela ekubulaweni kukaZoran Djindjic ngokuzisa imeko yonxunguphalo. Amapolisa anikwe ilungelo lokubamba kunye nokuvalela abantu entolongweni iintsuku ezingama-30 ngaphandle kwenkqubo yenkundla yesiNtu, ngelixa lowo ubanjiweyo eshiywe engenalo naliphi na ilungelo legqwetha. Amapolisa afumene ilungelo lokungena emakhayeni ngaphandle kwemvume, ilungelo elingathintelwanga lokucofa iincoko zemfonomfono, ukulandela, ukuntlola kunye nokukhangela. Umphathiswa wamapolisa ngoku angamvalela nabani na ombethayo njengokrokrelayo. Uqhankqalazo neendibano zobupolitika ziye zanqunyanyiswa, yaye ilungelo lokuhamba liye lathintelwa ngokunzulu. I-Censorship iye yaziswa, ngelixa nayiphi na ingxoxo yoluntu malunga nezizathu zokungeniswa kwemeko yonxunguphalo kunye nokupheliswa kwayo ekugqibeleni kuvaliwe. IHuman Rights Watch sele isabele, ilumkisa urhulumente waseSerbia ukuba ukuziphatha ngolo hlobo kungqubana nemiyalelo ye-European Union, singasathethi ke ngeenqobo ezisesikweni.
Umba wesibini obalulekileyo wale meko yonxunguphalo kukuba akukho mida ibekiweyo malunga nayo. Ngokusekwe kwisigqibo sikamongameli wepalamente, imeko yonxunguphalo imalunga nokuzingelwa kwabo banetyala lokubulala, kodwa nakwamanye amaqela anetyala lolunye ulwaphulo-mthetho oluninzi. Yaziswa ixesha elingachazwanga ngokupheleleyo nelingenammiselo. Kunzima ukufumanisa ukuba onke amaqela anetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho olungachazwanga aya kuthinjwa nini, kwaye loluphi ulwaphulo-mthetho olufuna ukusonjululwa ngokorhulumente phambi kokuba “iimeko ezaneleyo” zifunyenwe ukuze kurhoxiswe imeko yonxunguphalo.
Qwalasela indlela yokuziphatha kwenkqubo yomgaqo-siseko eyathi yabizelwa yona indibano yesizwe ngokuzenzekelayo ngethuba lokuphunyezwa kwemeko yonxunguphalo. Indibano ebibizwe kwindlu yeNdlu yoWiso-mthetho ibingeyondibano yamalungu ahleliyo. Akukho mntu wakha wazama ukumisela ukuba mangaphi amalungu akhoyo, kwaye inkqubo ye-elektroniki yokurekhoda ukubakho yanqanyulwa, ngokutsho kwamalungu amaninzi ngokwawo.
Ngamafutshane, uluntu lwasemva kweYugoslavia luye lwahluthwa inkululeko yalo ngaphandle kwenkcazelo ecacileyo okanye izithembiso ngokuphathelele ixesha eya kubuyiswa ngalo. Kwaye nokuba iya kubuyiselwa kwaphela.
TV: Zeziphi ezinye zeempembelelo zasekhaya zemo yonxunguphalo kwezopolitiko nangokwemigaqo yokulwa kwamapolisa obhekisele kuwo? Ngaba iphelele ekujoliseni izaphuli-mthetho ezilungelelanisiweyo, njengoko ubukhulu becala bekuboniswa kumajelo eendaba? Okanye ngaba kujongwe iindawo zovoto kunye neendlela zokungavisisani kwezopolitiko?
AG: UMphathiswa wezoBulungisa uVladan Batic uye wabanga ukuba iSerbia yanamhlanje idinga iintolongo zanamhlanje ezinobuncinci beendawo ze-2000. Kubonakala ngathi sifikile! Ukuphuculwa kweSerbia yanamhlanje kubonakala kuthetha ukwakhiwa kweentolongo zanamhlanje.
Nangona kunjalo, andazi ukuba kuya kubakho indawo eyaneleyo kwezi ntolongo kubantu abasebenzayo abangama-7,000 abasele bevalelwe kwaye bavalelwe phantsi kwemeko yonxunguphalo. Baquka abantu abachasene nomthetho, abadla umhlala-phantsi abakuvuyelayo esidlangalaleni ukubulawa kwenkulumbuso, iimvumi ezimbalwa, ababhali bemihlathi yamaphephandaba, nabo babizwa ngokuba “ngabaphuli-mthetho abathe ngqo,” ukuze baboleke umphathiswa wengoma. Abangaphambili bonke “ngabaphuli-mthetho abangathanga ngqo.†Banetyala lokuchasa into ebizwa ngokuba yi-“Europeanization of Serbia.
TV: Ke ukuba amanyathelo athatyathiweyo phantsi kwemeko yonxunguphalo akathintelwanga kwizizathu zokuba iphunyezwe, oko kukuthi, ukulandelela ababulali bakaZoran Djindjic kunye nokujolisa kumaqela olwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo, ingaba kukho i-ajenda ebanzi yezopolitiko edlalwayo? Ngaba iyahlaziywa kwezopolitiko, kwaye ukuba kunjalo, ngaziphi iindlela?
AG: Akuthandabuzeki ukuba ukubulawa kwenkulumbuso u-Djindjic lulwaphulo-mthetho olumasikizi. Kodwa ngaba oko kuthethelela ukuhluthwa okubanzi nokupheleleyo ngolo hlobo kwenkululeko yoluntu lonke? Ndicinga ukuba impendulo yalo mbuzo ithi “hayi.†Akunakuvalela uluntu lonke– kanti ukuphunyezwa kwemeko yonxunguphalo ngokwenene kufaka uluntu luphela entolongweni. Into nje elula yokuba imeko yonxunguphalo ayikhange irhoxiswe emva kweentsuku ezininzi ibonisa ukuba isetyenziselwa ukwenza imfazwe “power-turf†phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo anomdla. Iqela elinomdla kulawulo lisebenzisa izixhobo zalo – ubugrogrisi nobundlobongela - ukuphelisa elinye iqela elinomdla.
