Ulawulo lukaBush luvalele kwaye lungcungcuthekise abantu abarhanelwa ukuba bangamajoni; Ulawulo luka-Obama luyababulala. Zombini ezi zenzo azityeleli kuphela intiyo engakumbi eUnited States; nazo azikho mthethweni. Imithetho yethu nezivumelwano ziyakwalela ukuthuthunjiswa. UMgaqo-siseko uyamthintela urhulumente ekubeni athintele nawuphi na umntu ubomi ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho; oko kukuthi, ukubanjwa nokuxoxwa kwetyala ngobulungisa. Ukanti uMongameli u-Obama ukuvumile ukubulawa kwabantu, uninzi lwabo lungazange luchongwe kwangaphambi kokuba kunikwe umyalelo wokubulala.
UJo Becker noScott Shane banike ingxelo kwiNew York Times ukuba u-Obama ugcina "uluhlu lokubulala." Emva kokubonisana nomcebisi wakhe wokulwa nabanqolobi uJohn O. Brennan, u-Obama ngokwakhe wenza isigqibo sokuba abantu babulawe. UBrennan wachongwa ngokusondeleyo ngokungcungcuthekiswa, iintolongo ezifihlakeleyo, kunye noguqulelo olungaqhelekanga ngexesha lolawulo lukaBush. Ibali le-Times, elisekelwe kudliwanondlebe nabacebisi abathathu bangoku kunye nabangaphambili baka-Obama, linika ingxelo yokuba "uMnu. U-Obama uziphephe iingxaki zokuvalelwa ngokuthatha isigqibo, enyanisweni, sokungathabathi mabanjwa ephila. Ngelixa uninzi lwabarhanelwa bebulewe phantsi kukaMnu. Obama, mnye kuphela ovalelwe eluvalelweni lwase-USโ kuba akafuni kongeza amabanjwa amatsha eGuantanamo.
Ukuvuza koluhlu lokubulala kwacaphukisa abantu baseRiphabhlikhi, ngokucacileyo kuba bakholelwa ukuba kubonisa "amandla" ka-Obama kumgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle. Abanye abaqhubela phambili abangabuqondi ngokupheleleyo ubungekho semthethweni bohlaselo lwe-drone bafumanisa ukuba bakhetha ukuhlasela kwe-United States kumazwe amaninzi. Sonke kufuneka siqonde ukuba umzekelo ongekho mthethweni we-United States ubeka kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-drones ezibulalayo kungekhona nje ukujongela phantsi umthetho womthetho; iya kuthintela i-United States ekuchaseni ngokufanelekileyo xa amanye amazwe afumana itekhnoloji yedrone ephuhlisa "uluhlu lokubulala" lwabantu loo mazwe akholelwa ukuba amele izoyikiso kubo.
NgoJuni 15, okokuqala, u-Obama wavuma esidlangalaleni ukuba ulawulo lwakhe lubandakanya "isenzo esithe ngqo" eYemen naseSomalia. Nangona iUnited States ingekho mfazweni nalo naliphi na ilizwe, i โWar on Terrorโ kaGeorge W. Bush iye yatshintsha yaba yi โWar on Al Qaedaโ ka-Obama.
โImfazweโ ka-Obama isetyenziswe njengesizathu sokubulala nabani na naphina ehlabathini nanini na xa uMongameli ekhupha lo myalelo.
Kodwa โakukho qumrhu lahlukileyo elibizwa ngokuba yiAl Qaeda elibonelela ngesiseko esivakalayo sokuchaza kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okugunyazisiweyo,โ ngokutsho kukaPaul P. Pillar, usekela mlawuli weCIA's Counterterrorist Centre ukususela ngo-1997 ukuya ku-1999. hayi kwimfazwe neYemen neSomalia. Nokuba u-Obama achonga abantu abathile abahlala eYemen okanye eSomalia njengamalungu e-Al-Qaeda anqwenela ukwenza izenzo zobugrogrisi kubantu base-United States, akukho siseko sisemthethweni sokuba urhulumente wethu abhengeze imfazwe kubantu abacinga ukuba isoyikiso. I-United States ineendlela ezisemthethweni zokumangalela kunye nokubuyisela ngaphandle, zombini phantsi kwe-US kunye nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.
Ukusukela ngo-2004, malunga nama-300 ugwayimbo lwedrone luye lwasungulwa ePakistan. Amashumi amabini eepesenti abantu ababhubhileyo kukholelwa ukuba ibingabahlali. IKomishoni yamaLungelo oLuntu yasePakistan ithi ugwayimbo lwase-US lubangele ubuncinci ukubhubha kwabantu abangama-957 ePakistan ngo-2010.
Kwiminyaka emithathu enesiqingatha ukususela oko u-Obama ethathe isikhundla, phakathi kwe-282 kunye ne-585 abemi ababuleweyo, kuquka nabantwana abangaphezu kwama-60. โIphulo le-CIA le-drone libulale abantu abaninzi abebeye kusindisa amaxhoba okanye abebesiya emingcwabeni,โ ingxelo entsha ye-Bureau of Investigative Journalism eseLondon yafumanisa.
Kodwa, ngokwenqaku le-Times, u-Obama uphuhlise indlela yokuyila yokubala abantu abenzakeleyo. Onke amadoda akubudala bomkhosi abulewe kwindawo yogwayimbo lwe-drone athathwa njengabantu abalwayo, "ngaphandle kokuba kukho ubukrelekrele obucacileyo emva kokuba bebulewe." Ngenxa yoko, uBrennan unike ingxelo kulo nyaka uphelileyo ukuba akukho namnye ummi obuleweyo kunyaka omnye wogwayimbo. Igosa lolawulo mva nje libanga ukuba inani labemi ababulewe lugwayimbo lwe-drone ePakistan โlikwinani elinye.โ Abathathu ababesakuba ngamagosa aphezulu kwezobuntlola baxelele iTimes ukuba abakholelwa ukuba inani linokuba sezantsi kangako.
U-Obama, obejolise โkumajoni arhanelwayoโ (ababizwa ngokuba โngoqhankqalazo lomntuโ) ePakistan, eYemen naseSomalia, ede wabulala abemi base-US, uye wagunyazisa uhlaselo olwandisiweyo lwe-drone-nanini na kukho โiindlela zokuziphathaโ ezikrokrelekayo kwiindawo ezilawulwa ngumnqolobi. iqela. Ezi zaziwa ngokuba "ziimpawu zokutyikitya." Oko kuthetha ukuba kuphoswa iziqhushumbisi kubantu abangaziwayo abakwindawo ekrokrelekayo. Oku kudlulela ngaphaya koqheliselo olungekho mthethweni โlokubulala okujoliswe kuko.โ Abantu babulawa kungakhange kuchongwe nokuba kujoliswe kubo.
Ulawulo luthethelela ukusetyenziswa kweedrones ezixhobileyo ngokubhekiselele kuGunyaziso lokuSetyenziswa koMkhosi woMkhosi ukuba iCongress yadlula kwiintsuku nje emva kohlaselo lwe-11 kaSeptemba. Kwi-AUMF, iNkongolo igunyazise ukunyanzelwa kwamaqela kunye namazwe athe axhasa uqhankqalazo lwabanqolobi. Kodwa iCongress yasikhaba isicelo solawulo lukaBush lwegunya lomkhosi elivulekileyo "lokuthintela kunye nokuthintela naziphi na izenzo zobunqolobi okanye uburhalarhume obuchasene ne-United States." Ukunqanda kunye nokungazinzi yiloo nto u-Obama azama ukuyifeza ngokuthumela iirobhothi ukuba zibulale "amajoni arhanelwayo" okanye abo bathi babekhona kwindawo apho umsebenzi okrokrelayo wenzeke khona.
Ngaphezu koko, kuMthetho wokuGunyanyiswa koKhuseleko lweSizwe wowama-2012, iNkongolo yabhengeza ngokuthe ngqo, โAkukho nto kweli candelo . . . ukwandisa igunya likaMongameli okanye umda woGunyaziso lokuSebenzisa uMkhosi [kaSeptemba 2001].โ
Uhlaselo lweDrone lukwaphula imigaqo emiselwe kakuhle yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Ukubulala okujoliswe kuko kuchazwa โnjengokusebenzisa amandla abulalayo ngabom, acetywe kwangaphambili nangabom . . . nxamnye nomntu othile ongekho phantsi kweliso lomenzi wobubi,โ ngokutsho kukaPhilip Alston, owayesakuba ngunobhala okhethekileyo weUN kwiExtrajudicial, Summary, or Arbitrary Executions. Ukubulala okujoliswe kuko okanye kwezopolitiko - ngamanye amaxesha okwaziwa njengokubulawa kwabantu ngaphandle kwenkundla - kuqhuba kakubi iiNgqungquthela zaseGeneva, ezibandakanya ukubulala ngabom njengokwaphulwa komthetho. Ukwaphulwa kolwaphulo-mthetho e-Geneva kohlwaywa njengolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe phantsi koMthetho woLwaphulo-mthetho lweMfazwe lwase-US.
UChristof Heyns, ongunobhala okhoyo ngoku oKhethekileyo weZizwe eziManyeneyo wokubulawa kwabantu ngokungekho mthethweni, isishwankathelo, okanye ukubulawa ngokungekho mthethweni, uvakalise inkxalabo enkulu malunga nokubulawa kwabantu ekujoliswe kubo, esithi kusenokuba lulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe. Ubize ulawulo luka-Obama ukuba luchaze indlela i-drone yayo ehlasela ngayo kunye nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, ichaze iziseko zezigqibo zokubulala kunokubamba abantu abathile, kunye nokuba uMbuso apho ukubulawa kwenzeka khona unike imvume. U-Heyns waphinda wacela ukucaciswa kwenkqubo yokhuseleko ekhoyo, ukuba ikhona, ukuze kuqinisekiswe kwangethuba ukubulawa kwabantu ngeedrone ezithobela umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Kwakhona wayefuna ukwazi ukuba yeyiphi na amanyathelo athathwa ngurhulumente wase-US emva kokubulawa okunjalo ukuqinisekisa ukuba uhlalutyo lwayo olusemthethweni nolwenyani luchanekile kwaye, ukuba akunjalo, amanyathelo okulungisa aza kuwathatha, kubandakanya ubulungisa kunye nembuyekezo kumaxhoba kunye neentsapho zabo. Nangona umanduleli kaHeyns enze izicelo ezifanayo, uHeyns uthe iUnited States ayikhange inike mpendulo yanelisayo.
U-Heyns uphinde wacela urhulumente wase-US ukuba alenze esidlangalaleni inani labantu ababulawa ngokubambisana ngenxa yohlaselo lwe-drone, kunye namanyathelo akhoyo okuthintela ukwenzakala okunjalo. Kwakhona, uHeyns wathi iUnited States ayikhange iphendule ngokwanelisayo kumbuzo wangaphambili wolwazi olunjalo.
Ngokunjalo, uMkomishinala oPhakamileyo weZizwe eziManyeneyo wamaLungelo oLuntu uNavi Pillay kutshanje ubhengeze ukuba uhlaselo lwedrone yase-US ePakistan luphula imigaqo yomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe yokulingana kunye nokwahlula. Ulungelelwaniso luthetha ukuba uhlaselo alunakuba lugqithise ngokunxulumene nenzuzo yomkhosi elindelweyo efunwayo. Umahluko ufuna ukuba uhlaselo lujoliswe kuphela kwindawo ekujoliswe kuyo ngokusemthethweni.
IUnited States iye yawamkela uMnqophiso weZizwe ngeZizwe wamaLungelo oLuntu nawePolitiko. I-ICCPR ithi: โWonke umntu unelungelo lokuphila. Eli lungelo liya kukhuselwa ngumthetho. Akukho bani uya kuhluthwa ubomi bakhe. Lo Mnqophiso ukwaqinisekisa abo batyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho ilungelo lokubonwa njengabamsulwa kunye nokuxoxwa kwetyala elinobulungisa yinkundla engakhethi buso. Ukubulawa kwabantu ekujoliswe kubo kuyawachitha la malungelo.
Ukuzithethelela phantsi kweSiqendu 51 soMnqophiso weZizwe eziManyeneyo sisithintelo esimxinwa kuMqulu wothintelo wokusetyenziswa kwezigalo okanye isoyikiso sonyanzeliso lokusombulula iingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe. Amazwe anokuthi azikhusele kumntu ngamnye okanye ngokudibeneyo kuphela xa ejongene nohlaselo oluxhobileyo. Ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba i-United States ibango ilungelo lokubulala abarhanelwa abarhanelwa okanye abalingane babo ngaphambi kokuba benze, kufuneka kubekho "imfuneko yokuzikhusela, ngokukhawuleza, eyothusayo, engashiyi ukhetho lweendlela, kwaye akukho mzuzu wokuxoxa," phantsi kwe i-Caroline Case esekwe kakuhle. Uhlaselo luka-Obama lwedrone aluhlangani nalo mgangatho.
I-United States ibhenela ekwandiseni ukubulawa kwabantu ekujoliswe kubo kusisiphumo esithe ngqo "seMfazwe yobugrogrisi" ulawulo lukaBush olubhengezwe emva kwe-9/11. UBush ubhengeze imfazwe engapheliyo ngeqhinga kwaye wathi yonke i-Al-Qaeda kunye neTaliban ngabanqolobi abanokubulawa kwangaphambili njengendlela yokuzikhusela, kunokuba babanjwe kwaye bagwetywe ngezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Nangona engasebenzisi ibinzana elithi "Imfazwe Yokugrogrisa," u-Obama uye waqhubeka kwaye wandisa lo mgaqo-nkqubo. Yimveliso yombutho onamandla wemizi-mveliso yasemkhosini e-United States ebona ukusetyenziswa kwamandla njengenyathelo lokuqala lokusombulula iingxabano endaweni yokhetho lokugqibela, nangona imiqathango ye-UN Charter.
Esi senzo simisela umzekelo oyingozi. UHeyns uphakamise ukuba "nawuphi na uRhulumente anokuthi, phantsi kokhuseleko lokulwa nobunqolobi, athathe isigqibo sokujolisa kwaye abulale umntu kulo naliphi na ilizwe ukuba ucinga ukuba umntu lowo usisoyikiso." U-Heyns ukwacaphule ulwazi olubonisa ukuba "uhlaselo luyanda uqhanqalazo phakathi kwabantu." UHeyns uthe "ukungabikho elubala" kunye "nengozi engaphambili" yokuba uhlaselo lwedrone lumele "ukuhlala kuyinkxalabo enkulu."
Uqhankqalazo lwedrone nalo alunamveliso. Bakhulisa inzondo nxamnye ne-United States kwaye bakhokelela ekufuneni abanqolobi abangakumbi. "I-Drones ithathe indawo ye-Guantanamo njengesixhobo sokugaya abakhethiweyo," u-Becker noShane babhala kwinqaku le-Times. Bacaphula uFaisal Shahzad, owathi, ngelixa evuma ityala lokuzama ukuqhushumba ibhombu eTimes Square, uxelele ijaji, "Xa iidrones zibetha, ababoni bantwana." Unozakuzaku wasePakistan uZamir Akram uxelele iForam yaseGeneva kwiveki ephelileyo ukuba uhlaselo lwedrone alukho mthethweni kwaye lunyhasha ulongamo lwasePakistan, "singasathethi ke ngokuba nemveliso." Wongeze ngelithi, โamawakawaka abantu abamsulwa, kuquka abafazi nabantwana, baye babulawa kolu hlaselo lungenamkhethe.โ
U-Becker noShane baphawule, โ[Ugqaliselo luka-Obama] kugwayimbo lwenze ukuba kube nzima ukwenza, okwangoku, ubudlelwane obutsha nelizwe lamaSilamsi awayenombono wakhe. Zombini iPakistan kunye neYemen azinzanga kwaye zinobutshaba kwi-United States kunokuba uMnu. Obama waba ngumongameli. Ngokufanelekileyo okanye akunjalo, iidrones ziye zaba luphawu oluxhokonxayo lwamandla aseMelika, oluqhuba kakubi ulongamo lwesizwe kwaye lubulala abamsulwa. "
U-Ibrahim Mothana, owabhala i-op-ed kwi-Times enesihloko esithi "Indlela iiDrones ezinceda ngayo i-Al Qaeda," uyavuma. โUqhankqalazo lweDrone lubangela ukuba uninzi lwaseYemenis luthiye iMelika kwaye luzibandakanye nabavukeli; abaqhutywa ziingcamango kodwa yimvakalelo yokuziphindezela nokuphelelwa lithemba,โ utshilo uMothana.
Lixesha lokuba siphelise lo mkhuba uyingozi nongekho mthethweni.
UMarjorie Cohn ngunjingalwazi wezomthetho eThomas Jefferson School of Law, umongameli odlulileyo weNational Lawyers Guild, kunye nomhleli we-United States kunye neNtuthuko: Ukugocagocwa, ukuvalelwa, kunye nokuphathwa gadalala.
UJeanne Mirer, okwanegalelo laloo ncwadi, ligqwetha kwisiXeko saseNew York kunye nomongameli we-International Association of Democratic Lawyers.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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