Abantu abachasene nemfazwe kwi-White House beqhankqalaza ngemfazwe ezayo ne-Iran.
Ifoto nguPhil Pasquini/Shutterstock.com
UTrump sele enze ulwaphulo-mthetho oluhlasela i-Iran, kwaye ngoku ugrogrisa ngokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe ukuba uqhubeka nesithembiso sakhe se-4 kaJanuwari sokujolisa kwiindawo zenkcubeko zase-Iran. I-United States iye yaphula isithintelo soMnqophiso weZizwe eziManyeneyo malunga nokusetyenziswa komkhosi. Eli lixesha lokuba siphakamise amazwi ethu kwaye sifune ukuba abameli bethu be-congressional bayeke ukwenza imfazwe engekho mthethweni kaTrump.
Kufanele kucace kuye nawuphi na umhlalutyi wezomthetho ukuba isigqibo sikaDonald Trump esiyintlekele sokuyalela ukubulawa ngokungekho mthethweni kwe-Iranian Maj. Gen. Qassim Suleimani kunye nenkokeli yomkhosi omkhulu wase-Iraq u-Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis sabandakanya ulwaphulo-mthetho lokundlongondlongo kwaye sophula zombini iCharter yeZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye IsiGqibo saMagunya eMfazwe aseU.S.
Uhlaselo lwe-drone lwe-2 kaJanuwari olwabulala u-Suleimani, u-al-Muhandis kunye no-al-Muhandis umphathi wobudlelwane noluntu yayiyeyona nto ibulalayo yephulo likaTrump "loxinzelelo olukhulu" ngokuchasene ne-Iran ukusukela nge-18 kaMeyi ka-2018, ukurhoxiswa kwisivumelwano senyukliya sase-Iran. NgoMeyi ka-2019, unyaka emva kokuba uTrump ephumile kwisivumelwano, unobhala welizwe uMike Pompeo wathi ubuntlola base-US bagqibe kwelokuba uhlaselo oluxhaswe yi-Irani kumkhosi wase-US "lusemnyango." IThe New York Times yathi abaphathi benza eso sityholo โngaphandle kobungqinaโ bokuxhasa.
Ngoku, kwiinyanga ezisixhenxe emva koko, iQela likaTrump liphinda lifake isoyikiso sohlaselo lwaseIran โolukufuphiโ ukuze luthethelele ukubulawa kwalo ngokungekho mthethweni kuka-Suleimani, kwaye kwakhona, alikhankanyi bungqina bokungqina isoyikiso esinjalo.
Ukubulawa kwabantu ngeeDrone kwaphula i-UN Charter
Ngokomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, ukusetyenziswa komkhosi welinye ilizwe ngokuchasene nelinye kufuneka kuhambelane ne-UN Charter. ISiqendu 2.3 sifuna ukuba onke amazwe angamalungu โazinzise iingxabano zawo zamazwe ngamazwe ngeendlela zoxolo ngendlela yokuba uxolo nokhuseleko lwezizwe ngezizwe, nobulungisa, zingabi sengozini. ISiqendu 2.4 sinyanzelisa ukuba onke amazwe angamalungu arhoxe kubudlelwane bawo namazwe ngamazwe kwisigrogriso okanye ekusebenziseni izigalo ngokuchasene nentembeko yomhlaba okanye ukuzimela kwezopolitiko kwalo naliphi na ilizwe.
Kukho izinto ezimbini kuphela ezichasene ne-UN Charter's Charter yokuthintela ukusetyenziswa komkhosi wamajoni: xa ilizwe lisebenza ngokuzikhusela okanye ngemvume yeBhunga lezoKhuseleko. Ukubulawa kwabantu ngeedrone akuzange kwenziwe ngenjongo yokuzikhusela kwaye iBhunga lezoKhuseleko alizange libavumele.
Ukubulawa kweDrone akuzange kuqhutyelwe ekuzikhuseleni
Ukubulawa kukaTrump ngedrone akuzange kube semthethweni ukuzikhusela. Inqaku le-51 le-Charter ye-UN limisela ilungelo eliqhelekileyo lokuzikhusela ekuphenduleni uhlaselo oluxhobileyo lwelinye ilizwe. USuleimani wayengummi wase-Iran. Ayiyiyo i-Iran okanye i-Iraq, apho kwenzeka khona ukubulawa kwabantu, yayiye yahlasela i-United States ngaphambi kokuba i-drone yase-US ihlasele.
Emva kohlaselo lomjukujelwa eKirkuk olubangele ukubhubha kwegosa lase-U.S., iUnited States yaziphindezela ngokuhlasela iinqwelomoya ezininzi e-Iraq naseSyria okwathi kwabulala amalungu angama-24 omkhosi wase-Iraq oxhaswa yi-Irani uKataib Hezbollah. Ukuphendula, amalungu aloo mkhosi kunye nabaxhasi babo bazama ukugqogqa umzi wozakuzo wase-US eBaghdad kodwa akuzange kubekho mntu ufileyo.
"Uhlaselo kwisiseko somkhosi wase-US e-Iraq ekutyholwa ukuba luqhutywa ngamajoni ase-Iraqi, ababengabadlali belizwe lase-Iraqi, abafanelanga kuhlaselo oluxhobileyo lwase-US yi-Iran," i-International Association of Democratic Lawyers (IADL) yatsho. ingxelo. "Kwaye inyathelo le-Iraqis abangena kwi-Embassy yase-US e-Baghdad, benzakalisa kwaye bangabulali mntu, ekuphenduleni uhlaselo lwase-US oluchasene naba mkhosi (owabulala abantu be-25 kwaye benzakalise i-55 ngaphezulu) kuhlaselo oluxhobileyo lwe-Iran ngokuchasene ne-US, โ yongeza i-IADL.
Ngaphezu koko, u-Agnรจs Callamard, unobhala okhethekileyo we-UN malunga nokubulawa kwabantu ngokungekho mthethweni, isishwankathelo okanye ugwetyelo olungekho ngqiqweni, ubhale ku-tweet ukuba ukubulawa kwabantu ngeedrone โkunokwenzeka [ku]ngekho mthethweni kwaye kunyhasha nomthetho wamalungelo abantu wamazwe ngamazwe.โ UCallamard uthe, "Ngaphandle komxholo wobutshaba obusebenzayo, ukusetyenziswa kweedrones okanye ezinye iindlela zokubulala ekujoliswe kuzo phantse akunakuze kube semthethweni." Ubhale ukuba "amandla abulala ngabom okanye anokuba yingozi anokusetyenziswa kuphela apho kuyimfuneko ngokungqongqo ukukhusela kwisisongelo sobomi." Ngaloo ndlela, uCallamard wathi, iUnited States kuya kufuneka ibonise ukuba oko kujoliswe kuko โkusisisongelo esisemnyango kwabanye.โ USuleimani "ukuzibandakanya kwakhe kwangaphambili kuhlaselo" lwabanqolobi akwanelanga ukwenza ujoliso lwakhe lokubulala lube semthethweni," wongeze watsho. Ukuzikhusela uTrump ebelindele ukuba ngexesha lenkomfa yakhe yabezindaba akunakwenzeka ukuba kube semthethweni, ngokutsho kukaCallamard, kuba imfuneko yokusebenzisa ukuzikhusela kufuneka ibe โngoko nangoko, yoyikeka, kwaye ingashiyi indlela yokukhetha, kwaye akukho mzuzu wokucinga. โ
U-Rep. Adam Schiff, usihlalo we-House Intelligence Committee, owachazelwa emva kokubulawa kwedrone, uthe kwi-CNN's "State of the Union" ukuba akaboni bulumko bubonisa ukuba ukubulala u-Suleimani kuya kuthintela uhlaselo lwexesha elizayo e-United States. Uchaze ibango likaPompeo lokuba ukubulala uSuleimani kusindisa ubomi "njengoluvo lobuqu, hayi isigqibo sobulumko."
Ngokwenene, intatheli yeNew York Times uRukmini Callimachi ubhale kutweet ukuba โamagosa amabini ase-US awayenenkcazelo yobuntlola emva kogwayimbo luka-Suleimaniโ amxelele ukuba โubungqina obubonisa ukuba kwakuza kubakho uhlaselo olusemnyango kwithagethi yaseMelika โyincakuba ecekethekileyo.โโ
Ngokunjalo, igosa likarhulumente wase-US lazise iThe New York Times ukuba ubuntlola obutsha bubonise ukuba umhla wama-30 kaDisemba โnguMvulo oqhelekileyo kuMbindi Mpumaโ kwaye ukhenketho lukaSuleimani โluye lushishino njengesiqhelo.โ Eli gosa lathi ubukrelekrele "buncinci" kwaye uhlaselo lukaSuleimani "alusondele" kuba aluzange lwamkelwe ngu-Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.
RUmlingane kwi-Capitol yase-US eqhankqalazela ukungakhathali kukaMongameli uTrump kunye ne-Iran, kunye nokugqitha kukaTrump kwinkongolo xa ebulala uGeneral Qassem Soleimani wase-Iran.
Ifoto ngu bakdc/Shutterstock.com
Ukubulala kwakungagunyaziswanga liBhunga lezoKhuseleko
Kananjalo ugwayimbo lwedrone alugunyaziswanga liBhunga lezoKhuseleko. IBhunga linoxanduva oluphambili lokugcina uxolo nokhuseleko lwamazwe ngamazwe phantsi kweTshatha ye-UN. ISiqendu 39 sithi, โIBhunga lezoKhuseleko liya kumisela ubukho baso nasiphi na isoyikiso soxolo, ukwaphulwa koxolo, okanye isenzo soqhushululuโ lize ligqibe ekubeni likugunyazise na ukusetyenziswa komkhosi phantsi kweSiqendu 42.
Enyanisweni, nguTrump owenza ulwaphulo-mthetho lobundlobongela.
UTrump wenza uLwaphulo-mthetho loBundlavini
Phantsi koMthetho waseRoma weNkundla yoLwaphulo-mthetho yaMazwe ngaMazwe, abantu bangenza isenzo sobundlobongela ngeendlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ezifanelekileyo apha. Iziqhushumbisi zase-US ezabulala uSuleimani kunye no-al-Muhandis zenza ubundlongondlongo phantsi kwemigaqo yomibini.
Okokuqala, ugonyamelo โkukuhlasela kwemikhosi exhobileyo yeLizwe ngomhlaba welinye iLizwe okanye ukusetyenziswa kwaso nasiphi na izixhobo nguRhulumente nxamnye nommandla welinye iLizwe.โ Imikhosi exhobileyo yase-US iqhube uhlaselo lwebhombu e-Iraq.
Okwesibini, ubundlongondlongo bukuthi, โUkusetyenziswa kwemikhosi exhobileyo yeLizwe elithile engaphakathi kumhlaba welinye iLizwe ngesivumelwano seLizwe elilifumanayo, ngokuchasene nemiqathango emiselwe kwisivumelwano okanye nakuphi na ukongezwa kobukho bawo kuloo mmandla ungaphaya. ukupheliswa kwesivumelwano.โ
I-Iraq kunye ne-United States zinesivumelwano somkhosi esidibeneyo esilawula ukumiswa kwemikhosi yase-US e-Iraq. U-Adel Abdul-Mahdi, ibambela lenkulumbuso yase-Iraq, ubize ukuqhushumbiswa kwe-US โkukwaphulwa okucacileyo kwemiqathango yobukho bemikhosi yaseMelika e-Iraq kunye nendima yabo ekumele ukuba iphelele ekuqeqesheni imikhosi yase-Iraq kunye nokulwa ne-ISIS [ekwaziwa ngokuba I-Daesh] ngaphakathi kwemikhosi yomanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe, phantsi kweliso kunye nokuvunywa ngurhulumente wase-Iraq. "
Emva kokuBulawa Kwabantu Ngenkohlakalo, iNkundla Yezizwe Ngezizwe yaseNuremberg yabiza imfazwe eqatha ngokuthi โyinto embi ngokwenene,โ yongezelela ngelithi, โUkuqalisa imfazwe yogonyamelo . . . lolona lwaphulo-mthetho lubalaseleyo lwezizwe ngezizwe olwahlukileyo kuphela kolunye ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe kuba ngaphakathi kwalo luqulethe ububi obuye bafunyanwa bubonke.โ
Ukubulawa kweDrone kwaphula iSigqibo saMagunya eMfazwe aseMelika
Ukubulawa kwedrone kukwaphule iSigqibo saMagunya eMfazwe, esivumela umongameli ukuba azise imikhosi exhobileyo yase-US kwimfazwe okanye ubutshaba obusemnyango kuphela emva kokuba iCongress ibhengeze imfazwe, okanye "kwimeko kaxakeka yesizwe eyenziwe ngohlaselo lwase-United States, imimandla okanye izinto zayo, okanye imikhosi yayo exhobileyo,โ okanye xa kukho โugunyaziso olusemthethweni olukhethekileyo,โ njengoGunyaziso lokuSetyenziswa koMkhosi woMkhosi (AUMF).
I-Iran ayizange ihlasele i-US okanye imikhosi yayo exhobileyo kwaye iCongress ayizange ibhengeze imfazwe e-Iran okanye igunyazise ukusetyenziswa komkhosi wase-US ngokuchasene ne-Iranian targets.
Umcebisi wezoKhuseleko kuZwelonke uRobert O'Brien uthe ukubulawa kwakuthetheleleka ngoGunyaziso luka-2002 lokuSetyenziswa koMkhosi woMkhosi ngokuchasene ne-Iraq. Ukuba i-AUMF igunyazise umongameli ukuba โasebenzise uMkhosi wase-United States njengoko egqiba ukuba kufanelekile kwaye kufanelekile ukuzeโ (1) akhusele ukhuseleko lwesizwe lwase-United States kwizisongelo eziqhubekayo ezenziwa yi-Iraq; kunye (2) nokunyanzelisa zonke izigqibo ezifanelekileyo zeBhunga leZizwe eziManyeneyo malunga ne-Iraq. Nje ukuba imikhosi ekhokelwa yi-US ihlasele i-Iraq kwaye isuse urhulumente kaMongameli uSaddam Hussein, ilayisenisi ye-AUMF ka-2002 yaphela.
UTrump ngoku usoyikisa ukwenza uLwaphulo-mthetho lweMfazwe lokuJonga kwiiNdawo zeNkcubeko zase-Iran
UTrump uthembise nge-tweet ye-4 kaJanuwari ukujolisa โiisayithi ezingama-52 zaseIran,โ ezinye zazo โzikumgangatho ophezulu kakhulu kwaye zibalulekile kwi-Iran nakwinkcubeko yase-Iran,โ ukuba i-Iran iyaziphindezela ngokubulawa kweedrone.
I-Rome Statute ikwenza kube lulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe ukwalathisa ngabom โukuhlasela izinto zabantu, oko kukuthi, izinto ezingezizo iinjongo zomkhosi.โ Iindawo zenkcubeko azijoliswanga kakuhle emkhosini. Ikwalulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe phantsi koMthetho waseRoma ukwalathisa ngabom โuhlaselo oluchasene nezakhiwo ezizinikele kunqulo, imfundo, ubugcisa, isayensi okanye iinjongo zesisa [kunye] nezikhumbuzo zembali.โ
Ukongeza, iNgqungquthela ye-1954 Hague yoKhuselo lwePropati yeNkcubeko iyakuthintela ukujoliswa komkhosi kwiindawo zenkcubeko. I-Iran ineendawo ezingama-24 kuluhlu lwe-UN lweendawo zenkcubeko ezililifa lehlabathi.
Ngokuthembisa ukujolisa kwiindawo zenkcubeko zase-Iran, uTrump woyikisa ngokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe.
Abantu abachasene nemfazwe kwi-White House beqhankqalaza imfazwe ne-Iran.
Ifoto nguPhil Pasquini/Shutterstock.com
Iziphumo zokufa kukaSuleimani azinakucingelwa
Emva kohlaselo lwedrone, uJavad Zarif, umphathiswa wezangaphandle wase-Iran, wabiza uSuleimani njengenkokeli โyeyona mikhosi isebenzayoโ kumlo ochasene ne-ISIS kunye ne-al-Qaida, kwaye wabiza ukubulawa kwakhe โnjengesenzo sobugrogrisi bamazwe ngamazwe.โ U-Ayatollah Khamenei ufunge ukuba uza โkuziphindezela kabukhaliโ kwabo babulawa nguSuleimani.
U-Hassan Nasrallah, inkokeli yeqela elixhaswa yi-Iran i-Hezbollah eLebhanon, ukhuphe ikhwelo kubo bonke "abachasayo" ukuba baphindezele ukubulawa kuka-Suleimani: "Ukunika isohlwayo esifanelekileyo kwaba babulali bobugebenga ... iya kuba luxanduva kunye nomsebenzi wabo bonke ukuxhathisa abalweli kwihlabathi liphela,โ utshilo uNasrallah.
Iziphumo zokubulawa kuka-Suleimani e-US, lowo uAyatollah Khamenei wambiza ngokuba โngumfeli-nkolo,โ azicingeki. Kusenokuvutha umlilo obulalayo kuwo wonke uMbindi Mpuma.
USuleimani-owayegqalwa njengoyena mntu wesibini onamandla eIran emva kuka-Ayatollah Khamenei-wonwabele phantse iwonga lobugorha. Njengomphathi wezobuntlola wase-Iran, u-Suleimani โwayengumyili wayo yonke imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yezobuntlola zase-Irani kunye nemikhosi yasemkhosini kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo, kwaye ukufa kwakhe kwaba sisibetho esothusayo e-Iran ngexesha longquzulwano lwelizwe,โ ngoko INew York Times.
Urhulumente wase-Iraq unomsindo kukubulawa kwabantu emhlabeni ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe. I-Nkulumbuso ebambeleyo uAdel Abdul-Mahdi ulubize olu hlaselo โnjengokwaphulwa kabukhali kolongamo lwase-Iraqiโ kunye โnokwaphulwa okucacileyo kwemigaqo yobukho bemikhosi yaseMelika.โ
Ngapha koko, ipalamente yase-Iraq ivotele kwisigqibo esingabopheleliyo ukucela urhulumente aphelise ubukho bamajoni angama-5,000 ase-U.S. ngoku ase-Iraq kunye nesivumelwano esivumela i-U.S. ukuba ithumele imikhosi e-Iraq ukuya kulwa ne-ISIS. Okumangalisayo kukuba, uJoe Lauria wabhala kwi-Consortium News, "USuleimani wayengomnye wamadoda anoxanduva lokoyisa i-ISIS e-Iraq naseSiriya."
I-Iran yazisa nge-5 kaJanuwari ukuba iyazimisa zonke izibophelelo zayo phantsi kwesivumelwano senyukliya sika-2015 de i-United States ikhuphe izohlwayo ezohlwayo ezizibeke e-Iran ukususela oko i-US ngokwayo yaphuma kwisivumelwano ngo-2018. Ngaphantsi kwesivumelwano, i-Iran yayivumile. ukunqanda ukutyebisa kwayo iuranium kunye neminye imisebenzi yenyukliya ukuze ifumane isiqabu kwizohlwayo zase-U.S. I-Iran ibisithobela isivumelwano. Ngoku akukho mida kuphuhliso lwe-Iran lwenkqubo yezixhobo zenyukliya.
Ngosuku olusemva kohlaselo lwedrone, uTrump wenze ingxelo ye-Orwellian, โSithathe inyathelo phezolo ukumisa imfazwe. Asizange sithathe amanyathelo okuqala imfazwe. " Kodwa ukuqalisa imfazwe koko kanye izenzo zikaTrump zenziwe ngokufanelekileyo. Kuxhomekeke kwiNkongolo ukusebenzisa uxanduva lwayo lomgaqo-siseko ukunqanda olu gqithiso luyingozi lukamongameli.
Njengoko unjingalwazi wezomthetho waseYale u-Oona A. Hathaway walumkisa kwi-op-ed yakhe kwi The Atlantic, โUkuba iCongress iyasilela ukubuyisela umva ngokuchasene nomgaqo-siseko wegunya elimanyeneyo, iyakumisela umzekelo oya kubeka awona mandla atshabalalisayo awakhe wawa emhlabeni. eyaziwayo ezandleni zendoda enye.โ
Kufuneka sicinezele abameli bethu be-congressional ukuba baphelise ukwenza imfazwe engekho mthethweni kaTrump. Izigqibo ezimbini ziye zaziswa kwiCongress: enye ngu-Rep. Ro Khanna (D-CA) kunye noSen. Bernie Sanders (I-VT) ukuvimbela inkxaso-mali yemfazwe ne-Iran ngaphandle kokuba iCongress inikeza imvume yayo. Enye ixhaswe yiSenators uTim Kaine (D-VA) kunye noDick Durbin (D-IL), egunyazisa ukususwa kwamajoni ase-US abandakanyeka kwimfazwe kunye ne-Iran ngaphandle kokuba kwaye iCongress ivume. Cela amalungu akho eNkongolo ukuba awaxhase. Uxolo kuMbindi Mpuma, yaye eneneni ehlabathini lonke, lusemngciphekweni. Z
Ushicilelo lweMvelaphi yeli nqaku yiNyaniso.
UMarjorie Cohn ngunjingalwazi ophumeleleyo eThomas Jefferson School of Law, owayesakuba ngumongameli weNational Lawyers Guild, usekela-nobhala jikelele weInternational Association of Democratic Lawyers kunye nelungu lebhodi yabacebisi yamaVeterans for Peace. Eyona ncwadi yakhe yamva nje ithi IiDrones kunye noKubulala ekuJoliswe kuzo: iLegal, Moral, and Geopolitical Issues.