U-Admiral Gregory Johnson, uMphathi we-NATO ophethe i-Kosovo, kutshanje nje ngeveki edlulileyo uye wadibanisa umzabalazo onobundlobongela wase-Albania wokuzimela "ukuhlanjululwa kobuhlanga" - kwaye wachaza ukuba uhlaselo lwamva nje oluchasene namaSerbs kunye namaRoma "lwayenziwe".
UDerek Chappell, osisithethi semishini yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, ukubethelele oku ngokuthi olu hlaselo lwalucetywe kwangaphambili.
Elinye igosa le-UN licatshulwe lisithi "iKristallnacht iyaqhubeka eKosovo".
Naphezu kwako konke oku, "uLuntu lwamazwe ngamazwe" luyaqhubeka nokuzama ukunyanzelisa isisombululo "sezizwe ezininzi" ukusuka phezulu.
Lo mbono ubuyela emva kumashumi amaninzi eminyaka, kwaye unokulandwa kukulungiswa kwenkcubeko-impiriyali kunye ne "Balkanism". Ichazwa nguGeorge Kennan, omnye wabaseki be-American Slavic Studies, walumkisa kwangeminyaka yoo-1920 ukuba iingxaki kulo mmandla zineengcambu zembali ezinzulu ezondla iimpawu zabantu baseBalkan ekucacileyo ukuba bazuzwโ ilifa ukusuka kude. ixesha elidlulileyo. "
Ngokutsho kukaKennan, "ubuzwe obunobundlongondlongo" kwiiBalkans ngumbandela ekufuneka iNtshona inike ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo kuwo; oko kukuthi, kuyimfuneko ukuthatha umkhosi aba "bantu baphazamisekileyo", de kube lixesha lokuba "bazole kwaye baqonde iingxaki zabo ngendlela efanelekileyo". Ngoko ke, ngabantu abancinci baseBalkan abathi, ngenxa "yeemfazwe zabo zegazi," bamele "ingxaki enkulu" yempucuko, kwaye kungekhona ubundlobongela be-impiriyali kunye nezenzo zobukoloniyali ezenziwa yiYurophu okanye i-USA. Le ngxaki inokunyangwa kuphela ngokusebenza emkhosini.
Kuyathakazelisa ukutsalela ingqalelo ukufana phakathi kwembono kaKennan kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yangoku yeBalkan yamagunya aseNtshona, ngaphezu kwayo yonke iUnited States.
I-Balkans, "i-Wild East yaseYurophu", apho "amazwe akhanyiselweyo" engekagqibi "ubuthunywa bempucuko", "iseyi-powder keg", "uluntu olungavuthiweyo" oluzaliswe bubutshaba bobuhlanga obunokuchazwa. kuphela yimbali ye-barbarian yommandla, ebhalwe, ngendlela engaqhelekanga, kwimbono yengqondo yehlabathi le-barbarian "kwintliziyo yaseYurophu" (uMadeleine Albright). Isiphumo esithe ngqo sale mbono yenkcubeko-yama-impiriyali ngumnqweno woluvo loluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe olunobubele lokunyanzelisa "iintlanga ezininzi ezivela phezulu".
I-Serbian "uluntu lwasekuhlaleni," iqela elihlukeneyo (kodwa i-class-homogenous) ye-renti-a-intellectuals kunye nee-NGO, ixhasa ngokupheleleyo ingcamango "yezizwe ezininzi ezivela phezulu" njengesisombululo se-Kosovo. Ngaloo ndlela, unjingalwazi obalaseleyo, kudliwano-ndlebe olunikwe iveki nganye yaseBelgrade, wachaza imeko โyoluntu olungekavuthwaโ: โISerbia kufuneka iqhawule intambo yayo yombilini kunye neMpuma, kwaye ibe yiYurophuโฆ. Ndandinentlonelo enkulu ngoZoran Djindjic (ilizwe laseYurophu). Inkulumbuso yase-Serbia "elwela uhlengahlengiso", umbhali wenkqubo yeniyo-liberal owabulawa ngenxa yonxulumano nolwaphulo-mthetho olucwangcisiweyo), ngenxa yokuba .....wayefana nesiphekepheke.Wayekhawuleza kakhulu kwiSerbia yethu ecothayo.
Into eseleyo kukuhlangana kade kweByzantine yokuqhekeka, ukuncwina kunye neenyembezi. Kwanele kwezoโฆiingoma zamaSilamsiโฆ. Nangona kunjalo, xa kujongwa ngokwembono yethu, ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi yinto entle. Izisa kuluntu olungavuthwanga olufana nolwethu umoya ochasene nephondo kwaye ungavumeli ukungazinzi. Lonke uluntu olufana nolwethu lujongene nesoyikiso esihlala sihleli sokungazithembi. "
Noko ke, ngokutsho kwalo njingalwazi, siza kukhululwa kule ngxubakaxaka yempucuko ngokungenelela kukaThixo: โKuba ngathi uThixo wayebajongele phantsi aba bantu balusizi baseSerbia waza wathi: ukuba andibancedi ndingabathumi. Izizukulwana ezithile aziyi kuthintelwa, ziya kutshabalala ngokululaโฆ. Ngabafundi bamโฆ.. Abo bantwana bakhule baba sisizukulwana esingesosephondo, banobuchule kakhulu kwiilwimi zasemzini, i-Intanethi, ndiyabathanda kwaye ndiyakholelwa ukuba sisizukulwana esiya kuthatha iCopernican turn ebaluleke kakhulu. "
Uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye noluntu lwasekuhlaleni lubonakala lubelana ngohlobo olufanayo lwentiyo "ngobuninzi" be "Balkans" abangakhanyiselwanga, amaSerb nama-Albanian, abafuna ukuthotywa ngandlela-thile; ububele bufuna "isisombululo sezizwe ezininzi" eKosovo: kufuneka bafunde ukuhlala kunye kwaye kufuneka bakwenze oko ngenkani.
Urhulumente waseSerbia, umfelandawonye obuthathaka we-neo-liberals kunye nezizwe ngezizwe, uyaxengaxenga phakathi kwezisombululo ezibini: ebeka imodeli "yokuzimela kwenkcubeko kunye nokuzimela" okanye umthandazo odibeneyo (inkulumbuso yayineentsuku, kwincopho yezidubedube zaseKosovo, bakhokela abantu kwimithandazo yemihla ngemihla kwiicawe zamaOthodoki, ngelixa iimosque ezingahloneli Thixo zitshise ii-mosque eSerbia- isiphazamiso abasiphazamisayo ukuze bahlasele ama-Romany ngokungenangqondo, ngokwabo abaziimbacu zaseKosovo.)
Kwingxelo yakhe kwiPalamente, iNkulumbuso uKostunica icebise "ukuzimela okuqinisekileyo kuluntu lwaseSerbia eKosovo, ukwahlulahlula ngamaqumrhu, oko kukuthi, iCantonization yaseKosovo neMetohija, kunye nokuzimela kwenkcubeko kunye nokuzimela."
Oko kuya kuba yinto enzima yokutshatyalaliswa kwezopolitiko zaseAlbania, njengoko ngoku zingabaphathi bemeko phantsi ngenxa yeebhombu. Ngoku babekwe kwindawo yokuzalisekisa "isicwangciso sesizwe" sabo sokususa ezinye izizwe eKosovo - kwaye iSerbia kunye noluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe kungekudala lunokujongana nemeko entsha ngokupheleleyo. Iphulo lamva nje lobundlobongela kusenokwenzeka ukuba libe luphawu lokungabi namonde wokuphumeza eso "sicwangciso sesizwe" ngokukhawuleza.
I-Cantonization, njengoko yabonwa yintatheli eyaziwayo yaseBelgrade (yena ngokwakhe othambekele kwi-fatalism "yoluntu olungakhuli"), "yayilwa ngamaSwitzerland, kuba ayedinga olo hlobo lombutho ukuze amanyane. KwiiBalkans senza kanye okwahlukileyo kwaye sifikelele kwisikimu saseSwitzerland sokwahlulahlula ngokulula kwaye sizikhusele omnye komnye". Kodwa ngaba oko kuyinyaniso?
Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba kubekho isisombululo esinokuthi ngokungathintelekiyo "iyantlukwano yobuhlanga" okanye "izizwe ezininzi ezibekwe phezulu"? Ngaphaya koko, ngaba sinokubakho isisombululo senkululeko ekhohlo esekwe ekujongelwe phantsi ngokupheleleyo kweengqikelelo ezinjalo, ukusuka kumzabalazo omnye ukuya kuncedo olufanayo, ngokuhlanganisa imosaic yeendlela ezizezinye ezinxibeleleneyo kuhlobo olutsha lwezopolitiko? Isisombululo esingasekelwanga kwingcinga ehlekisayo yokuhlanganisa abantu ababizwa ngokuba ngamaqela eentlanga - ukuvelisa kwakhona ingqiqo yobuzwe- kodwa ukuphuhlisa isicwangciso esigxile ekusombululeni iingxaki ezibalulekileyo zentlalo ezifana nentlupheko, imfundo, izindlu kunye nokuchasana nokuthengiswa kwezinto zabucala.
I-ethno-nationalism e-Kosovo kufuneka yoyiswe, yinyani ngokwaneleyo, kodwa kungekhona ngokunyanzeliswa kobundlobongela kuluntu lwezizwe ezininzi okanye ngokuchaza imida emitsha yobuhlanga, kodwa endaweni yoko nge-alchemy yohlengahlengiso loluntu ngokususa imida kunye neeyantlukwano ngokuhlanganisa. amandla emibutho yentlalontle. Ngaba i-ethno-nationalism kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwezizwe ezininzi ukurhoxa xa zijongene nomanyano lwendalo olunokuthi luphunyezwe phantsi kweemeko "zoluntu oluthatha inxaxheba" ecaleni kwendlela kaBill Tampler yokucinga ngePalestine?
(bona eli nqaku linika umdla ku-http://www.borderlandsejournal.adelaide.edu.au/vol2no3_2003/templer_impasse. htm)
Ndithetha "ngeprojekthi yotshintsho oluthe ngcembe olusekwe kumbono "womgaqo-nkqubo osuka ezantsi"- ukuguqula ezopolitiko ukusuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu, ukubumba uluntu ukusuka ezantsi, ukufuna ukoyisa ubuqhetseba - inkqubo ephezulu-phantsi yoorhulumente abamele inkohliso. ekugqibeleni isekwe kurhulumente wemonopoly yobundlobongela-kwaye enye iya kubonakaliswa kumzabalazo wokudala ulwazi lwedemokhrasi ebandakanyayo, ngokusebenzisa iimodeli ezahlukeneyo zezinye iindlela, iimfuniselo zokuthatha inxaxheba kwezentlalo, kunye nenkqubo yenguqu eya kuphumelela ukucinga okubonakalayo kwabo bonke abantu. kwindawo".
Le ndlela yolunye yahlukile kuleyo yayicetywa yiYugoslav "yakudala yasekhohlo": iTroskyists, iStalinists kunye ne-anarcho-syndicalists, abathi ubukhulu becala bathethe ngeprojekthi "yemanyano yentlalontle" - ebiyeyona ndawo ibalulekileyo kwimbali yenkqubela phambili yelizwe. ummandla. Ulungelelaniso "oludala lwasekhohlo" eSerbia, lubonakaliswe kumaqela amancinci amancinci kunye namaqela, luchasa "isisombululo somda" naluphi na uhlobo. Abanye babo babonakala benombono wehlabathi elivusiweyo le-socialist ye-Soviet, ngelixa abanye, ngaphandle kokubuza uRhulumente, njengesitya sobomi bezopolitiko, bathetha "nge-socialist Balkans."
Enye indlela endiyinike yona apha igxininisa ukubaluleka kwenkqubo esisiseko. Le nkqubo yotshintsho iza kuphumelela kwaye ishiye ngasemva ukwahlulwa kwabantu baseAlbania nabangengabo ama-Albania, kunye nengqiqo yemida kunye nongquzulwano lobuzwe. Ezinye iinzame zokufezekisa ezi njongo sele zibubungqina.
U-Andrej Grubacic ungumbhali-mbali kunye nomgxeki wentlalontle ovela kwiiBalkans. Unokufikelelwa [imeyile ikhuselwe]