Bendifunda ijenali ye-EU namhlanje, ndicinga ukuba ibiyiyo Frankfurter Rundschau, xa inqaku elinomdla latsala ingqalelo yam. Abaphathiswa bezokhuselo baseYurophu badibana kwidolophu yaseJamani iWiesbaden ukuxoxa รขโฌลiSakhiwo sikarhulumente kwiNtshona yeBalkansรขโฌ . UJavier Solana uya kuba lapho, kunye noHloniphekileyo uNobhala Jikelele we-NATO. Ingxaki engundoqo la manene aseYurophu aza kujongana nayo liqela รขโฌลimingeni kulwakhiwo lukarhulumente eNtshona yeBalkansรขโฌ . Nangona oko kubizwa ngokuba luthethwano malunga nokuzimela kwe-Kosovo zisaqhuba- ezokwenene phakathi kweYurophu, i-US, neRashiya, kunye nezo zisesikweni phakathi kwe-colonial elite yaseSerbia ne-Kosovo- enye yeengongoma zengxoxo yindlela yokuxoxisana. ququzelela iKosovo ezimeleyo. Apha sidibana nenkcazo entsha yentsingiselo yeengxoxo kwiYurophu ephucukileyo: injongo yeengxoxo phakathi "kwezizwe ezincinci" kukuxoxisana uze ufikelele kwisigqibo esele senziwe yi-euro-izizwe ezibalulekileyo. Kwakhona kubonakala ngathi kuya kubakho amajoni angama-2,500 eBosnia endaweni ye-6,500. Ilungile loo nto. Kodwa eli nqaku liphetha ngengqikelelo embi kakhulu: รขโฌลamaxesha anzima kwisakhiwo sikarhulumente kwintshona yeBalkans angaphambiliรขโฌ .
Ndicinga ukuba ndiyasiqonda indawo malunga nejografi entsha. Ileyibhile ethi "Western Balkans" yeyokugqibela kwiinzame zokuphambukisa iintsingiselo ezichasene nobukoloniyali kule peninsula iziphatha kakubi. Ukuthiywa ngokutsha kweeBalkans kunembali ende nenika umdla. Ukususela kwi-Balkanologists yase-Austro-Hungarian ukuya kwiingcali zeSebe likaRhulumente namhlanje, ukusuka eMzantsi Mpuma Yurophu ukuya kwi-Western Balkans, ingcamango yayihlala ifana: ukuchithwa kweBalkans, ngenjongo yolwimi olungathathi hlangothi luluncedo. UMongameli waseMelika uClinton wayecace gca malunga nenyaniso yokuba รขโฌลiYurophu ayinayo enye indlela ngaphandle kokuzisa ummandla wonke woMzantsi-Mpuma Yurophu kusapho lwaseYurophuรขโฌยฆ. kwaye idebalkanise iiBalkans kube kanyeรขโฌ - nokuba oku kuthatha "ukuqhubhisa ii-fuckers". (URichard Holbrooke)
Omnye unokubuza ukuba kutheni le nto iyimfuneko kangaka. Iingcali zibonakala ngathi ziyavumelana, kungenxa yeendlela ezikhohlakeleyo nezikhohlakeleyo zabantu bakwiiBalkans, iindlela ezifuna ukulungiswa kunye nempucuko. Nangona kunjalo, abavumelani malunga nomthombo รขโฌลinkohlakalo yemveloรขโฌ . Ngokutsho kukaRobert Kaplan, umbhali we<em>Balkan Ghosts, kukungabikho kokukhanya: โEli (iiBalkans) yayilihlabathi eligutyungelwe lixesha: iqonga elimfiliba apho abantu babenomsindo, baphalaze igazi, babe nemibono nemincili. Ukanti amazwi abo ahlala eqinile yaye ethe qelele, njengelitye eliqingqiweyo elinothuli.โ
Abanye, njengenye intatheli edumileyo yaseBritani, babekekโ ityala ngokuziphatha okuhle: รขโฌลInkohlakalo yabantu baseBalkan maxa wambi iye yaba yeyobudenge kangangokuba izazi ngendalo ziye zabafanisa neYanamamo yaseAmazon, esinye sezizwe zehlabathi ezikhohlakeleyo nezingakhathali. Ukuza kuthi ga ekuqalekeni kwale nkulungwane yangoku, xa iYurophu iphela yayizixhalabele kakhulu isimilo soluntu njengohlaziyo lwentlalo, kwakusekho iingxelo ezivela kwiiBalkans zeentloko zotshaba ezinqunyulwe iintloko ezaziboniswa njengembasa kumacwecwe esilivere kwisidlo sangokuhlwa soloyiso. Kwaye kwakungaziwa ukuba abaphumeleleyo badle intliziyo nesibindi solahlekileyoโฆ Iincwadi zembali zibonisa oko njengelizwe lokubulala nokuziphindezela ngaphambi kokuba amaTurkey afike kwaye emva kwexesha elide emkile.