Urhulumente waseSerbia uzama ngokucacileyo ukwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho yonke inkcaso, lonke ukhuphiswano, okanye naluphi na umchasi, ukhetho lwezopolitiko. Isebenzisa indlela yokufela ukholo lwenkulumbuso ebuleweyo, ngoncedo lwamajelo eendaba aqeqeshekileyo kunye neengqondi ezinikezela ngokusemthethweni kuhlaselo olunjalo kumalungelo oluntu kunye nengqiqo, ukugcina amandla nasemva kokurhoxiswa kwemeko yonxunguphalo, †ekunokwenzeka ukuba ibe ngokusisigxina eSerbia.
Kudliwano-ndlebe lwakutsha nje olunikwe umhla nezolo owaziwayo waseBelgrade, umphathiswa wezobulungisa uVladan Batic uye waveza olwakhe udidi “abarhanelwa ngobubi†ephendula umbuzo wokuba yayingoobani aba babulali. Ukuqala, umphathiswa ngokungangqalanga wabeka uninzi lwabemi imibuzo njengabarhanelwa ekubulaweni kwenkulumbuso. Emva koko uye wachaza indlela “abanombulelo ngayo abemi, bencumile, benomoya ophezulu” kwaye, ngokubanzi, “umbulelo kurhulumente ngokwazisa imeko yonxunguphalo ebavumele ukuba bazive bekhuselekile. Ngaba oku kunjalo ngokwenene?
Kutheni, ngokomzekelo, ugwayimbo luvaliwe? Inokuba yintoni indibaniselwano phakathi kogwayimbo lwabasebenzi abangonelisekanga kunye nokubulawa kwenkulumbuso? Abahlaseli abayibulalanga inkulumbuso. Ngokwezityholo ezisemthethweni, ukubulawa kwakungumsebenzi wezaphuli-mthetho ezazithethathethana ngokufihlakeleyo nenkulumbuso.
Ngaphezu koko, uBatic wavakalisa intiyo enzulu “kwiintatheli, abahlalutyi nababhali bemihlathi.” Ivela phi le ntiyo? UBatic ubajonga njengodidi lwesithathu lwezaphuli-mthetho eziza kuliwa. Bonke abagxeki bohlaziyo ngokufanayo balingana nababulali. Ingakumbi iintatheli kunye nabaphikisayo.
Urhulumente ongenabuchule usasaza uloyiko ukuze afihle uxanduva lwakhe. Ngaba oku kubulala kwakunokuthintelwa? Emva kokubulawa, akukho mntu wavuma ukurhoxa. Akukho zikhundla zitshixiwe. Abantu abafanayo bayasikhokela kwimeko yonxunguphalo. Elinye iqela lisebenzisa kakubi isiganeko esibuhlungu. Ukubhengezwa kwemeko yonxunguphalo kuphelise iingxoxo zoluntu, kubotshwa izandla zabo bonke abantu abacinga ngokukhululekileyo ngelixa amagosa aseburhulumenteni aqhelekileyo ngokusisiseko abetha bonke abantu abacinga abangathobeliyo kumajelo eendaba. Ngaba le yidemokhrasi? Kubonakala ngathi kunjalo.
Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo, usekela-mongameli karhulumente uye wabhengeza ukuba masingakhalazi ngelithi akukho nkcaso. Ngoku siyintando yesininzi, ngoko ke inkcaso ayisafuneki- sinodemokhrasi kakhulu, ukuba akukho nkcaso ifuna ukuba khona. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-“idemokhrasi epheleleyo.†Imeko apho idemokrasi, ekuzizalisekiseni kwayo ngokupheleleyo, izibhangisa yona. Bazinikele kakhulu kwidemokhrasi kangangokuba abasayidingi.
I-TV: Kuloo meko yokwenziwa kube lulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokucinezelwa kwempikiswano oyichazayo, ngaba kuye kwakho nayiphi na intshukumo elungelelanisiweyo okanye impendulo epheleleyo evela kwabo babizwa ngokuba luluntu? Ndicinga ngokukodwa icandelo le-NGO elikhulayo elihlala lixhaswa ngemali yimibutho yaseNtshona eyakhula kakhulu kwi-post-Milosevic Yugoslavia, kwaye igunya layo ikukubeka iliso "amalungelo oluntu."
AG: Kuyathakazelisa ukuqaphela ukuba oku kunqunyanyiswa kwamalungelo oluntu asisiseko kujongwa njani yimibutho ebizwa ngokuba yimibutho engekho phantsi kukarhulumente (NGO), into enamandla kakhulu kubomi bezopolitiko baseSerbia, kunye nenani elikhulu “irenti. -a-a-dissident†iintlobo.
Phambi kwale meko ikhoyo, bebeyazi indlela yokuqhankqalaza ngamandla kwanezona ziganeko zincinci apho amalungelo ommi wesizwe esincinci ebesengozini, xa kugxekwa “ubuzwe” (okungumba ephuma kuwo le mibutho. inzuzo kakhulu, kuba uncedo lwangaphandle olugcina uninzi lwazo lusekwe koku). Ngoku xa iinkululeko ezisisiseko namalungelo abemi evinjwa, kungekhona kumntu omnye, kungekhona kwindawo enye, kodwa kuluntu lonke, ii-NGOs kunye nabantu abaphikisanayo bayayixhasa, bethembisa ukunyaniseka okupheleleyo kurhulumente waseSerbia. Kukho uthungelwano oluthe gqolo lukamabonakude phakathi kweenkcuba-buchopho zikarhulumente kunye “nabaphikisayo” abaxoxa ngendlela ukufa kuka-Djindjic “ okwamazwe ngamazwe,— okanye indlela “imeko yonxunguphalo ekugqibeleni iqhawula njani inkaba empuma. Okanye ngethoni ethe kratya, indlela “umngcwabo kaDjindjic” wawusisicelo soluntu oludinga ukholo nethemba, okanye indlela “ukubulawa kwenkulumbuso ngokwezopolitiko kuyinto embi,” kuba “sifanele sihlawule ngeenyembezi ngalo lonke uvuyo,†ukuze ngenye imini sizuze "i-catharsis, i-catharsis yommi oqhelekileyo" …
I-TV: Ngenxa yokuba ukugxeka okuvulekileyo kweendaba malunga nemeko yonxunguphalo kuthintelwe kwaye ukuvavanywa kuyasebenza, ibe yintoni impembelelo kwingxoxo ebanzi yoluntu kunye nemibuzo emininzi ephakanyiswe yimeko yonxunguphalo?
