Kwiminyaka elishumi okanye edlulileyo, ngexesha le-European Humanitarian adventure kwi-Balkans, uMichael Nicholson, intatheli edumileyo yaseBritani, wabhala "kwiBali likaNatasha" ukuba "Inkohlakalo yabantu baseBalkan ngamanye amaxesha ibiyinto yakudala kangangokuba i-anthropologists baye bafanisa nabo. iYanamamo yaseAmazon, esesinye sezona zizwe zineengcwangu nezineengcwangu ehlabathini.Ukuza kuthi ga ekuqaleni kwale nkulungwane yanamhlanje, bekusekho iingxelo ezivela kwiiBalkans zeentloko zeentshaba ezinqunyulwe iintloko ezinikelwa njengeembasa kumacwecwe esilivere kwisidlo sangokuhlwa soloyiso. ukutya intliziyo yolahleko kunye nesibindi ... "
Ndazalelwa kwintsapho yamakomanisi eBalkan apho asizange sikunandiphe oko kutya. Mhlawumbi ngokungazi, ndiyakrokrela ukuba uninzi lwabazalwana bam abakaze bangcamle nabo. Ke, umbuzo uvela: inokwenzeka njani into yokuba le ndoda ibalaseleyo yaseBritane ikwazi ukuvelisa inkcazo eyothusayo ngolo hlobo?
Okungaphazamisi kangako kukuba, ngenxa yokufuna igama elingcono, uhlalutyo lwentlalo yoluntu olunikelwa yenye indoda ebalaseleyo yoonobumba, uSimon Winchester, kwincwadi yakhe ethi The Fracture Zone: A Return to the Balkans, apho athi โNjenge-peninsula โ ezi zinto zingaqhelekanga. kunye ne-feral Balkans - yinto yangaphandle kwaye ayifani neYurophu iphela, kubemi bayo, abantu basendle baseBalkans, abaguqukela kwinto eyahluka kakhulu kuyo nayiphi na into eqhelekileyo yoluntu. "
Kutshanje, kwelinye icala lolwandle, uMichael Ignatieff, ingcali yezopolitiko ezifundise ngokwakhe kwaye, njengoko uTamara Vukov ebona ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka, kunokwenzeka ukuba yinkulumbuso yaseCanada yexesha elizayo, ubhengeza, ngokunyaniseka okumangalisayo, ithemba ยซUkwakhiwa kwesizwe e-Bosnia, Kosovo, nase-Afghanistan ngenxa yokuba iilabhoratri apho i-imperium entsha iqala khona, apho amandla omkhosi waseMelika, imali yaseYurophu kunye neenjongo zobuntu ziye zadibanisa ukuvelisa uhlobo lolawulo lwasebukhosini emva kweminyaka yobudala. ." Oko kukuthi, kule mimandla ingalawulekiyo yebarbarian yemida yamazwe ahlulekileyo kunye nongquzulwano lobuhlanga, A ยซimpiriyali yethutyana,ยป ngendlela yomsebenzi olinganiselweyo iyimfuneko. "I-Bosnia emva kwe-Dayton yanikezela ngeemeko zebhubhoratri apho kuvavanywa khona ukwakha isizwe," uyaqhubeka, njengoko "ukwakhiwa kwakhona kweeBalkan akuzange kube ngumsebenzi woluntu lomsebenzi wentlalontle, bekusoloko kuyiprojekthi yobukhosi .. kuba "ukwakha isizwe luhlobo lwe-imperialism oyifumanayo kwixesha lamalungelo oluntu."
Sisabela njani kwiingxelo ezinjalo? Sivela phi esi simo sengqondo sigwenxa? Ngoobani aba bantu ukuba bacinge ukuba banokuza "bakhe izizwe zethu?" Kwesi sincoko sifutshane ndiya kunika iingcaciso ezimbini ezicazululayo ezinxulumeneyo. Enye yezopolitiko kwaye enye yeyolwakhiwo. Inkcazo yezopolitiko ihlala kwiintsingiselo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zegama elithi "balkanization." Eyokuqala yile nto ndiza kuyibiza ngokuba yi-balkanisation evela phezulu. Olu hlobo lwe-balkanization, umntu unokuthi, ukusungulwa kwe-European colonial modernity kunye ne-balkanologists yayo. Omnye unokwenza isiqhulo esincinci kwaye acebise ukuba ipolitiki ye-Euro-American kwi-Balkans, ngokwembali, yayikhokelwa zii-B ezintathu: i-balkanization, i-barbarity kunye neebhombu. Abantu baseBalkans bangamabhari, okanye ke lo mgca we-euro-imperial uya, bathanda ukwenza i-balkanize, kwaye ekuphela kwendlela yokuthintela oko kukuqhushumbisa (okanye ukuthengisa iibhombu ukuze bazenzele ngokwabo.)