Umbhali wencwadi emangalisayo Ukuqamba uRuitania, U-Vesna Goldsworthy, uwubiza lo mgca wengxoxo รขโฌลubuhlanga obungenantsingiseloรขโฌ . Ndiyavumelana nenxalenye yocalucalulo, kodwa kufuneka nditsho ukuba andiboni nto ithile. Goldsworthy ucaphula omnye owayesakuba ngummeli weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo eKosovo owabhala kwiTyena Guardian ukuba ukulawula iKosovo kufana โnokunxibisa umntwana: umnika ibhulukhwe yezoqoqosho, ihempe yemfundo, ibhatyi yedemokhrasi, njalo njalo. Yaye ngalo lonke elo xesha, umntwana ufuna ukubaleka aze adlale ngaphandle ngeebhulukhwe zangaphantsi. Ukuba siyayivumela, inokuzilimaza ngokwayoโ. Ngaba iibhulukhwe zangaphantsi zingunobangela wengxaki yeBalkan?
USimon Winchester akayi kuvuma. Ucinga ukuba yinto enento yokwenza neentaba: รขโฌลYayiyintoni kanye kanye le yayiphawule losingasiqithi, lo mmandla ukhethekileyo weentaba namathafa, imiqolomba kunye nemisinga, wawenza igama lentetho, ngokoqobo, ngobutshaba. nentiyo? Ngawaphi amandla ebesebenza ngokwenene apha?โฆAmatyathanga amabini (okt intaba) atyhoboza omnye komnye ukuze adale indawo yokuqhekeka kwejoloji eyathi yaba sisikhokelo sokuziphatha okwaphukileyo kwabo babeza kuhlala phezu kwayo kamva.โ Kwaye nje "ezi Balkans zingaqhelekanga kwaye feral" - yinto engaqhelekanga kwaye ayifani neYurophu iphela, abemi bayo, "abantu basendle nabachasayo baseBalkan," bahluke ngokusisiseko (kunye ne-anthropologically!): Ukuhlala kwindawo enjalo ixesha elide mhlawumbi bekuya kuguqukela ekubeni yinto eyahluka kakhulu, elungileyo okanye egulayo, kuyo nayiphi na into eqhelekileyo ebantwini. Izandi ezikholisayo.