AG: Uluntu luhlaselwe bubudenge obungakholelekiyo. Abaphathiswa bathembisa ukuba kuzakubakho ukubonelelwa rhoqo ngamanzi nombane. Kutheni kungayi kubakho? Ngaba kuqhambuke imfazwe? Imifanekiso yeendawo zokubelekisa isasazwa kumajelo eendaba, ngezithembiso zokuba baya kukhusela iindawo zabantwana. Bavakalisa ukuba imithombo yamanzi ayingcoliswanga. Izibonelelo zokutya ziye zenziwa zesiqhelo. Bathi izithuthi zikawonke-wonke zihamba ngexesha. Ayikaziswa namapolisa ixesha lokubuya ekhaya. Uhlaziyo lwezoqoqosho luqhubeleka phambili. Amaxhalanga asuka kumaziko ehlabathi nawo sele eqalile ukufika, ethembisa ukungena okukhawulezileyo kwiManyano yaseYurophu.
Kwakutheni ukuze lo rhulumente angazibambi izaphuli-mthetho ezilungelelanisiweyo ngoko nangoko emva komhla wesihlanu ka-Oktobha “revolution†? Ngubani owayebanqanda? Iintatheli? Ababhali bemihla ngemihla? Abahlalutyi kunye nabahlalutyi? Kutheni bengazange bahluthe ipropathi kunye nobutyebi be-Milosevic-era elite? Kwakutheni ukuze babavumele ukuba batyebe ngakumbi kwaye bafumane yonke into ngokukhawulezisa ukuthengisa izinto zabucala? Ngoobani abaxhasa ngemali? Kutheni kukho intlupheko enkulu nangakumbi kuqoqosho olusele lonakele? Ekugqibeleni, yonke le yimibuzo ukuba urhulumente wangoku, ebanjwe yi-neurosis edibeneyo, kuya kufuneka ayiphendule ngenye imini.
TV: Ndifuna ukujika kancinci kumxholo obanzi wamandla kunye nolawulo olukhokelele kwimeko yonxunguphalo yangoku. Ngokumalunga nokugetyengwa kuka-Djindjic, uSonja Biserko weKomiti yaseHelsinki (umbutho ongekho phantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente) kutshanje uye wabhengeza ukuba "isenzo esibi siphawula isiqalo senkululeko kwi-pathology yexesha likaMilosevic" enika ithuba elingazange libonwe ngaphambili lohlaziyo. Ingaba le milinganiselo yangoku imele kangakanani ukuqhawuka kokwenyani kulawulo lwangaphambili njengoko kubangwa, kwaye yintoni etshintshileyo (okanye engekatshintshi) kutshintsho phakathi kwenkqubo yezopolitiko yangaphambili nekhoyo ngoku?
AG: Ngapha koko, ukuze uqonde ngokupheleleyo imeko yangoku yonxunguphalo eSerbia, kuyafuneka ukuba sibuyele umzuzwana, siye eMilosevic's Serbia, kwaye sinikezele ngohlalutyo olufutshane lwento esinokuyibiza ngokuba yi-“Milosevic’. s inkqubo.â€
Ulawulo lukaMilosevic lwalunegunya. Kwakukho amaqela, unyulo, kunye nepalamente, kodwa idemokhrasi yokwenyani yayingekho. Umgaqo-siseko kunye neminye imithetho emininzi yayibonakala yedemokhrasi ngokwendalo, kodwa eneneni yayingeyonto ngaphandle kwekhusi lolawulo lomntu omnye.
UMilosevic, nangona kunjalo, wayengengozwilakhe. Indlela yakhe yokulawula yayikhetheke kakhulu, yaye kwakungafane kuthiwe bubuzwilakhe. Wawanyamezela, okanye wanyanzelwa ukuba awanyamezele, amanye amaphephandaba azimeleyo kunye nezikhululo zikamabonwakude zasekuhlaleni ezimbalwa ezinempembelelo kakhulu. Ngokufanayo, uMilosevic akazange azame ukudala uhlobo oluthile lwenkolo yobuntu bukaStalinist. Iyamangalisa indlela awafane abonakale ngayo kumabonwakude; abaninzi bakhankanya ukulula kwakhe, ukungabikho kwemfuneko yokubonakalisa igunya lakhe.
Ekugqibeleni, nangona iYugoslavia igqalwa ngokufanelekileyo njengelinye lawona mazwe anobuqhophololo eYurophu, akunjalo kwaphela ukuba uMilosevic walawula kuphela ukuze azityebise. Xa iibhombu zomoya ze-NATO ziwisa iibhombu “ezikrelekrele” eBelgrade, nazo zawisa iiflaya kunye namaphecana. Ndisenayo ikopi enye ngokukodwa - apho bashicilela khona ifoto ngombhalo ochaza ukuba uMilosevic wayene-yacht kunye ne-villa "nje ngale" (kumfanekiso). Ukungakwazi kweCIA ukufumana ifoto yezinto zikaMilosevic kuyazithethela.
Ekugqibeleni, uMilosevic akakho, njengoko kudla ngokubangwa, ngokuyintloko wajikela eMpuma, eMoscow, naseOthodoki. Uthetha isiNgesi ngokutyibilikayo, kwaye akathethi nasiphi na isiRashiya. Kwinqanaba langaphambili lomsebenzi wakhe, wayendwendwela iNew York rhoqo, kwaye uthe usithatha njengesixeko asithanda kakhulu. Ngaxa lithile, uMilosevic wayenoluvo, olungenasihlahla ngokupheleleyo, lokuba iWashington yayiya kumamkela nangona igunya lakhe linegunya ngendlela efanayo ababemamkela ngayo uTito. Emva kokwaphulwa kwezithembiso kumacala omabini, zombini ubuzwe obungenankathalo kunye nokungenelela, kwakhokelela kwiimfazwe zaseSlovenia, eCroatia, eBosnia naseKosovo, enye emva kwenye, ngokucacileyo imeko yathatha ikhondo elahlukileyo.
Kwimeko nayiphi na into, uMilosevic wayenandipha ubungqina obuthile eSerbia, kwaye wayenomlinganiselo othile wenkxaso yeprojekthi yakhe yezopolitiko.