Ukuba sithatha umbono wembali, ndicinga ukuba sinokuchonga into ethile, okanye, kunoko, yonke into entsonkothileyo yokusabela kwe-elite, ukuba ndiphakamisa ukubiza "i-balkano-phobia yezopolitiko": uloyiko oluphezulu lweendawo ezizimeleyo. I-Balkanization evela phezulu ibekho njengempendulo ye-elite kwiinkqubo ezizimeleyo ukusuka ngaphantsi. Ubukoloniyali baseYurophu banamhlanje bavela, ngaphandle kwenxalenye encinci, ngenxa yempumelelo yokulwa kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwemimandla yesazisi sommandla. Abakhi bombuso baseYurophu ngelo xesha, enyanisweni, babexakeke yidemon yaseBalkans, i-balkanization ithathwa apha ngengqiqo "ye-balkanization evela ezantsi," enye inkqubo yombutho wommandla, ukuhanjiswa korhulumente, ukuzimela komhlaba kunye ne-federalism. . I-Balkanization esuka ngaphantsi, inkqubo yokuhlanjululwa rhoqo kunye nokudibanisa, ibe yinto esongelayo ngokuphawulekayo kwiinkqubo ezivelayo ezinkulu, eziphambili, ezinyanzelisayo. Ngokuyilwa kwale mihla yeBalkanity, iBalkanization (esuka phezulu!) yaba ligama, kunye nesizathu, senkqubo yokuphelisa isoyikiso sezithuba zezopolitiko ezizimeleyo ezingenalo naliphi na igunya elinyanzelwayo elikhethekileyo nelimiselwe ngokusisigxina elahlulwe eluntwini, kunye nelokunyanzelwa. ukuphelisa inkumbulo yommandla kwimizabalazo yayo yokuchasana neyangoku kunye neyokuchasa izibalo.
Ndiyakholelwa ukuba ukuveliswa kwe-"Balkanity" njengengcamango yezopolitiko kunye ne-geo-cultural kufuneka ibekwe ngaphakathi kwendawo yembali ehlelwe yi-Congress ye-1978 eBerlin. Yingxoxo yam yokuba imbali yanamhlanje yeBalkans iqala ngokufanelekileyo kwiNkongolo yaseBerlin- ikhaya "lokukrola iiBalkans," "uMdlalo oMkhulu" kuMbindi weAsia, kunye "neScramble for Africa" โโ-emva koko, njenge. UMaria Todorova ucebisa ukuba, isichazi esithi 'iBalkan' sayeka ukuba "yingcamango yejografi engacacanga kwaye yatshintshwa yaba yenye yezona zinto zixhaphakileyo kwintetho yezopolitiko yaseNtshona."
Kuyathakazelisa ukuqaphela ukuba eli lixesha elifanayo apho uBram Stoker ebhala inoveli yakhe edumileyo yesiGothic, "Dracula." Apha, njengoko uVesna Goldsworthy ebona ngobuchule, singeniswa kwihlabathi elitsha nelingaqhelekanga: "Ilizwe laseDracula limele yonke into elisikizi kuma-Victorian - inkanuko, isini, ubundlobongela obungathintelekiyoโฆ. I-Dracula ayifanele ibulawe nje kuphela kodwa itshatyalaliswe ngokupheleleyo ngabameli abamanyeneyo baseNtshona - iNgesi, i-Dutchman kunye ne-American. . . Umsebenzi wabo wokubuyisela ucwangco kwiiBalkans ubonisa ingcamango eyintsomi yeenzame zasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 neye-20 ngamagunya aseNtshona okumisela uxolo kulo usingasiqithi.โ
Amanyathelo alandelayo ekuchazeni i-balkanization evela phezulu avela ngexesha leMfazwe yokuQala neyesiBini yeBalkan ka-1912 kunye ne-1913, ekukholelwa ngokubanzi ukuba "inika ubungqina obucacileyo bokuziphatha 'kwixesha eliphakathi' kwicala lamaqhawe aseBalkan." Ukufunda amaxwebhu anamhlanje kulula ukubona indlela ekucingelwa ukuba ubundlongondlongo baseBalkan busetyenziswe ngayo njenge-alibi kungenelelo oluzayo lwamagunya aseYurophu ahlala enobubele.