Nangona zonke ezi zimvo zeengcali ezibalaseleyo zikhanya kakhulu, ngokombono wam nguGeorge Kennan oye wasondela enyanisweni. U-Kennan wayengumntu ophambili kumgaqo-nkqubo wase-US wokuqulatha, kwaye enye yeengcali zokuqala kunye neziphambili zase-US zeBalkan. Waye waqaphela iMbali njengobunzima obubalulekileyo abantu baseYurophu abaphucukileyo nabaseMelika abachasene nayo:
โInto esichasene nayo sisibakala esilusizi sokuba uphuhliso lwaloo mihla yangaphambili, ingekuphela nje kwezo zolawulo lwaseTurkey kodwa nezangaphambili, zaba nefuthe lokukhokelela ekumzantsi-mpuma welizwekazi laseYurophu into ephawulekayo engeyiyo. Impucuko yaseYurophu eqhubekileyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ukugcina uninzi lweempawu zayo ezingezizo ezaseYurophu, kubandakanya nezinye ezilingana nangaphantsi kwehlabathi lanamhlanje kunokuba lenza kwihlabathi leminyaka engamashumi asibhozo eyadlulayoโฆ รขโฌล
I-Kennan ichanekile ukuchaza izinto ezimbini: enye yingxubevange yobuhlanga kunye nenkcubeko yabantu baseBalkan, "isaladi yaseMacedonian", usingasiqithi osoloko uneentlobo ngeentlobo kwaye uyanyamezelwa yiyantlukwano ngoko (izinye) zaseYurophu. Enye into kukwala okunenkani koko kunyanzeliswa kuthi njenge รขโฌลiYurophuรขโฌ kunye รขโฌลimpucuko.รข โฌ ??. Ukuba siza kuzama ukuchonga ezinye zezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwimbali yeeBalkans, asikwazi kodwa sibonise umbono oqhubekayo we-utopia ehambelanayo ngokumangalisayo, yoluntu oluphakathi, kumzabalazo ongunaphakade wokulwa ne-centralization, ikholoni kunye nezithethe zenkcubeko. inyanzeliswe yintshona yempucuko รขโฌลezinyeรขโฌ . I-Debalkanization ye-Balkans ithatha ilinge lokuphelisa imbali yeli hlabathi iguqulwe phezulu, ilizwe elinocalucalulo kunye neqhekeko lemizabalazo echasene nobukoloniyali, abavukeli ("bogumili"), abaphangi baselwandle nasemhlabeni ("hajduci" kunye "uskoci"). abavukeli kunye nabavukeli, abachasi-basemagunyeni, amaRomany, uluntu oluzilawulayo, imibutho yentlalontle, ama-partisans kunye nama-anti-fascists. I-Balkanization ngenene imalunga nokuqhekeka, kodwa ayiko (kuphela) ukuqhekeka kobuhlanga: i-balkanisation ithetha ukuchasa, kunye nolunye uhlengahlengiso kunye nomanyano olunobundlobongela obunobundlobongela baMazwe kunye noBukhosi. Yiyo loo nto i-balkanisation kufuneka ibanjwe kwaye iBalkans ithiywe ngokutsha kwaye "debalkanised".
Kodwa yintoni รขโฌลulwakhiwo lukarhulumenteรขโฌ ? Oku kubonakala ngathi, kum ubuncinane, ingcamango entsha. Kwelinye inqaku, kwelinye ijenali ye-EU, ndifumanise ukuba ubugcisa bokwakha urhulumente abunabungozi ukusuka รขโฌลkulawulo olulungileyoรขโฌ : bubandakanya รขโฌลulawulo olululo olusekwe kulawulo lomthetho, amalungelo oluntu, kunye nenkululeko yoluntu. ; uqoqosho lwemarike yasimahla; idemokhrasi yobuninzi; kwaye ngaphezu kwako konke, utshintsho lwezentlalo nenkcubeko kunye nokwamkelwa kweinqobo ezisemgangathweni ezintsha kunye noxanduva kuyo yonke ibhodiรขโฌ . Undoqo wokwakhiwa korhulumente, lifundeka inqaku elithi, รขโฌลumbono wolawulo olululo kunye noluntu olulungileyoรขโฌ . Undoqo woluntu olulungileyo รขโฌลimalike ekhululekileyo kunye nedemokhrasi enezininziรขโฌ . Isithuthi esiya kuluntu olulungileyo luluntu. I uluntu lwasekuhlaleni ngumntu wonke ovumayo ukumamela uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe. Uluntu kufuneka lufundiswe luluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe. Uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe ngumntu wonke รขโฌลkuquka oorhulumente, imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe, imibutho engekho phantsi korhulumente, iiprojekthi zophuhliso kunye noncedo, njl. รขโฌโ ojongene nomngeni wokuziguqula ngokuhambelana neemfuno zeenkqubo zenguqu zamazwe awohlukeneyo.รขโฌ Ukuze ezi nkqubo zisebenze kufuneka urhulumente owomeleleyo: รขโฌล urhulumente owomeleleyo ubalulekile kwimpumelelo yelizwe. iprojekthi yenkululeko-yedemokhrasi kwilizwe elisaphuhlayo, njengoko uFrancis Fukuyama ephawula kweyakhe Isakhiwo sikaRhulumente: uLawulo kunye ne-World Order kwi-21st Centuryโฆรขโฌล Umbhali weli nqaku, umyili welizwe uPajic, obesebenza njengomcebisi ophezulu wezomthetho kwi-ofisi ye-International Crisis Group yaseBosnia, ungumlandeli kaTolstoy: รขโฌลisigwebo sokuqala sika-Anna Karenina sinokufaka isicelo eBosnia: รข โZonke iintsapho ezonwabileyo ziyafana, kodwa intsapho engonwabanga ayonwabanga ngenxa yefashoni yayo.โ Uhlabela mgama ebuza: รขโฌลYintoni eyenza iBosnia yahluke kwaye ingonwabi? yokuthatha imikhosi kwilizwe lakhe. Kodwa le ngcaciso ilula kakhulu. Ungaphela ubizwa ngokuba yi-theorist yelenqe Guardian.
Ngokutsho kuka-Ian Williams ukusuka Guardian, isisombululo seBosnia kukudibanisa, i-Dostoevsky-style. รขโฌลMhlawumbi uxanduva olungakumbi lulele kwabo base-Dayton abawonge abacoci bobuhlanga ngokulawula isiqingatha se-Bosnia, kuquka ne-Srebrenica. Nangona iRepublika Srpska ingxamele ukucela uxolo ngesi sibhicongo, ubukho bayo kwilizwe laseBosnia naseHerzegovina ibeka imithetho-siseko yocalucalulo yabahlambululi bobuhlanga. Sele lidlule ixesha lokuphinda kuqwalaselwe lonke ulungiselelo lwe-ramshackle, kunye nokudibanisa ilizwe.รข
Ukuba udibaniso yiprojekthi yokwakha karhulumente eBosnia, i-Kosovo yinkululeko egadiweyo. I-Kosovo, ngokukaTimothy Garton Ash, ingekho phantsi komsebenzi kodwa kwi-limbo (sic), kufuneka izimele, kungekhona ngenxa yokuba oku kusemthethweni okanye okusemthethweni, kodwa, oku kuhambelana nomyili wombuso uPedy Ashdown (ngomhla. BBC), ngenxa yezizathu zokuziphatha, njengoko รขโฌลi-Serbia iphulukene namalungelo okuziphatha okulawula iKosovoรขโฌ . Eyona ndlela ilungileyo, utsho uGarton Ash, kukwamkela isicwangciso sika-Ahtisaari - lowo bobabini abaseSerbia nabase-Albania bayagatya (iKosovo Roma ayibuzwa nantoni na) : รขโฌลUMartti Ahtisaari, umthunywa okhethekileyo kanobhala jikelele we-UN kwikamva laseKosovo, Uze neseti enomtsalane yezindululo zokuphuma kwilimbo. Isicwangciso sakhe sinokungasebenzisi igama elithi ukuzimela, kodwa wonke umntu uyaqonda ukuba kuya kunika iKosovo ukuzimela. Nangona kunjalo, oku kuzimela kuya kulawulwa kwaye kunyanzeliswe ngulowo ubizwa ngokuba nguMmeli woLuntu waMazwe ngaMazwe, kwaye ixhaswa bubukho bomkhosi wamazwe ngamazwe.
Inguquko iya kuboniswa kumabonakude, ibe phantsi kweliso lokuzimela, kwaye yonke into iya kubhengezwa (in Guardian!)
Esinye sezizathu zokukhathazeka kunye nokusasazeka kweendaba eziqhelekileyo zommandla wam onenkathazo yisigqibo samva nje seNkundla yeZizwe ngezizwe ngezoBulungisa (ICJ) ukuba iSerbia (abo bakhohlakeleyo kwakhona!) Ayinaxanduva lokubulawa kwabantu ngo-1995 eSrebrenica. Esi 'sigwebo singakholelekiyo' sibangele unxunguphalo phakathi kwabantu basentshona abasela kade. Oku kuvela kutsha nje Chicago Tribune Umhleli: รขโฌลphantsi kwesigwebo senkundla yezizwe ngezizwe, iSerbia iye yaphuncuka kwibala lembubhiso kwaye yakhululwa kuxanduva lwemali lokubulala. Inkundla ayizange iyikhulule iSerbia kuxanduva lwezopolitiko nokuziphatha, kodwa isigqibo sayo siyadanisa. Abantu abaninzi baseSerb bayabukhanyela, yaye basaza kuhlala bebukhanyela obu bubi benziwa kwiminyango yabo.รข Ngowayesakuba ngumongameli weInternational Crime Tribunal yeyayesakuba yiYugoslavia, umakhi wombuso uAntonio Cassesse, kwinqaku lakhe elithetha ngesiTaliyane. IRiphabhlikhi le รขโฌลyimbubhiso esemthethweniรขโฌ . Masive kwakhona kumyili wombuso u-Ian Williams Dostoevsky: โNgokujonga indlela abaziphatha ngayo abezopolitiko abangamaSerb kunye nabo babavotelayo, kukho ithuba elincinane lokuvuma, singasathethi ke ngokuzohlwaya, ukusuka kwinxalenye enkulu ephazamisayo. abemiโฆ.Isigwebo se-ICJ malunga รขโฌลindima ye-Serbia kwimbubhiso yase-Bosnia, njengoko izimvo ezahlukeneyo kule ndawo zibonisile, sasibhidanisa. Imfuno yayo yobungqina bemiyalelo ecacileyo evela eBelgrade ukuya kubenzi bobubi "bezenzo zokubulalana kwabantu", yayiza kumkhulula uAdolf Hitler kwiHolocaust - eyona nto yaphefumlela ingqungquthela yembubhisoรขโฌ . Masiqhubhise ii-fuckers kwakhona. Kuyathakazelisa ukuba uWalter J. Rockler, owayesakuba ngumtshutshisi kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho lweMfazwe yaseNuremburg, uthatha indawo eyahlukileyo kakhulu kwi-EU-humanitarians kunye nabakhi bombuso:
Uhlaselo lwaseYugoslavia (ngo-1999) sesona senzo sibi sohlaselo lwamazwe ngamazwe ukusukela oko amaNazi ahlasela iPoland ukunqanda โinkohlakalo yasePolandโ kumaJamani. I-United States ikulahlile ukwenza ngathi kusemthethweni kunye nokundiliseka kumazwe ngamazwe. Kwaye kwaqalisa ikhondo le-impiriyalizim ekrwada yahamba kakubi... Enyanisweni, xa thina balawuli besijikelezi-langa esizimisele ngokwethu, sikhupha isigqibo kwelinye ilizwe โkukunikezela okanye ukufa.โ Ukugcina "intembeko" yethu kufuneka sityumze nakuphi na ukuchasana nomyalelo wethu, wela lizwe. Ngamanye amazwi, into ekufuneka yenziwe kukuthintela ukusasazeka รขโฌลi-balkanisationรขโฌ . Kwi-balkanisation, njengokusela i-latte, iyosulela.
Ekuqukumbeleni kwakhe Guardian Izimvo malunga nokunqweneleka kokuzimela kwe-Kosovo, umyili wombuso uTimothy Garton Ash, phakathi kokuthotywa kwelatte, uvakalisa umbono onika umdla:
รขโฌลIKosovo zizinto ezininzi kubantu abaninziโฆ.Ndixelele iKosovo yakho kwaye ndiza kukuxelela ukuba ungubaniโฆNokuba yintoni enye okanye yayiyiyo, iKosovo namhlanje ingumceli mngeni omncinci kodwa obalulekileyo kuluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe ngokubanzi kunye ne-EU ngokukodwa. โฆ I-EU ngoku kufuneka icace, imanyane, ibe namandla kwaye ibe nobuchule โ izinto ezine edla ngokusilela ukuba ngaphaya kwemida yayo. okanye ukwakhiwa korhulumente, kodwa ukwakhiwa kwelungu-karhulumenteโฆKuba kulapho kuphela apho uxolo luya kukhuseleka kwiiBalkans kunye neYurophu iphela kwaye ikhululeke. Njengoko isondela iminyaka engama-50 yokuzalwa kwayo kule nyanga yoKwindla, uluntu lwezoqoqosho lwaseYurophu oluthe lwaba lumanyano lunebali elingaqhelekanga elinokubalisa malunga nokusasazwa koxolo, inkululeko kunye nolawulo lomthetho.
Ukuba le yiKosovo yakho, ngoko uyi-EU-ingqondo enzulu.
Amaxabiso aseYurophu antsokothile. Ndisandula ukufunda ukuba yintoni na ukwakhiwa kukarhulumente, kwaye ngoku kufuneka ndibambe iingqikelelo zokwakhiwa kwesizwe kunye nokwakhiwa kwamalungu karhulumente. Kodwa, ngokungafaniyo noGarton Ash, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba ndingaseli latte, kodwa ikofu yaseTurkey, andikholelwa ukuba isisombululo kukungenisa โiiBalkans eYurophuโ. Ngokuchasene noko, ndicinga ukuba kufuneka singenise iYurophu kwiiBalkans. Ngokukhawuleza okukhulu. Kunye negcisa laseYugoslavia avant-garde uLjubomir Micic, ndiyakholelwa kwimfuno รขโฌลiBalkanisation yaseYurophuรขโฌ . U-Ljubomir Micic, umhleli kunye nomgxeki, apho intshukumo yokuchaza intetho ye-รขโฌลzenitismรขโฌ idityaniswe kwiminyaka yoo-1920, yenza uluvo luka-รขโฌลBarbaro-Genius Decivilizerรขโฌ , eyaphakamisa iiBalkans njengendawo yemvelaphi yohlobo olutsha. yempucuko. Umsebenzi we-Balkan "barbaro-genius," kukuchasa kunye nokoyisa, "i-balkanise," enye i-Western eyonakeleyo:
รขโฌลInkcubeko yaseYurophu ikhohlakele kwaye idla abantu. Yiyo loo nto amaZenitist esebenza kwi-balkanisation yeYurophu kwaye afuna ukwandisaโฆ kuwo onke amazwekazi egameni le-barbarism entsha, egameni labantu abatsha kunye namazwekazi amatsha, egameni lomzabalazo owoyikekayo: iMpuma vs. West! Usingasiqithi weBalkan sisiqalo soburhalarhume obumsulwa, obushumayela ubuzalwana obutsha bamadoda. Lowo ngumbono wenkcubeko yethu entsha nempucuko entsha, eya kuza kumlo wokugqibela phakathi kwezigebenga ezimbini ezindala, iMpuma neNtshona, ezinqwenela ukulwa zodwa kusegazini lazo.
Bubulumko, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo umzamo we-Balkan we-cosmopolitan wokutshabalalisa eyona nto idala i-dichotomy kwi-universalism yaseYurophu, enye phakathi kwempucuko kunye ne-savages, kunye nokubonelela ngenye indlela, endala njengeBalkans ngokwayo, enye indlela. kubuzwe, ubukoloniyali kunye nobukapitali. Kukule ngcamango ukuba abantu baseBalkan kufuneka bafumane amandla kunye nokuqhelaniswa nezopolitiko ezintsha kwenye iBalkan. Ifanele ibe yipolitiki yombutho waseBalkan. Uluntu oluthatha inxaxheba, olwakhiwe ukusuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu, ngemizabalazo yokwenziwa kolwazi lwedemokhrasi olubandakanyayo, iimfuniselo zokuthatha inxaxheba kwezentlalo, kunye nesenzo sokukhulula esiya kuphumelela ukucinga kwezopolitiko kubo bonke abantu kummandla. Yipolitiki ethetha ngokungathandabuzekiyo kwiManyano yaseYurophu, kunye nabakhi bombuso eBosnia naseKosovo: khupha isihogo apha.
* U-Andrej Grubacic ngumbhali-mbali we-anarchist ongaguqukiyo osuka kwiintaba zeBalkan. Unokufikelelwa [imeyile ikhuselwe]
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