Noko ke, ekuhambeni kwexesha loo nkxaso yezobupolitika yehla yaya kutsho kwi-20% yabavoti. Kodwa ngaloo nkxaso ye-20%, uMilosevic wakwazi ukugcina umthetho we-100%. Okokuqala, ngenxa yolawulo lwakhe kumajelo eendaba aphambili, wabhidanisa wadanisa ummi ongonelisekanga nophazamisekileyo. Xa kufika ixesha lonyulo, babehlala ekhaya, okanye banike iivoti zabo kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-“inchaso yobuxoki.†Ngaphezu koko, inkqubo yonyulo ekhoyo ivumele i-30% yenkxaso yonyulo ukuba iguqulelwe kwi-50% yepalamente. ukumelwa. Ekuphela kwento eyayifunwa ngumntu yayikukufumana iqabane elifanelekileyo lomfelandawonye, kwaye umntu uya kuphumeza umthetho ozinzileyo. Kwaye amaqabane omanyano akazange afumaneke, kuba amandla kunye nolawulo eMilosevic's Serbia bazisa ubutyebi obukhulu.
Yiloo ndlela uMilosevic afike ngayo kwisininzi sepalamente kunye nolawulo lolawulo. Yiyo loo nto kwakungeyomfuneko ukuba abhenele kuzo naziphi na iindlela ezikhethekileyo, zobuzwilakhe. Zonke iiprojekthi kunye nezigqibo zezopolitiko zaqhutywa ngokusesikweni kwepalamente.
Isiseko samandla kaMilosevic sasisekelwe kulawulo lwakhe lweqela lakhe. Iqela leSocialist laseSerbia yayisisihlalo sokwenyani solawulo lwezopolitiko olulawulwa nguMilosevic. Njengomphathi opheleleyo weQela, waluzuza ulawulo lwePalamente ngokunjalo. Ngokutshintsha rhoqo kwimithetho yonyulo (1992-1997), wakha inkqubo apho, nangaliphi na ixesha, iqela linokutshintsha abameli balo kwaye libatshintshe ngokulandelelana.
Ukulawulwa kwesebe lezomthetho likarhulumente ekuqulunqeni imithetho, kwakhona kwanika uMilosevic ulawulo olupheleleyo lwesebe lesigqeba, ngamanye amazwi karhulumente ngokubanzi (njengoko amasebe owiso-mthetho kunye nesigqeba ayengahlulwanga).
Emva kokuba efumene ulawulo olupheleleyo phezu kwamandla omthetho kunye nolawulo, uMilosevic kwafuneka amisele ulawulo phezu kwenkundla. NgokoMgaqo-siseko waseSerbia, abagwebi babeqeshwe ngokusisigxina, kodwa banyulwa kwaye bagxothwa yipalamente. Ngenxa yokuba wayelawula ipalamente, uMilosevic wayekwazi ukulawula inkundla. Ngokomthetho owaqalisa ukusebenza ngoJulayi 30, 1991, zonke iijaji (ezingama-2,939 619) nabatshutshisi (1996) zazifanele zihlanjululwe koko kubizwa ngokuba “kukunyulwa kwakhona” epalamente. Noko ke, oku kucocwa, kwenziwa ngokukhetha nangokungenabuchule, kangangokuba abaninzi ababengawenzi umsebenzi wabo ngokwemigaqo esisiseko okanye ngokuchubekileyo bagcina izikhundla zabo ngenxa yokuba babelandela imiyalelo nemiyalelo evela phezulu kuRhulumente. Oku kwaphumela kwimeko apho uninzi lwabanye abagwebi lwaluchasa ubusela benkundla yonyulo lwasekuhlaleni luka-1997. Ukususela ngoko, uMilosevic waqhubeka nokuhlengahlengiswa kobume benkundla. Ngo-60, xa uMilosevic eqinisa ngakumbi ulawulo lwakhe, wazimisela ukuqhubela phambili “ukusombulula imeko yenkundla.†Oku kwakuthetha ukudutyulwa kwabangama-XNUMX “abangafanelekanga” abagwebi, ababenetyala kuphela lokuxhasa inqununu yenkundla. inkundla ezimeleyo.
Yiloo ndlela ke ekugqibeleni bonke abaphezulu bezopolitiko kunye nenkundla babekwa kwindawo yokuxhomekeka kuMilosevic. Kwakunjalo nakumapolisa nakumagcisa omthetho. Ngokupasiswa komthetho we-1995 malunga nokuqeshwa kwamalungu e-MUP-a, amapolisa aseSerbia, uMilosevic wadibanisa ilungelo elikhethekileyo lokunyusa amagosa asebupoliseni kubaphathi bezempi kunye nokumisela igosa eliphezulu kwiPolisa. Ngaphantsi kwesinye isethi yemithetho ekhethekileyo, uMilosevic wathatha ulawulo oluthe ngqo lweSebe lezoKhuseleko lwangaphakathi. Oku kwamvumela ukuba angabi nje enye yeenkosi eziphambili zemfazwe eBosnia naseHercegovina, kodwa nokulawula inkcaso yaseSerbia.
Okubaluleke ngakumbi ekusebenzeni kolawulo lukaMilosevic yayilulawulo oluthe ngqo lwezopolitiko lwabaphezulu kwezoqoqosho. E-Milosevic's Serbia, eyona ndlela iphambili yokuqokelela inkunzi ayizange yenzeke kwimarike. Ngokuchaseneyo noko, eyona nzuzo inkulu yemali ekuza kufunyanwa kuyo yafunyanwa ngongenelelo lukarhulumente – ngamanye amazwi ngolawulo lukarhulumente, amalungelo akhethekileyo acwangcisiweyo, uqikelelo lwemali kunye nentengiselwano yezemali emdaka, ukurhwaphiliza ngokubanzi kunye nokwabiwa kwepropati, ukungenisa elizweni ngokungekho mthethweni, izivumelwano zasekamelweni kunye nezinyobo. Kwanikwa ukuba, kwinkqubo enjalo, abaphezulu banegunya abanakukwazi ukuguqula ngokulula “eyabo inkunzi yezopolitiko” ibe yinzuzo yokwenyani, yezemali, kodwa kwakhona ukulawula nokuphembelela ukuhamba nomkhombandlela woqoqosho luphela.