Nangona kunjalo, umzuzu obalulekileyo wokuphuhliswa kwe-balkanization evela phezulu yayiyisenzo sesibindi sikaGavrilo Princip kunye namaqabane akhe ngo-1914. UMisha Glenny ucaphula incwadi edumileyo kaJohn Gunther ethi Inside Europe (1940) "eshwankathela iimvakalelo kweli cala leAtlantiki: impatho embi enganyamezelekiyo kwindalo yomntu neyezobupolitika la mazwe mancinane alusizi nangonwabanga akusingasiqithi weBalkan anokuba neengxabano ezibangela iimfazwe zehlabathi. Abaselula baseMerika abamalunga nekhulu elinamashumi amahlanu lamawaka bafa ngenxa yesiganeko esenzeka ngowe-1914 kwidolophana yaseSarajevo eyayizaliswe ludaka. Izithuko ezonyanyekayo neziphantse zibe namanyala kwiipolitiki zaseBalkan, nezingenakuqondakala kubafundi baseNtshona, zisabalulekile kuxolo lweYurophu, mhlawumbi nehlabathi lonke.โโ Ingcamango yobukoloniyali kaStocker yahlala ihleli nokumkanikazi weencwadi eziyimfihlelo. Iitshimini, uAgatha Christie ubonisa umlimi 'waseHerzoslovakian', uBoris Anchoukoff, 'enezidlele eziphakamileyo zeSlavonic, kunye namehlo aphuphayo anenzondelelo yempambano.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuqaphela ukuba igama elithi 'Balkans,' kunye "nogqatso lwabaphangi," lalingazange lisetyenziswe ngexesha lamaKomanisi. Amane kula mazwe afakwe kwibinzana elithi 'iMpuma Yurophu' ngelixa iGrisi neTurkey 'yayiyi-Nato's southern flank'. Akuzange kwenzeke ngamabona-ndenzile ukuba xa iYugoslavia yawayo ngowe-1991, kwaphinda kwavela igama elithi Balkans. Ngexesha elifanayo njengoko "iiBalkans ezikhohlakeleyo" zaphinda zaziswa, intsomi ye-propaganda yokwenziwa kwe-artificiality ye-Yugoslavia yangaphambili, kunye "nemvelaphi emnyama yeBalkan," yavela kwi-woodwork ye-metropolitan academia.
Namhlanje, kweli xesha litsha lokudityaniswa, iiBalkans, ezazisakuba yiYugoslavia, kunye ne-balkanization zithiwe thaca kwaye ziqikelelwa kwimbono yehlabathi njengento engento ngaphandle kwentsalela yembali "yobuzwe bamandulo," kwaye kwakhona ibeka isoyikiso kuburhulumente baseYurophu. ngexesha leNkongolo yaseBerlin- kumbindi wayo. I-EU ayizinziswanga ngenxa yethemba lommandla onemvukelo yezopolitiko, ngaphakathi, kunye nokuchasene, ne-impire agglomeration. Phulaphula amazwi enkulumbuso yaseHungary: โIingxaki zamaRomany azitshixwanga kumhlaba wamazwe angamalungu e-EU, kuba ukuhamba kwabantu ngokukhululekileyo kuthetha ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo kweengxaki zentlaloโ. Le yi-balkanization evela phezulu, i-pacification "yentshukumo yamahhala yeengxaki zentlalo".
Kulusuku lwam lokuba zombini inkulungwane ye-19 yasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX kunye ne-neoliberal bureaucratic yaseYurophu zakhiwe ngokuchasene kunye nenkcaso kwiiBalkans. Kukho ukuqhubeka kwembali phakathi kweBerlin neLisbon. Indlela eya kuzo zombini ikhokelela kwiiBalkans kwaye, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ukutyhubela indawo eyayisakuba yiYugoslavia kunye nelali yodaka yaseSarajevo, namhlanje kwakhona iphantsi kolawulo โloluntu lwezizwe ngezizweโ oluhlala lulindile.
Inkcazo yesibini yesimo sengqondo esithile seYurophu yanamhlanje/yobukoloniyali ngokubhekiselele kwiiBalkans isika nzulu kakhulu. Into endayibiza ngokuba "yimveliso ye-Balkanity" isembindini we-universalism yaseYurophu. Iprojekthi ye-universalism yanamhlanje / yobungxowankulu yaseYurophu, ibandakanya, njenge "linye icala", ukuveliswa kweeBalkans, apho iiBalkan zafunyanwa njengophawu lwento yonke engaqondakaliyo kunye nesongelo kwinkcubeko yaseYurophu. IiBalkans zaba "yiYurophu yasendle," i-labyrinth ebambekayo, entsonkothileyo ehlala zizidalwa zesono, iintlanga ezisileyo, ezingakwaziyo ukuzilawula, indawo esembindini wobumnyama baseYurophu. Indawo engaphandle, ukuba isemnyango, apho abantu kufuneka bashumayele khona egameni lemisebenzi yempucuko, amalungelo oluntu kunye noluntu. Le ziiBalkans njengomngxuma ozitshabalalisayo kwimbali yehlabathi, uvimba ongenasiphelo wobundlobongela nokungakhathali, njengomsantsa osisidubedube kwixesha lehlabathi. Le nto yenkcubeko ayinakugqithiswa.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iqela lee-progressive and radical balkanologists liqalise iinzame ezinzulu zokulungisa i-epistemological centrism ye-European scholarship. UMilica Bakic Hayden, umzobo welizwe lengqiqo lika-Edward Said le-Orientalism kunye nokumisa iiBalkans kolu didi lwenkcazo yembali, wazisa i-heuristic entsha ye-"nesting orientalism" njengokwahluka kumxholo we-orientalist. UMaria Todorova uphinda abone iimpawu ezahlukeneyo kubume obakhiweyo baseBalkan, hayi "nje njengenxalenye ye-orientalism," kodwa "njenge-rhetorical paradigm ethile." Kukho i-trajectory ezimeleyo ekuchazeni ukumelwa kwe-hegemonic ye-peninsula, ethi "i-balkanism". Ngokuqonda ngakumbi, uTamara Vukov kutsha nje wenze ungenelelo kule ngxoxo kuhlalutyo lwakhe oluluncedo lwe-"neo-balkanism," apho abeka khona iiBalkans kwinyani yembali yobungxowankulu behlabathi.
Ngelixa ndisamkela olu tshintsho lubalulekileyo lwembono, kwaye ndivuma ixabiso lophando olukhankanywe ngasentla, utyekelo lwam kukunxulumanisa ixesha/isithuba sembali ethile kwiiBalkans kwiinkqubo zobukoloniyali bobungxowankulu behlabathi obuchazwa ngu-Anibal Quijano โnjengobukoloniyali bamandla.โ Ubukoloniyali bamandla, ngokutsho kweQuijano, bucingela imodeli entsha yamandla ehlabathi, ukusungulwa kwenkqubo yehlabathi yokuqala yanamhlanje / yobukoloniyali / yobungxowankulu, eyakhiwe malunga nombono wobuhlanga. Ngelixa kunokwenzeka ukuqonda imbali yobundlobongela obuchazwayo baseYurophu obunyanzeliswe "iTurkey yaseYurophu" njengenye ye "nesting orientalisms," kubonakala kum kungenakwenzeka ukuqonda imbali yeBalkans, emva kokuveliswa kwayo emva kweNkongolo yaseBerlin. , ngaphandle kwemodeli entsha ye-hegemonic yehlabathi kunye neteknoloji yamandla, ekhoyo ukususela kwi-Conquest of the Americas, echaza ubuhlanga kunye nomsebenzi, indawo kunye nabantu, ngokweemfuno zenkunzi kunye nenzuzo yabantu baseYurophu. Kubalulekile, ngokokubona kwam, ukuwuthathela ingqalelo ngakumbi umahluko ka-Enrique Dussells phakathi "kwezinto ezimbini zanamhlanje": enye ethi "i-Eurocentric, iphondo kunye nengingqi," kunye nenye ejoliswe kwihlabathi kwaye iquka "nelinye icala." ," leyo "eyayilawulwa, ixhatshazwa, kwaye ifihliwe." UDussell ugxininisa ukuba kufuneka "sikhanyele ubumsulwa bezinto zanamhlanje," kuba "ngokuqinisekisa ukutshintshwa kolunye (okwakunqatshelwe ngaphambili), kunokwenzeka "ukufumanisa" okwesihlandlo sokuqala "elinye icala" elifihliweyo. ixesha langoku: ilizwe lobukoloniyali elijikelezileyo, abantu bomthonyama ababingelweyo, abantu abamnyama abakhotyokisiweyo, umfazi ocinezelweyo, usana olwahlulwayo, inkcubeko ethandwayo engaziwayo: amaxhoba ale mihla, bonke bengamaxhoba esenzo esingekho ngqiqweni esichasene nembono yale mihla yokuqiqa. ." Ubiza le projekthi ngokuthi "i-transmodernity," "iprojekthi yehlabathi jikelele yenkululeko yokuziphatha apho utshintsho, olwaluyinxalenye kunye nenxalenye yale mihla, luya kukwazi ukufeza." Ukutshintsha kunye "nokungaphandle" kweeBalkans, kunye nabemi "abamhlophe kodwa abangekho ncam", akufuneki kucingelwe njengendawo ecocekileyo yangaphandle, engachukunyiswanga yile mihla. Ibhekisa kumphandle omiswe ngokuchanekileyo njengomahluko ngeenkqubo ze-hegemonic.
Ndiyathemba ukuba zonke ezi ndlela zinganceda ukwazisa isakhelo esitsha sengqiqo yokuqonda yamva nje kwaye hayi yamva nje yokudibana kwezembali ze ยซbalkanistยป kunye neengxoxo zobuzwe. Ukuze sitshintshe iiBalkans kufuneka siqale ukucinga ngenye indlela malunga neeBalkans. Apha ndingathanda ukucebisa ukuba ukuqonda okunjalo kufuna eyakhe iprojekthi yophando ehlangeneyo kunye nenkululeko, iprojekthi yokucinga ngenye indlela ukusuka ngaphandle komda womda, kwaye oko kunokubizwa ngokuba "i-balkanology ukusuka ngezantsi." Le nkqubo yophando yenkululeko iya kuba negalelo ekuphuhliseni, ukusuka kweli cala "kwelinye icala lexesha langoku," into uArturo Escobar ayibiza ngokuba "enye indlela yokucinga, i-paradigma otro, ithuba lokuthetha "ngehlabathi kunye nolwazi ngenye indlela." ii-balkanologists, eziququzelelwe kuluntu olunjalo lweengxoxo, zinokuzuza kakhulu kumsebenzi wengqondo weqela elibizwa ngokuba yi-modernity/coloniality, elimelwe nguQuijano, Dussel, Mignolo, kunye nabanye abaphengululi be-activist. Kuya kuba yimpazamo engathandekiyo ukubona umsebenzi ochukumisayo weli qela njengengcamango yeLatina America, kunokuba "njengenye indlela yokucinga ephikisana neengxelo ezinkulu zanamhlanje (ubuKristu, inkululeko, kunye neMarxism); Ingxelo ethi "ibeka uphando lwayo kwimida yeendlela zokucinga kwaye ifikelele ekucingeni kwendlela yokucinga engeyiyo eye-eurocentric." Kwangaxeshanye, ekuvuleni amandla amakhulu okucinga ukusuka kumahluko kunye nomgaqo-siseko welizwe elingelinye lasekhaya nelengingqi, kwaye kuthathelwe ingqalelo amandla eembali zengingqi kunye nethiyori yokucinga ngokusuka kwipraksis yezopolitiko yamaqela angaphantsi, ii-balkanologists ezinkulu ziyakwenza. kakuhle ukulandela kumanyathelo kaPeter Linenbaugh, uMarcus Reideker kunye nabanye ababhali-mbali abavela ngezantsi abaye bazama ukufumana umkhondo we "hydra enentloko ezininzi" yabavukeli kunye nabavukeli, kunye namabali afihlakeleyo emizabalazo ethandwayo ngaphesheya kweAtlantiki yabasebenzi. Imbali entle, eqaqambileyo ye-anti-authoritarian Balkans izele yimizabalazo yabaphangi kunye nabaphangi bomhlaba, ยซhajduks, uskoci, klefte,ยป ii-bogumils kunye nama-partisans, abavukeli kunye nabavukeli bezolimo bazo zonke iintlobo, zonke zingaqondwa kakuhle ngamaKomanisi kunye nababhali-mbali belizwe ngokufanayo. Le projekthi, ye-balkanology ukusuka ngezantsi, inokuthi icingelwe njengenkqubo yoluleko (Wallerstein) okanye i-un-disciplinary (Escobar), kunye namalungu avela kwiinkalo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, "ukungaqeqesheki kwiinkalo," kunye nokuseka intsimi enye funda. Oku kunokusinceda sifunde indlela yokukhulula ixesha lethu elidlulileyo kunye nekamva lethu "kwisibuko se-Eurocentric apho umfanekiso wethu uhlala, ngokuqinisekileyo, ugqwethiwe."
Sele ndiyichazile i-balkanization ukusuka ngezantsi njengengxelo egxininisa ubudlelwane bentlalo kunye nenkcubeko, kunye namasiko afanayo ngenxa yokuncedana kwezizwe ngezizwe kunye nobumbano, kwaye kukhokelela kwinto enokuthiwa yi-inter-ethnic self-activity, enye eyaqhawulwa ngongenelelo lwe-Euro-colonial. KwiiBalkans, i-hydra enentloko ezininzi inenkqubo yayo yezopolitiko kunye nombono. Igama lalo mbono ngumanyano lweBalkan. Kukho imiboniso emibini ephambili yale nkqubo, enye endiya kuyibiza ngokuba yi-federalism evela phezulu, ngokusekwe kwimbono yamazwe amanyeneyo obusoshiyali, kwaye enye ixhomekeke kumgaqo othe tyaba we "organic commonwealth", "yoluntu oluthile," ยปukuba ndiya kuyibiza i-federalism ukusuka ngezantsi.
Enye yamazwi okuqala e-Balkan federalism ikhankanywa ngumbhali-mbali ongumGrike uLoukis Hassiotis, osikhumbuza ngeenzame zokuqala zama-radicals aseBalkan owathi, ngo-1865, waseka iDemocratic Eastern Federation kunye "nomxube wayo we-syncretic wedemokhrasi, i-socialist kunye neengcamango zelizwe." Ukususela kulo mzuzu ukuya phambili, imbali ye-Balkan federalism iyahlukana. Umgca omnye wophuhliso uya kukhokelela kumaqela aphakamileyo ezopolitiko kunye nenkcubeko yamazwe aseBalkan ahlala eyamkela iingcamango ze-federalism. U-Hassiotis ubhala ukuba "Abezopolitiko be-Conservative kunye nenkululeko, kunye nookumkani (njengoKumkani u-Otto waseGrisi kunye noMilan Obrenovic waseSerbia), ngokufutshane kwaye ngokungaqhelekanga baziveza njengabaxhasi bolunye uhlobo lwe-federalism." Ngokunjalo, umanyano oluvela phezulu lubonakaliswa kwipolitiki yamaqela obukomanisi. Phantse onke amaqela amaKomanisi ngaphambi kwemfazwe ayenomanyano lweBalkan (umanyano lwamazwe obusoshiyali) njengenxalenye, okanye eyona nto iphambili kwiinkqubo zabo. Kule vein, eyona nzame ibalulekileyo federalist inokufunyanwa kwiiNkomfa zeBalkan zexesha interwar, kunye nezicwangciso Tito kaThixo federalist kanye emva WWII.
Kukho omnye, umgca onomdla kakhulu ekufuneka uwulandele kuphuhliso lwe-Balkan federalism. Kwaziwa kakuhle ukuba uninzi lwe-anarchists lwathatha inxaxheba kwimvukelo yaseBosnia-Herzegovina kunye neBulgaria (1875-78). UMalatesta akazange aphumelele kwiinzame zakhe zokungena eBosnia, kodwa ugxa wakhe uStepniak wayenjalo kwaye wasishiyela ubungqina obubalulekileyo malunga nomzabalazo ochasene nama-Ottomans. Ngaphezu koko, ubhala uHassiotis, "oonontlalontle bathatha inxaxheba kwintshukumo yokuzimela geqe kweMacedonian (Boatmen, Revolutionary Macedonian Organisation), kunye nemvukelo echasene neOttoman eKrete, kwanakwimfazwe yamaGrike neyaseTurkey ngo-1897. Abanye bamasocialist achasene nomthetho, njengoSvetozar Markovic okanye uBotev, baxhasa umanyano lweBalkan olwakhiwe ukusuka ngezantsi, umanyano olungenammiselo oluya kuziseka njengesiphumo soguquko lwentlalo hayi amalungiselelo aphakathi kwaye luya kusekwa kumbutho womanyano wemveli yaseMazantsi. Uluntu lwezolimo lweSlavic. Kwiphephandaba le-anarchist ฮรฮฟฮฝ ฮฆฯฯ (UkuKhanya okuTsha) ukusuka ePyrgos sifunda, kwinqaku elimalunga neKrete, ukuba ยซthina, abavukeli bexesha elizayo, akufanele sibe ngabavukeli belizwe kunye nenkolo, kufuneka sibe ngabaguquli bezentlalo kunye namazwe ngamazwe. Ekuphela kweentshaba zethu ngoozwilakhe bezoqoqosho nabangoozwilakhe bayo nayiphi na inkolo. Kwanele ngokulwela iiflegi kunye neempawu. Lixesha lokuba silwele inkululeko yethu yezopolitiko, yezoqoqosho neyentlalo ngokubanzi. "
Le migca ye-anarchists yamaGrike yaphantse yalityalwa emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi. Kodwa ke yayiyinyani yomanyano oluvela phezulu, njengoko iMfazwe ebandayo kunye nokuqhawuka komanyano lukaStalin-Tito, kwaye ekugqibeleni ukutshatyalaliswa kweYugoslavia kwayenza yayinto engenakwenzeka. Namhlanje, emva kokoyikeka kobusoshiyali be-bureaucratic, emva kweziqephu ezininzi zobundlobongela bobuhlanga nobuzwe, kumabhodlo e-eurocentered neoliberalism ndikholelwa ukuba kubalulekile ukuba sivuselele umanyano oluthe tye. Sime kwisithethe eside nesimangalisayo.
Phambi kokuba ndityholwe ngokupeyinta umfanekiso oqaqambe kakhulu, makhe ndithethe amazwi ambalwa malunga nenye i-dichotomy ebuhlungu ebhalwe kwimbali ye-peninsula, ephakathi kobuzwe kunye nokuzimela kwengingqi phakathi kwezizwe ngezizwe. Imbali yeeBalkans ayisiyombali nje yentsebenziswano phakathi kwezizwe ngezizwe. Ikwayimbali enegazi lempatho-mbi yobuzwe esijongene nayo, ezenzakele. Akunjalo nakwenye indawo eYurophu, mhlawumbi, kwaye kungekhona ngaphandle kwenkuthazo evela ngaphandle, kodwa nangona kunjalo ngokwenene. Umlawuli onguzwilakhe oNxele kwiiBalkans, kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwenkani "kulawulo lwesizwe," kunye nenkxaso yesimo selizwe njengenqanaba eliyimfuneko kwinkululeko yentlalo, yadlala indima embi ekuchazeni isikhundla sobuzwe. Andithandi ukuqondwa kakubi apha. Xa ndisithi ndithethelele i-regionalism kunye ne-pluri-culturalism, okanye ukuba ndigxeka imodeli ye-Jacobin ye-mono-cultural state, andithethi ukuba sinokuyiphepha imiba yobundlobongela yexesha elidlulileyo lethu lobuzwe. Kufuneka sijongane kwangalaa moya mnye uloyiko olusityelelwe lubundlobongela be-Euro-colonial kunye nezenzo zethu zenkohlakalo. Ukuze ixesha elidlulileyo libe ngumgaqo wesenzo ngoku kufuneka siyeke ukuhlala kwixesha elidlulileyo kwaye endaweni yoko siyidibanise kwixesha langoku ngendlela ekhululayo. Ukuze kwakhiwe i-pluri-cultural Balkans okwangoku kufuneka kukhululwe kwixesha elidlulileyo. Kufuneka kucace