Yiloo ndlela uMilosevic aphumelele ngayo ukwakha umnatha oqinileyo wabathengi kuqoqosho lwelizwe lonke. Yayingumnatha owawusasazeke ukuquka naphi na eso sikhululo sasiveliswa, ukususela kuye nosapho lwakhe, ukuya kutsho kubasebenzi bomzi-mveliso nabathengisi esitratweni. Ukungena kulo mnatha ukhuselweyo kuthetha inzuzo yemali eqinisekisiweyo. Awona malungu anamandla aloo mnatha, i-economic elite, inokuthembela ekuqokeleleni ngokukhawuleza kobutyebi ngokubonga kwi-monopoly yemarike, ukusuka ekuthathweni kwenxaxheba ekhohlakeleyo kurhulumente “amalungiselelo otshintshiselwano†(ukungenisa oyile negesi), ukuya kurhwebo olungekho mthethweni lwecuba. , izixhobo kunye nezinye iimpahla. Oku kuphunyezwe ngokunikezelwa kweemvume zokuthumela kumazwe angaphandle, ekufumaneni iimali zamazwe angaphandle ngokusekelwe kwizinga lokutshintshiselana, elithotyiweyo, ekunikezelweni kwelungelo lomhlaba, njl. njl. kwisikali esincinci), kwingqesho elungileyo / epheleleyo, kunye nemivuzo ephezulu karhulumente, kwilungelo lokuthenga amagumbi karhulumente ngexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu, njl.
Kwiminyaka ye-1990, isakhiwo esikhethekileyo samandla safakwa eSerbia. Ulwakhiwo olunjalo ndilubize ngokuba yikleptocracy. Eyona nto ibalaseleyo “imfundiso yeMilosevic†yinto esinokuyibiza, ngokusuka kolu luvo lwembali “ukuzikhetha kwabantu ngokusemthethweni.
I-TV: Utshintshe njani umxholo kwixesha lasemva kweMilosevic, ngokunyukela kuka-Djindjic emandleni? Laliyintoni ilifa lokuzikhethela kwabantu ngokusemthethweni, kwaye kwangeniswa ntoni ukuze kuthathelwe indawo?
AG: Nge-“petooktobarska revolucija†(i-“i-5 ka-Okthobha revolutionâ€) kunye nokubhukuqwa kukaMilosevic, abaninzi babenethemba lokwenyani, utshintsho oluqhubekayo. Noko ke, endaweni yalo naliphi na inyathelo elinentsingiselo elisingise kwidemokhrasi yezoqoqosho nenentatho-nxaxheba, nto leyo abantu abaninzi abashiyekileyo baseYugoslavia ababeyithembile, kwamiselwa inkqubo entsha, enemfundiso entsha yolawulo-melo: leyo kaDjindjic. Inkqubo ye-Djindjic's ingabizwa ngokuba yi-“authoritarian modernism.†iNeoliberalism enentetho yasekuhlaleni.
U-Djindic wakha inkqubo yekhansile, kwilishwa lakhe, kwangaxeshanye ekhubaza inkqubo yomongameli, ejongela phantsi ipalamente, kwaye wazakhela awakhe amasebe kumasebe karhulumente asemthethweni. Omnye umbhali-mbali waseYugoslavia ukubize oku ngokuthi “bubuqhophololo bukaDjindjic.” Kwakhona yayiyeyona mpazamo yakhe inkulu. Bekufanele ukuba afune ukunciphisa ulawulo lwakhe, kunye nokwandisa indima yomququzeleli okanye umnxibelelanisi ongayi kuthatha amandla apheleleyo. Isicwangciso esinjalo sasinokuba nekamva elingcono. Endaweni yoko, uye wafumana ulawulo oluninzi, oludityaniswe nokuthandwa okuncinci kunye negunya. Wayengahlonitshwa nangabo babizwa ngokuba ngabantu abakumgangatho ophezulu. Ukuba wayelandele iqhinga elithile elahlukileyo, ngewayekwazile ukuthi, "““Andidumanga phakathi kwabantu, kodwa "abantu abakrelekrele", abagwebi, oosomashishini, abachongi beendaba, kwaye kakuhle. -iinkcuba-buchopho ezaziwayo zingakwicala lam.â Lo lolunye uhlobo lwezopolitiko ezinokuba namandla. Andifuni kuduma kodwa igunya. Nangona kunjalo, wayengenalo udumo okanye igunya, kodwa wayenamandla amakhulu nangaphezulu.
Inkqubo ye-Djindjic ibonise ngenene imibala yayo yokwenyani kwi-“junski udar,†iThatha likaJuni, elinokuthi lithathelwe ingqalelo njengeyona ndawo ibalulekileyo kubomi bezopolitiko be-post-Milosevic Serbia. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba olu lawulo lwenziwe ngobuchule kakhulu. U-Djindjic, ngamanye amazwi, wayengengoMilosevic, owasabela ngenkohlakalo enkulu ngakumbi nangakumbi evulelekileyo kubachasi bakhe bezopolitiko.
Ukuthatha indawo kwaqaliswa xa umongameli we-DOS (umfelandawonye wamaqela aphikisayo abhukuqa uMilosevic), owawuquka oomongameli kunye nabaphathiswa abaphambili bamaqela ahlukeneyo omanyano, wadlulisela isindululo ngoMeyi 24, 2002 sokurhoxisa izigunyaziso ze-36. Amalungu e-DOS epalamente “ababesoloko bengekho kwiindibano zePalamente eziqhelekileyo.†Isininzi sasepalamente siye sapasisa esi siphakamiso ngomhla we-12 kuJuni.
Ekuqaleni, esi siphakamiso sasibonakala singenabungozi – “injongo kukuseka ucwangco elizweni, ukuze amalungu onyuliweyo epalamente asebenze ngokwaneleyo ukuze afanele ukuhlawulwa,†yacacisa iNkulumbuso uDjindjic. Enyanisweni, nangona kunjalo, isiphakamiso esinjalo sasingekho mthethweni ngokupheleleyo. Phakathi kwaloo malungu angama-36 angahlali phantsi, uninzi lwalusuka kwi-DSS, iqela likaVojislav Kostunica, uMongameli waseYugoslavia kunye neyona imbangi yezopolitiko e-Djindjic kwindima yakhe njengeNkulumbuso.
Enyanisweni, yayiqondakala into yokuba amalungu e-DSS aye azikhwebula kwezi ndibano zarhoqo zepalamente, ngenxa yokuba i-DSS igqibe ekubeni izikwale ezi seshini ngoqhanqalazo malunga neqhinga lezopolitiko lika-Djindjic. Okona bekuhlekisa ngakumbi, i-DSS ibingazukwazi ukususa amalungu epalamente angama-36 angahlaliyo iwafake amanye amalungu e-DSS nokuba ibifuna njalo, kuba uluhlu lwamalungu ayo lunamagama ali-13 ashiyekileyo kuyo. Ngenxa yokuba i-DSS ayizange ikwazi ukutshintsha izihlalo zayo ezirhoxisiweyo ngamalungu azo, ezo zihlalo zaya kwamanye amaqela asuka kumanyano lwe-DOS – okokuqala kunye neqela leDemocratic Party laseZoran Djindjic. Ecatshukiswe bubu budenge bubusela bezihlalo zepalamente, onke amalungu ahleliyo e-DSS, elona qela linamandla nelidumileyo eSerbia, arhoxa epalamente.
Yile ndlela u-Djindic aqeshe ngempumelelo i-anti-parliamentary take-over ukwandisa kakhulu amandla akhe ezopolitiko. Ngexesha elibalulekileyo, waphosa imbangi yakhe enkulu, i-DSS ye-Kostunica, ngaphandle komdlalo kwaye ngaloo ndlela wahlutha uninzi lwepalamente olwaluza kulawula ngokucocekileyo nangokufanelekileyo ukuwiswa kwemithetho karhulumente.
Yindlela leyo umbuzo wekhoram yasepalamente oye wasonjululwa ngayo ngokusebenzayo ngakwicala lika-Djindic. Kungekudala emva koko, imithetho yaphinda yatshintshwa ukuze iquke ukwandiswa okukhethekileyo kwamandla kamongameli wepalamente. Ufumene amandla okohlwaya amalungu anyuliweyo “ukuphazamisa ucwangco kwiiseshoni zePalamente†ngokurhoxisa izihlalo zawo zasepalamente ukuya kutsho kwiintsuku ezingama-90.
Inzuzo yesithathu ebalulekileyo ezuzwe yinkulumbuso u-Djindjic ngoThatho lukaJuni yaba ngumthetho wakhe ongachaswanga kwintsalela yomanyano lweDOS. Ukususela ngelo xesha, akukho nalinye lamaqela aseleyo kwi-DOS elinamalungu aneleyo ahleliyo ukuba acele umngeni kunye nokuchasa urhulumente.
Kutheni le nto ulawulo lwezopolitiko lwase-Djindic lungazange luvuse isikhalo esikhulu kuluntu? Okokuqala, ngenxa yokuba yaphunyezwa ngobuchule ngenkqubo ecwangcisiweyo nentsonkothileyo abantu abaninzi abaqhelekileyo ababengayiqondi ngokupheleleyo. Okwesibini, kwaye kubaluleke kakhulu, kuba i-Djindjic okwangoku iphumelele ekulawuleni amajelo amaninzi anempembelelo eSerbia. Xa umboniso wokuqala ovulekileyo phakathi kwe-Djindjic kunye ne-Kostunica yenzeka ngo-Agasti ka-2001, umlinganiselo u-Djindjic aphumelele ngayo ekufakeni ibhalansi kwinzuzo yakhe kuzo zonke iindaba zacaca. Ukongeza kwisikhululo sikamabonwakude esijongwa kakhulu, i-TV Pink, i-TV yePolitika kunye ne-TV Studio B, amaphephandaba emihla ngemihla uNovosti kunye noDanas, kunye noNedeljni telegraf bonke bawela ngokucacileyo kwinkampu yakhe yezopolitiko. NgoJuni 2002, uDjindjic wayesele efumene ulawulo lwePolitika yemihla ngemihla, umabonakude wombuso (RTS), kunye nesinye isikhululo sikamabonakude esikhulu sabucala (BK Telecom). Ngoko xa u-Djindjic wayesenza ukhubekiso lwakhe lwezobupolitika, akukho bani wayenaso nasiphi na isizathu okanye umdla wokukupapasha okanye kwanokukucacisa, singasathethi ke ngokukuchasa oko kwakusenziwa ngokuphandle nxamnye nedemokhrasi.
Ngokusisiseko, phakathi ku-2002 u-Djindjic waye wathatha ngokulula yonke inkqubo ye-Milosevic yolawulo lwezopolitiko kuluntu. Wayelilawula ngokupheleleyo iqela lakhe. Ekubeni urhulumente nesininzi sasepalamente besemva kwakhe, walukhusela ngokulula ulawulo lweebhodi zabalawuli bawona mashishini abalulekileyo – ukusuka kushishino lwe-oyile ukuya kwezamahlathi. Ngokunjalo, uninzi lwabaphathi abaphakathi abaphezulu kunye nenxalenye yeqela eliphakamileyo lentlalontle ababenamabhongo olawulo lwezopolitiko bangxamele ukuzifaka kwinkonzo yakhe.
Yileyo ndlela inethiwekhi entsha ye-post-Milosevic clientalistic eyakhuselwa ngayo ngu-Djindjic. Ngaphezu koko, “inguqu†kunye “ushishino lwabucala†zibe zezona zizathu zifanelekileyo zokwandiswa kwalo olongezelelweyo. U-Djindjic, kanye njengoMilosevic, waphumelela ekufumaneni ulawulo lowiso-mthetho, olulawulayo, lwenkundla-kwezopolitiko, lwezoqoqosho, kwaye ngokuyinxenye phezu komkhosi-amapolisa aphezulu. Inkqubo ye-Milosevic yatshintshelwa kwi-Serbia entsha, neoliberal.
Sele ndiyichazile indlela isebe elilawulayo lalawula ngayo inkundla phantsi kolawulo lukaMilosevic. Ulawulo olutsha lwaqhubeka nalo mkhwa. Ukuhlanjululwa okutsha okuququzelelwe ngumphathiswa othembekileyo wezobulungisa, u-Vladan Batic, kwenzeka ngokuthe ngqo kwimithetho esekwe phantsi kolawulo olugunyazisiweyo lweMilosevic, apho umphathiswa wezobulungisa wasebenza njengentloko ethe ngqo yejaji.
Ulwandiso oluyimpumelelo lwe-Djindjic lwamandla akhe lusekelwe entwenini? Isiseko sakhe samandla asizange sibe phakathi kwabavoti okanye abavoti. NjengoMilosevic ngasekupheleni kolawulo lwakhe, u-Djindjic kunye neqela lakhe bebengenakuthembela ngaphezu kwe-20% yenkxaso yabavoti. Kodwa, njengoMilosevic, uDjindjic ukwazile ukubamba umthetho we-100% ngeevoti ezingama-20%.