ukuba andikhuthazi ukucinywa kwexesha elidlulileyo, kodwa umsebenzi wokukhumbuza njengenxalenye yomsebenzi wenkululeko. Oku akunakwenziwa ngokwamkela naluphi na uhlobo oluthile, ubuhlanga okanye ummandla. Ndilandela u-Achile Mbembe, ndingathanda ukuboleka igama lale projekthi isoloko ingagqitywanga, izele kukungavisisani kunye nokungavisisani, nto leyo eyamkelayo kwaye igqithise umbuzo wokuchaneka, kwaye ndiyibize ngokuba yi-balkanopolitanism-indlela yokuba usuka kwiiBalkans ezichazwe ngokuvuleleka Umahluko kunye nokugqwesa kobuzwe. I-Balkanopolitanism, njengeprojekthi yengingqi, ifuna amava amatsha ngenkuthalo, igatya "iindawo ezivalelweyo kunye nemvelaphi yazo yenkcubeko," yayiza kudlula ubuzwe beBalkan ngokufuna ukwazi abantu basemzini kunye nokuvuleleka kumxube, "ukwamkela, ngolwazi olupheleleyo iinyani, ukungaqhelekanga, ubuzwe kunye nokuba kude, ukukwazi ukubona ubuso bomntu kulowo wasemzini kwaye wenze uninzi lweempawu zokuba kude ngokusondeleyoโฆ Ukubotshwa kwendawo, ngoko iBalkanopolitanism iya kuba sisipho esixabisekileyo kwiprojekthi ye-universalism yehlabathi, apho, ngamazwi kaSenghor, ihlabathi libe yindawo yokuhlangana yokupha kunye nokwamkela (rendez-vous du donner et du recevoir).
Kodwa umbandela welizwe unokusingathwa njani ngendlela ecwangciseke ngakumbi? Ndiyakholelwa ukuba ubuzwe bunokuphendulwa kuphela ngaphakathi kwesakhelo sommandla, kwaye ndiyakholelwa ukuba iiBalkans zinokubonelela ngemodeli enye iYurophu, iYurophu ye-balkanized yemimandla, njengenye indlela kuzo zombini i-European super-state kunye nesizwe. I-balkanization yeYurophu yayiza kusekelwa kwipolitiki yemimandla ezimeleyo kunye nobuninzi beenkcubeko. Ndibona ummandla, iqumrhu elikhe lachithwa sisizwe esisembindini kunye ne-capitalism, njengesiseko sohlaziyo kunye nokwakhiwa kwakhona kobomi bezentlalo kunye nezopolitiko zaseYurophu. Ndivumelana nethemba likaKropotkin xa elindele "ixesha apho icandelo ngalinye le-federation, i-federation yamahhala yasemaphandleni kunye nezixeko ezikhululekile, kwaye ndiyakholelwa ukuba intshona yeYurophu nayo iya kuhamba kweli cala."
Ngoko ibiya kuba njani le manyano yaseBalkan, engenamazwe namazwe?
Ndicinga ukuba abavukeli abatsha baseBalkan kufuneka bamkele kwaye bakhusele iprojekthi yomanyano lwangoku lweBalkan njengenye ye-radical decolonization, pluri-culturality, utshintsho lwentlalo ukusuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu, olufanayo ukuya, kunye nonxibelelwano olusebenzayo kunye neeprojekthi zangoku njenge-pluri- Ipolitiki yobuzwe yabantu bomthonyama beAndean Federation, iAnarchists ngokuchasene noDonga kuMbindi Mpuma, okanye iintshukumo ezisuka eAfrika ezicula zithi "singamahlwempu."
Le Balkans, ingengobungxowankulu okanye i-bureaucratic-socialistic, iya kuba luluntu oludlula ubuhlanga kunye ne-balkanopolitan, i-pluri-culturalist imbonakalo, imbonakalo eyayikho ngaphambili kodwa yalahleka ekudityanisweni kwayo kwisikhokelo sombuso wesizwe, imbonakalo evuma ukuphindaphinda nokuphindaphindana. Izazisi kunye nomanyano oluphawulwa ukwanda kunye nobuninzi, imbonakalo eqaphela umanyano oluveliswe ngaphandle komahluko. Oku kuya kuba yi-Balkans esekelwe kwintsebenziswano ngokuzithandela kunye nokuncedisana, idemokhrasi ngokuthe ngqo yeendibano zengingqi kunye nemibutho yedolophu, imibutho ekhululekile "ezandisayo kwaye igubungele yonke isebe lemisebenzi yabantu," kunye noqoqosho oluzilawulayo kunye nocwangciso lokuthatha inxaxheba, olucwangcisiweyo. ngaphakathi kwesakhelo sommandla womanyano oluchithwa ngurhulumente.
Ukwakha ihlabathi elinjalo bekuya kufuna uhlobo olutsha lwezopolitiko ukusuka ngaphantsi. Kufuneka kucace ukuba ngezopolitiko ndithetha into ephilayo, yengxoxo, ekwabelwana ngayo kunye nenxaxheba yoluntu oluzilawulayo, kwaye hayi i-statecraft, iseti yemisebenzi esekelwe ekuthinjweni kwamandla kaRhulumente kwaye eyenzeka ngezopolitiko. iqela, okanye nawuphi na umbutho wezopolitiko oxelisa uRhulumente kwintlangano yakhe. Ndithetha ngezopolitiko ezichasene nolawulo oluyi-utopian, ngengqiqo yokuba ibhiyozela ingcamango yezopolitiko kunye nokuzama ukuzisa ukuba kubekho amanye amathuba obukho bomntu, lowo uthatha imbono engaphaya kwenikiweyo, kwaye uyala ukulungelelaniswa kwengcamango. okwenyani, ukulungelelaniswa kweendlela ezimiselweyo zobukoloniyali kunye norhulumente wesizwe. Ndithetha ngepolitiki entsha, ebuyiselweyo yokuncedana, umanyano, ukuzazi ngokwenkcubeko, kunye nenkululeko.
Iguqulelwe ekusebenzeni, oku kusondele kakhulu kwinkcazo ka-Uri Gordon ye-Anarchists Against the Wall kunye nelali yentsebenziswano ye-transethnic yase-Neve Shalom, yomibini imizekelo "yokugcinwa koxolo" kuMbindi Mpuma: "Inqaku, nangona kunjalo, isiseko somhlaba inkqubo ngokwayo. Ukuthetha ngokwenyani, ke, sijonge kwimisebenzi yamaqela kunye noluntu olunokuthi lungcolise inkqubo yoxolo lwamanani kunye ne-ajenda ecokisekileyo yotshintsho lwentlalo. Ziziphi izizathu ze-ajenda, kwimbono ye-anarchist, ingxabano yokuba ukudala uxolo lokwenene kufuna ukudala kunye nokukhuthaza iindawo zezopolitiko eziququzelela intsebenziswano ngokuzithandela kunye nokuncedisana (phakathi kwamaSirayeli namaPalestina). " Ukufuduka kwiiBalkans zobuzwe kunye nokuxhaphazwa ukuya kwiiBalkans (ezidibeneyo) zobumbano kunye nomzabalazo kunokwenzeka kuphela kwimeko yokukhaphana kwezizwe ngezizwe kunye nemizabalazo ebambekayo ebonisa "isisombululo esingenambuso" somdibaniso wommandla. Intshukumo yokuLwa kweNkululeko eSerbia, iintshukumo ezichasene nogunyaziso kunye namaqela afudukayo afana neClandestina eGrisi, kunye nemibutho ye-anarchist yaseBulgaria ngamanye amatyala abalulekileyo. Kodwa sifuna ezininzi ngakumbi.
Thina, "abaguquleli bexesha elizayo," kufuneka sibuyele, kwaye sakhe phezu kwayo, eyona ndawo ixabisekileyo kwimbali yethu, kwaye lowo ngumbono wenkcubeko yezizwe ngezizwe, ngokwenene, i-trans-ethnic, i-anti-authoritarian. . Kufuneka siqonde ihlazo elithwala igama elithi "Balkans" kwaye siphinde siphinde siphinde siphinde siphinde siphinde siphinde sihlolisise ingcamango yalo. Uhlobo loluntu esithetha ngalo lunokwenzeka kuphela kwisakhelo se-Balkan Federation, ngaphandle kombuso, nangaphaya kwesizwe. Ihlabathi apho uninzi lwehlabathi lufanelekile. Ukuba oku akuyonyani yethu namhlanje, kulandela ukuba umsebenzi wethu, umsebenzi wethu kuphela, kukulwela ukuyenza inyaniso yethu ngomso.
*UAndrej Grubacic ulilungu leGlobal Balkans. I-Global Balkans yi-activist yophando, i-media, kunye nenethiwekhi eququzelelayo esebenza kwindawo kunye nentsebenziswano kunye nemibutho yentlalo yaseBalkan ukuphanda, ukupapasha kunye nefuthe kwimizabalazo yezopolitiko, yentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho kwindawo yangaphambili yeYugoslavia kunye nommandla weBalkan ngokubanzi. Sisebenzela ukwakha inethiwekhi yezizwe ngezizwe, i-anti-nationalist, i-anti-capitalist, kunye ne-anti-authoritarian ene-pan-Balkan kunye ne-internationalist view (ngoku esekelwe eSan Francisco, eToronto, naseMontreal). Sinokufikelelwa kwi-globalbalkans[ku]gmail.com
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Nikela