I-TV: Emva kokubulawa kwakhe nge-12 kaMatshi, uninzi lwamajelo eendaba asentshona athatha inxaxheba kuhlobo lwe-Djindjic, emenza ukuba nguye yedwa ojonge phambili, wezopolitiko we-pro-Western kulo mmandla, njengokuphela kwakhe okwaziyo nokuzibophelela ekuziseni. uhlaziyo olunenkqubela, ithemba, kunye nekamva lelizwe. Sele ulubalulile ubungakanani bokungathabathi cala kweempawu ezinjalo, singasathethi ke nge-ajenda ekhaphayo yohlaziyo lwezopolitiko noqoqosho olugqalwa njengoluqinisekisa ikamva lelizwe. Zeziphi ezinye iimpembelelo zokubonakaliswa kwabalinganiswa kunye ne-ajenda yohlaziyo oluphunyezwayo?
AG: UDindjic ufake eyakhe imonopoly yengcamango ethile kuhlaziyo lweneoliberal kunye nohlaziyo. Ingcinga yokuba "ungumguquli wepragmatic," ozama "ukukhokelela iSerbia emnyama nebuyela ngasemva ukuya eYurophu" - loo ngcamango ingenangqondo yaxhaswa ngokukhawuleza kungekuphela nje ngoorhulumente baseNtshona, kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zabahlalutyi, kodwa kwakhona amajelo eendaba aqeqeshekileyo, kunye namalungu engingqi “yomgunyathi†inkcaso: imibutho enempembelelo engeyiyo ekarhulumente (NGOs). I-Neoliberals yayivuyiswe kakhulu kukuba "ubulungisa buye kuzaliseka" kwaye uMilosevic ekugqibeleni wazifumana “apho ahlala khona†(okt eHague). Ngaphaya koko, oonkululeko basekhaya babenovelwano kuluhlu olude lwemithetho kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ecetyiswe ngurhulumente wase-Djindjic (kushishino lwabucala, umsebenzi, irhafu), ukuze kuzise iSerbia kwihlabathi "lobungxowankulu obungqongqo kodwa obunobulungisa."
Ingcinga enjalo yamandla ikhumbuza ngeendlela ezininzi elinye ityala leMpuma Yurophu, lelo lenkulumbuso yaseSlovakia uVladimir Mecijara (1991-1998) “pragmatic, pro-western reform,†ethe ngokukhawuleza yazibonakalisa iyinto engaphaya kokungakhathali. ukuzigcina. I-Mecijara ithathe iminyaka emine ukufumana ulawulo lomthengi kwimithombo yelizwe kunye neendaba zoluntu. Ngenxa yenkqubo esele iphuhlisiwe yabathengi athe wayizuza njengelifa, i-chancellor yase-Serbia yamosha loo ndlela ngokukhawuleza. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokubulawa kwakhe, u-Djindjic wayephethe amandla apheleleyo ezandleni zakhe. Oku kungabi natyala kwamlahlekisela ubomi bakhe.
Ndibonisile ukuba akukho mahluko ubalulekileyo phakathi kwenkqubo kaMilosevic kunye ne-Djindjic. Kwaesi sikhalo sinye, sisuka enzulwini yexesha likaMilosevic, sisaqhubeka sivakala kwinkqantosi yenguqu. Ingqiqo efanayo, ekhohlakeleyo yamandla izalise zombini iinkqubo.
I-TV: Ukubulawa kuka-Djindjic kubonakaliswe kakhulu kumajelo eendaba aseNtshona njengexabiso elibi elihlawulwe ngumntu owayezama ngenkalipho ukulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho olucwangcisiweyo kunye norhwaphilizo lwezopolitiko. Ekubeni ixesha elide ingayihoyi yaye ingayihoyi, kubonakala ngathi uninzi lwamajelo eendaba aseNtshona ngequbuliso afumanisa “ulwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo†njengomba wezobupolitika ekukudala uhlawulelwa wona amaYugoslavia aqhelekileyo. Lithini igama ngaphakathi eSerbia naseMontenegro malunga nezona meko zingqonge ukubulawa kuka-Djindjic?
AG: Iimeko ezahlukeneyo ziye zacetywa ukuchaza ukubulawa kuka-Djindjic. Eyona ebonakala isengqiqweni kum ithi u-Djindjic wenze “isivumelwano esingalunganga nabantu abangalunganga,” isivumelwano ekusenokwenzeka ukuba wasiphula ngokwakhe. Ndiyakholelwa ukuba u-Djindjic uye walandela ngenene waza wazama ukubhangisa iqela elithile labaphuli-mthetho abalungelelanisiweyo, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba babenolwazi oluninzi kulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe olwafunyanwa kwiimfazwe zaseYugoslavia, kwaye badityaniswa nemikhosi yezokhuseleko yaseburhulumenteni. Kodwa isizathu soku asikokuba u-Djindjic wayenezandla ezicocekileyo okanye wayekwiphulo lomnqamlezo lomntu omnye lokususa ilizwe kulwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo. Endaweni yoko, ngenxa yokuba wamisela ngokufanelekileyo amandla apheleleyo, u-Djindjic wayezama ukuqhatha abanye babona bantu wayethe wasebenzisana nabo ukufumana igunya, nabamagama abo anokufumaneka kuluhlu olufunwayo lwe-Hague “inkundla.†Abantu abanjalo abakuxoleli ukuwela kabini kwizivumelwano nezenzo zabo.
Inani elingabalulekanga labantu likwakholelwa ukuba i-Djindjic yaba lixhoba “lomdlalo omkhulu wechess,” apho icwecwe lechess laseJamani – u-Djindjic ngokwakhe, owayebotshelelwe ngokukodwa kwimibutho yezopolitiko yaseJamani – yatshintshelwa nje. enye pro-American. Ndicinga ukuba le nguqulo ayinakwenzeka kakhulu.
I-TV: Singakwazi kangakanani ukudibanisa imeko yangoku yonxunguphalo eSerbia naseMontenegro kwi-geopolitics ebanzi kunye nemeko yehlabathi yonxunguphalo esibonakala siphila phantsi kwayo kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo ngokufika kwemfundiso kaBush?
AG: Ulawulo lwentlalo ngoloyiko olugqithileyo urhulumente alusebenzisayo ukugcina uluntu luphantsi kolawulo lusenokuba luqhelekile kubafundi baseMntla Melika. Oku kubulala kunokuqwalaselwa ngokunzulu njengohlobo lwendawo, inguqulelo yeBalkan yesiphumo se-11 kaSeptemba.
Emva komhla we-11 kuSeptemba ka-2001, iMelika yaziswa kudidi olunye lwemeko yonxunguphalo, eyayisisiqalo semeko yonxunguphalo yehlabathi esisigxina apho ihlabathi liphela lihlala khona namhlanje. Wabonakala ngokucace gca ngomyalelo womkhosi owabhengezwa nguMongameli waseUnited States ngomyalelo we-13 Novemba 2001. Lo myalelo wawuchaphazela imeko yabantu abangengobemi (abo bangenabo ubumi base-US) abarhanelwa ngemisebenzi yobugrogrisi. kwinkundla ekhethekileyo eqesha ukuvalelwa okungapheliyo kunye nokuguqulwa kwabarhanelwa kwiikomishini zomkhosi. I-American Patriot Act ka-Oktobha 26, 2001 yayisele inike igunya kwigqwetha jikelele ukuba libambe nawuphi na "umphambukeli" okrokrelwa ukuba ubeka ingozi kukhuseleko lwesizwe. Ukuqaliswa kwezinto ezintsha kwimiyalelo kaMongameli uBush kulele ekucinyweni ngokupheleleyo kwesimo saba bantu, nakwimveliso kanye yequmrhu elinesimo esisemthethweni esingenako ukuhlelwa ngokupheleleyo, ukuchazwa ngokusemthethweni okanye ukubizwa esidlangalaleni.
Omnye unokuxoxa ngomzekeliso ukuba imeko yonxunguphalo eYugoslavia ngeendlela ezininzi ifana nokuthotywa kweMelika yakutshanje. Abanqolobi (okanye kwimeko yaseSerbia "abaphuli-mthetho abaququzelelweyo") akubona kuphela abahluphekayo, kodwa bonke abo bangavumelani nokuguqulwa kwe-neoliberal bajoliswe kuyo. Urhulumente waseSerbia ubhengeze imfazwe yasekhaya, yokuthintela kubo bonke abemi bayo. Le mfazwe igcwele amaqhinga acacileyo okugxeka ngokwasengqondweni: abemi bayakhuthazwa ukuba bajongane njengabantu abanokukrokrelana kwaye baxelelane amapolisa. Le yayiyinkqubo yasemva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, indlela yolawulo lwentlalo eyaziswa eYugoslavia emva kokuqhawuka kweStalinism ngowe-1948, nokuba, kwimbali yentlalontle yaseYugoslavia kamva, ngelishwa yaba neziphumo ezibi kakhulu.
I-TV: Ucinga ukuba impembelelo yezopolitiko yexesha elizayo yemeko yonxunguphalo iya kuba yintoni eSerbia naseMontenegro emva kokuba iphakanyisiwe? Ukurhoxiswa ngokuyinxenye kwemeko yonxunguphalo kusaxoxwa ngoku, ukanti uninzi lwezopolitiko lubonise ukuba amanyathelo athile anokugcinwa nasemva kokuba inyusiwe. Ngokomzekelo, amapolisa asenokuwagcina amagunya athile awayengenawo ngaphambili. Ngawaphi amathemba ezopolitiko kwixesha elizayo elingekude?
AG: Le meko yonxunguphalo ayikwazi ukusombulula intaphane yeengxaki zentlalo ezikhoyo kwiSerbia yanamhlanje. Iimeko zangoku zentlalo ziyintlekele ngokwenene. Intlupheko iya isiba nzulu kwaye isasazeka ngokubanzi. Inani labantu abangaphangeliyo lisondela kwisigidi sabantu. Suku ngalunye abasebenzi abangaphezu kwe-15,000 bayabonisa. Umyinge wama-70% wabemi uzichaza ukuba ungaphantsi komlinganiselo wentlupheko. Ngomoya omnye, iphunga lobuhlwempu kunye nephunga lokuphelelwa lithemba lisasazeka kulo lonke elaseSerbia. Ubunzulu bokunganeliseki kwabemi abunakubekwa phantsi ngobundlobongela.
Ukuba inkqubo kaMilosevic ibisebenza phantsi kwemfundiso “yokukhetha umntu ngokugunyazisiweyo,” kwaye phantsi kwe-Djindjic sibe “nemodernism yogunyaziso,” ngoko ke le yinkqubo ye-authoritarian idiocy!
Enye intatheli eyaziwayo yabhala le migca ilandelayo kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokubulawa kuka-Djindjic:
“KwiSerbia kaTito, kwakuyingozi ukucinga kuba wawunokuphelela entolongweni. KwiSerbia kaMilosevic, bekuyingozi ukucinga ngoba ungabhengezwa njengomngcatshi. Ingozi yokucinga kwi-Djindic yaseSerbia kukudala iimvakalelo ezigqithisileyo zobulolo kunye nokuzihlukanisa, ukuya kuthi ga ngoku, ukuba ukuhlalisana kwe-post-Milosevic extremist kuyaqhubeka, kukhokelela omnye kumbuzo ongenakuthintelwa: "Ngaba ndingakwazi ukugcina ingqondo yam?"
Kwi-post-Djindjic Serbia, kuyingozi ukucinga ngenxa yokuba unokugqiba entolongweni, unokubhengezwa njengomngcatshi, kwaye nayiphi na imeko, uya kuziswa kwinqanaba lokuzihlukanisa ngokupheleleyo.
U-Andrej Grubacic ungumbhali-mbali kunye nomgxeki wentlalontle evela eBelgrade, Post-Yugoslavia. Unokufikelelwa [imeyile ikhuselwe].
UTamara Vukov uye wabandakanyeka kwi-activism yobulungisa boluntu kunye neendaba ezizezinye (ifilimu / ividiyo, irediyo yoluntu, kunye nemidiya yedijithali) iminyaka elishumi. Ungumfundi onesidanga sobugqirha kwizifundo zosasazo nezonxibelelwano eMontrÈal, QuÈbec. Eyona projekthi yakhe yewebhu yamva nje, iBalkan Mediations (bona http://www.pomgrenade.org), iphonononga imibuzo ephakanyiswe ngabantu baseMntla Melika ngokudubula kwe-NATO ye-1999 yaseKosovo naseYugoslavia. Unokufikelelwa [imeyile ikhuselwe].
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela