Bendibhala ezi zithunyelwe zemozulu nyanga zonke ngaphezulu kweminyaka emithathu, kwaye ukuthunyelwa ngalunye okulandelelanayo kuba nzima ukubhala kunokugqibela, njengoko iimpembelelo zokuphazamiseka kwemozulu kwi-anthropogenic (ACD) ziya zisiba mbi.
Iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo, i-ecosystem, i-glaciers, umkhenkce wolwandle kunye nabantu ngokwabo bayaqhubeka befunxa kwaye behlawulela olu vavanyo lwabantu lokunyuka kwemizi-mveliso luhambe kakubi kakhulu. Abaninzi bahlawula ngobukho babo kanye.
Kwiinyanga ezimbini ezidlulileyo, ndichithe ixesha ndiphanda kwaye ndibhala eOstreliya. Ndatyelela iGreat Barrier Reef (GBR), apho ndonwaba kubungangamsha bezakhiwo eziphakamileyo zekorale ezichulumancisayo kubomi baselwandle. Nangona kunjalo bendinxunguphele kolu tyelelo - ndiphindelela, ndithe gqi kwindawo ebhubhileyo nethe cwaka yenkunkuma yekorale, ekungekudala izele zizidalwa eziphilayo. Malunga neepesenti ezingama-20 zeekorale kuqaqa olungaphandle sele zifakwe iblitshi, kwaye zisendleleni eya ekufeni.
Ngoxa ndandirhubuluza kulwandle ngenjikalanga yokugqibela endandilapho, kwanikelwa umqondiso wokuba ndibuye enqanaweni. Kwakusemva kwemini, kwaye ixesha lokubuyela emhlabeni. Ndaphefumla kaninzi, ndazalisa imiphunga yam ngomoya wolwandle, ndaza ndajuba kangangeemitha ezingama-30 ukuya kwikorale. Ndandiqubha ecaleni kwezakhiwo zekorale ezonakeleyo kuyo yonke imibala yazo eqaqambileyo, enyakazela ziintlanzi. Emva kodliwano-ndlebe kunye nodliwano-ndlebe kunye neengcali ze-GBR imini yonke, ndandilungiselela ukuqhekeza ibali yomsitho walo nyaka we-GBR wokwenza bleaching. Bendisazi ukuba ulwalwa lusendleleni yokuphuma, iyamangalisa njengoko isenokubonakala, kuba i-GBR yeyona ndawo inkulu ye-coral ecosystem kwiplanethi, ithatha iimayile ezili-1,400 kwaye ibonakala ngokulula esithubeni. Iingqaqa zekorale zinokuphinda zakheke kwimisitho yokujija, kodwa ngokwesiqhelo zidinga iminyaka eli-10-15 phakathi kweziganeko ukuze ziphinde ziphile. Esi yayisisiganeko sesibini sobunzima obukhulu kule minyaka mibini idlulileyo, kwaye kwakungekho phawu lokuyeka.
Ndadada kunye nekorale, ndithatha indawo emphefumlweni wam, ndihlala phantsi de imiphunga yam itshise umoya. Ndaqubha ixesha elide, ndiphakamise izandla zam ukuya kwikorale, ndiyiva, ndisazi ukuba le yeyona nto inokwenzeka ukuba ibe yindlela yam yokuvalelisa kwiikorale eziqaqambileyo zeGreat Barrier Reef efayo.
Ukuqubha unyukele phezulu umphunga onzulu waphinda wagcwalisa imiphunga yam. Ndikhulule imaski yam ndosula iinyembezi zam, ndaqala ukuqubha ndibuyela enqanaweni.
Kwiiveki ezimbalwa kamva i-Eyewitness News eOstreliya umbiko kwizazinzulu zinika i-GBR "i-terminal prognosis" ngaphandle kokuba i-ACD icotha kakhulu. NgoAprili, izazinzulu zothuka, zakuqonda oko isibini kwisithathu salo lonke ulwalwa ngoku lwalujiyiwe ngaphandle. Abanye babo babhengeze ukuba i-GBR ifikelele “kwinqanaba lesiphelo,” bechaza le meko ngokuthi “engazange ibekho ngaphambili. "
Enkosi kwi-ACD, uMhlaba uphulukene nesiqingatha sayo yonke iingqaqa zekorale kule minyaka ingamashumi amathathu idlulileyo. Ikota yazo zonke iintlobo zezilwanyana zaselwandle ixhomekeke kwiingqaqa. Iingqaqa zibonelela ngokuphela komthombo weprotini kubantu abangaphezu kwebhiliyoni enye, yaye ngoku ziphela phambi kwamehlo ethu.
Izazinzulu ngoku ziyaqikelela ukuba ixesha le-coral global bleaching linokuba sele lifikile, kumashumi eminyaka ngaphambili kunokuba bekulindelwe ngaphambili. Iziganeko zamva nje zokujikishwa zinzima kakhulu, akukho analog kumawakawaka eminyaka ye-coral cores yamandulo izazinzulu ezizisebenzisayo ukufunda iziganeko ezidlulileyo ze-bleaching.
“Le asiyonto izakwenzeka kwiminyaka eli-100 ukusukela ngoku. Siyaphulukana nazo ngoku,” isazi ngebhayoloji yaselwandle uJulia Baum weYunivesithi yaseKhanada yaseVictoria uxelele iAP. "Siphulukene nabo ngokukhawuleza, ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kunokuba ndicinga ukuba nabani na wethu ebenokucinga."
Ngeli xesha, iWorld Meteorological Organisation ikhuphe ingxelo yayo yonyaka ye-State of Global Climate, echaza ukuba iimpembelelo ze-ACD ezophula irekhodi ziye zatyhalela iplanethi "kwindawo engachazwanga."
“Umhlaba sisijikelezi-langa esinezidubedube ngenxa yotshintsho olubangelwa ngabantu kwiatmosfera,” isazi ngomkhenkce uJeffrey Kargel. xelele uThe Guardian yengxelo. Ngokubanzi, iimeko eziguquka kakhulu aziyincedi impucuko, ekhula ngokuzinzileyo.
Njengoko ezi ngqaqa zifa, umkhenkce unyibilika ngokukhawuleza kwimimandla esemantla ehlabathi. Umkhenkce wolwandle lweArctic ubeke irekhodi eliphantsi kunyaka wesithathu ngokulandelelana, kwaye Idatha kaMatshi evela kwiZiko leeNkcukacha ze-Snow kunye ne-Ice yeSizwe yabonisa ukuba loo nyanga yayiyeyesithandathu kumqolo okufutshane nerekhodi okanye irekhodi elisezantsi lomkhenkce wolwandle.
Ukongeza umaleko owothusayo womxholo wayo yonke le nto, ingxelo enesihloko esithi "Ukunyanzeliswa kwemozulu yexesha elizayo kunokubakho ngaphandle komzekelo kule minyaka yezigidi ezingama-420 edlulileyo” yapapashwa kwiphephancwadi elithi Nature Communications. Uphononongo lufumanise ukuba ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha efosili kuyaqhubeka kungajongwa, i-atmosfera inokubuyela “kumaxabiso e-CO2 angazange abonwe ukusukela ekuqaleni kwe-Eocene (iminyaka eyi-50 yezigidi eyadlulayo)” embindini wenkulungwane yama-21.
UDana Royer, umphandi we-paleoclimate kunye nombhali wesifundo, xelelwe I-Climate Central, “I-Eocene yangaphambili ibishushu kakhulu kunanamhlanje: iqondo lobushushu behlabathi belimalunga ne-10°C (18°F) ubuncinane kunanamhlanje. Kwakukho umkhenkce osisigxina. Amasundu neengwenya zazihlala kwiArctic yaseKhanada.”
umhlaba
Ukutshintsha kwemozulu ngokukhawuleza sele kuchaphazela impilo yabantu. NgoFebruwari, izazinzulu zalumkisa Imbalela esanda ngamandla kulo lonke elase-US kwisithuba seminyaka engamashumi amathathu ezayo inokuphinda kabini ubukhulu bendyikityha ye-West Nile Virus. “Besicinga ukuba ubhubhani uya kungqamana nawona maqondo obushushu afanelekileyo osulelo (lwentsholongwane),” uMarm Kilpatrick, unjingalwazi onxulumene nendalo kunye nebhayoloji yendalo kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, eSanta Cruz, kuchazwe kwingxelo ikhutshwe kumajelo eendaba.
Endaweni yoko, sifumanise ukuba ubuzaza bembalela bubaluleke kakhulu kuzwelonke.
A uphononongo olupapashwe kwi-Proceedings of the National Academy of Science uye walumkisa ukuba i-ACD iya konakalisa amandla e-US ukugcina imveliso yezolimo, njengoko ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu kunye nokwanda kwembalela ephazamisa iindawo apho ukutya kwe-US kukhuliswa khona kuya kwanda kuphela. I uphononongo lulumkisile ukuba, ngaphandle kotshintsho, imveliso yezolimo yase-US iya kuthi, ngo-2050, ibuyele kumanqanaba ka-1980 (kubantu ababengaphantsi kwe-114 lezigidi kunanamhlanje).
Olunye uphando lwakutshanje yabonisa, ngokunxunguphalisayo, ukuba njengoko isijikelezi-langa sifudumala, ezinye izilwanyana ezanyisayo zisenokuncipha ngobukhulu. Uphononongo lunikeze ubungqina bokuba isixa ezo zilwanyana zanyisayo zicuthekayo sinxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nendlela esifudumala ngayo iplanethi.
KwiArctic, iimpawu ze utshintsho olukhulu luyeza. Iingcaphephe zezityalo eziphonononga lo mmandla zilumkise ukuba i-ACD ithathe iingcambu phakathi kwezityalo ezixhomekeke kuzo uninzi lwabemi boMthonyama. Iingcali zezityalo, kunye nabantu bomthonyama eNunavik, baye baqaphela ukuba iti yeLabrador, abaxhomekeke kuyo ukunyanga izifo ezinjengeengxaki zolusu, ukukhohlela kunye nokubanda, ibuthathaka kakhulu ngoku kunokuba yayinjalo, ngenxa yoko, ingaphantsi kakhulu kunyango.
Enye indoda ikhonjwe ngaphandle ukuba, “Iingcunube zazikade zinenkani kwaye zimfutshane, ngathi ngamadolo phezulu. Ngoku banokude baphakame kangangeemitha ezisibhozo, yaye bakhula okomlilo wedobo kangangeminyaka eli-10 ukuya kweli-15, mhlawumbi nangaphezulu.” Ukwaphawule ukuba amadama ayatsha, kunye namadada awayekade ewasebenzisa. Kunoko, wathi, kuvela amavuba neenyoka. “Ngaphambili, azizange zibekho apha,” watsho. Abantu bomthonyama abahlala e-Arctic bayaqaphela ukuba iindandatho zemithi zibanzi, kuba ixesha lokukhula ngoku lide.
Ngelo xesha, ezantsi eOstreliya, ngaphezu kweekhilomitha ezili-1,000 XNUMX zamahlathi e<em>mangrove “wabulawa lunxano” kwinyanga enye ukusuka kwiimeko ezimandundu, kubandakanywa amaqondo obushushu arekhodiweyo, aqhutywa kakhulu yi-ACD.
Ukuthetha ngamahlathi asengxakini, izazinzulu ziye zalumkisa ukuba ihlathi laseAmazon lijongene nokufa okunokwenzeka ngenxa ye-trifecta ebulalayo yoshishino, ezolimo kunye neempembelelo ze-ACD.
Uphononongo lwakutsha nje, olunesihloko esithi “Ukusasazwa ngokutsha kwezinto eziphilayo phantsi kokutshintsha kwemozulu: Iimpembelelo kwi-ikhosistim kunye nempilo yabantu,” ibonise ukuba i-ACD ilungisa ngokutsha iindawo kunye noluhlu lwezityalo kunye nezilwanyana ezijikeleze iplanethi, kunye neziphumo ezibi kuluntu. "Ukuphila kwabantu, kwiindawo zasezidolophini nasezilalini, kuxhomekeke kobunye ubomi eMhlabeni," izazinzulu zabhala kuphando lwabo ukuba. epapashwe kwiphephancwadi iSayensi. "Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kubangela ukwabiwa kwakhona kobomi emhlabeni jikelele."
Ukuphoswa kwengxelo entle yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ekufuneka uziqonde malunga ne-ACD yequbuliso. Owona mzekelo waziwayo womnye wale kukunyibilika komkhenkce wolwandle lweArctic. Umkhenkce wolwandle ongaguqukiyo ubonisa ubushushu belanga obubuyela emajukujukwini. Njengoko umkhenkce unyibilika, uninzi lolwandle lufunxa obo bushushu, obunyibilikisa umkhenkce omninzi, nto leyo ebangela ubushushu obungakumbi, buqhubeke.
EKhanada, a uphononongo lwezenzululwazi lwakutsha nje uye watyhila enye i-climate feedback loop - le iza ngendlela yobukhulu bomhlaba weefama ovezwa likhephu elinyibilikayo kunye nomkhenkce ngexesha elide eliye lenze igalelo elikhulu kwiigesi ze-greenhouse kunye ne-ACD. Ngokutsho kwe isifundo, ukunyibilika komhlaba wezityalo owawunomkhenkce ngaphambili kukhuphela i-nitrous oxide emoyeni ngexabiso elikhulu kakhulu kunokuba bekucingelwa ngaphambili, nto leyo ethetha ukuba indima yezolimo ekuveliseni iigesi zegreenhouse ijongelwe phantsi kakhulu.
Kwinqaku elifanayo, uphando lwangoku ibonise ukuba i-ACD inokunyibilikisa i-permafrost eninzi kakhulu kunokuba bekulindelwe ngaphambili. I uphononongo lubonisiwe ukuba ngaphezulu kwama-40 epesenti ye-tundra enomkhenkce yomhlaba inokuyeka ukuba amaqondo obushushu ehlabathi aqhubeleka nokunyuka.
amanzi
Kule nyanga, iimpawu zendlela i-ACD ehamba ngayo ngokukhawuleza kwiindawo zamanzi zikhanya kwaye zibuhlungu.
Ingxelo ipapashwe ngoMatshi ibonisa ukuba, ngokutsho kwe-UN, ihlabathi lijongene neyona ngxaki ibanzi kwaye inzulu kakhulu yoluntu ukususela ekupheleni kwe-WWII, njengoko abantu abayizigidi ze-20 bejongene nendlala kunye nendlala eSomalia, eNigeria, eYemen naseSouth Sudan, kungekho siphelo.
Ukugxininisa le ngxaki, enye ingxelo evela kule ntwasahlobo ibonelele ngobungqina bokuba uMbindi Mpuma kunye noMntla Afrika umngcipheko wokuba ungenakuhlalwa kwiminyaka embalwa edluleyo, ngenxa yokunqongophala kwamanzi ahlambulukileyo afikelelekayo, asele ehlile ngesibini kwisithathu kwiminyaka engama-40 edlulileyo.
Amazwe angama-22 achatshazelwa yile ngxaki yamanzi ekhulayo alikhaya labantu abaphantse babe zizigidi ezingama-400, abachatshazelwa kukunqongophala kwamanzi aneleyo kwezolimo kunye nokuveliswa kokutya kubemi babo abaqhubeka bekhula ngokukhawuleza.
Ngokutsho umbiko, ukufumaneka kwamanzi amatsha ngomntu ngamnye kulo mmandla sele kungaphantsi ngokuphindwe kali-10 kunomndilili wehlabathi, kwaye amaqondo obushushu aphezulu aqhutywa yi-ACD angawanciphisa amaxesha okulima kulo mmandla ngeentsuku ezili-18. Kwimikhwa yangoku, oku kuya kunciphisa izivuno zezolimo enye ipesenti ezingama-27 - okuthetha ukuhla kweepesenti ezingama-55 ngo-2100, ngaphandle kokunyuka kwabantu.
Ngeli xesha, iimeko elwandle ziya zisiba mbi ngakumbi.
An I-algae idubula ubungakanani beMexico kuLwandle lwaseArabia ukhumbuze abantu apho ngentyatyambo yowama-2008 eyabulala iitoni ezingama-50 zeentlanzi ezazibhuqwa yioksijini. Iintlanzi ezihlala kwiGulf of Arabia zigcina abantu abazizigidi ezili-120.
Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ekuqaleni kokuthunyelwa, iGreat Barrier Reef bezabalazela ukusinda phakathi kwesinye isiganeko esikhulu sokwenziwa mhlophe kwekorale. “Besingalindelanga ukubona lo mgangatho wentshabalalo kwiGreat Barrier Reef eminye iminyaka engama-30,” uTerry Hughes, umalathisi wombutho waseOstreliya oxhaswa ngemali ngurhulumente waseOstreliya. iziko kwizifundo ze-coral reef kwiYunivesithi yaseJames Cook xelele iNew York Times. "Emantla, ndabona amakhulukhulu eeqaqa - isibini esithathwini seengqaqa zazisifa kwaye ngoku zifile."
Nditsho neeMaldives ezazikade ziphumla ziyazibona ikorale yoyiswa bubumhlophe obukhulu.
Kwaye akukho zimpawu zalo mkhwa ophazamisayo wehla. A isifundo eyapapashwa ngoMatshi yatyhila ukuba iilwandle zoMhlaba ngoku zifudumala nge-13 ekhulwini ngokukhawuleza kunokuba zazinjalo ngowe-1990, yaye umlinganiselo uyakhula. Enye ingxelo yabonisa ukuba izinga lokufudumala kolwandle liphantse laphindaphindeka kabini kwisithuba seminyaka engamashumi amabini, yaye ubushushu obongezelelweyo kubo bufikelela nakumanzi anzulu ngakumbi.
Kwangoko kulenyanga, a ingxelo ityhilwe ukuba malunga nesinye esithathwini soLwandlekazi lweArctic, kutshintsho olukhawulezayo olumangalisayo, lufana nolwandle lweAtlantiki njengoko amanzi ashushu aqukuqela eArctic eguqula zombini imveliso kunye nekhemistri.
Ukanti omnye umba othwaxa iArctic ngenxa yokubaleka i-ACD kukwenziwa kweasidi yolwandle, ngokutsho olunye uphononongo olusanda kupapashwa ngombandela. Ilula kakhulu eneneni: Njengokwanda kwezixa zokunyibilika komkhenkce wolwandle, isixa esonyukayo solwandle sityhileka kwi-CO2 egcwele umoya. I-CO2 ethe kratya ke ngoko ifunxwa kumanzi awayekade ecwengile, ngaloo ndlela inyusa i-asidi yawo, eneziphumo ezibi kwibhayomeyi.
I-NOAA inike ingxelo ngoFebruwari ukuba umkhenkce wolwandle kuzo zombini i-Arctic kunye ne-Antarctic iye yancipha ukuze irekhode i-lows, kwaye kwacaca ukuba i-ACD yayikwisantya sokucima intsalela ye-Ice Age, i-Canada Laurentide Ice Sheet. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba oku kuye akuzange kwenzeke kwi-2.6 yezigidi zeminyaka.
Ekuqaleni kuka-Epreli ngaphezu 400 icebergs yakhukuliseka kwiindlela zeenqanawa kuMntla weAtlantiki, inyakanyaka elikhulu ngokungaqhelekanga ngelo xesha lonyaka. Ezi ntlobo zamanani zidla ngokungabonakali kude kube sekupheleni kukaMeyi, kwaye umyinge wenani lee-icebergs ngexesha lonyaka oku kwenzekayo malunga ne-80. I-flotilla enkulu ye-icebergs yakhululwa ngenxa yokunyibilika kwe-Jakobshavn, i-glacier enkulu eGreenland. Izazinzulu zinike ingxelo kutshanje ukuba uJakobshavn ngoku usesichengeni ngakumbi kwilahleko yomkhenkce kunokuba bekukholelwa ngaphambili.
Izazinzulu zaphinda zabonisa ukuba ukunyibilika okumangalisayo komkhenkce wolwandle lweArctic sele ichaphazela imo yezulu ehlabathini lonke ngokuvelisa iziganeko zemozulu ezigqithisileyo.
umlilo
Ngexesha elifutshane ngokumangalisayo, iPeru iye yasuka ekubeni nemililo yasendle irekhode izikhukula. "Asikhange silubone olu hlobo lotshintsho olukhawulezayo nolukhawulezayo kwiimeko zemozulu," ilungu leZiko lezoKhuselo lasePeru uJuber Ruiz xelele uThe Guardian.
Imililo yasendle itshise ngomsindo ukusuka ngoSeptemba ukuya kuNovemba, njengoko iAmazon yasePeru yafumana ixesha layo elomileyo kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini, kwaye ngaphezulu kwe-100,000 yeehektare zehlathi elinemvula kunye nomhlaba wasefama watsha. Kwandula ke, ngoJanuwari, imbalela yakhokelela kwiimvula ezirekhodiweyo, nto leyo yabulala abantu abaninzi yaza yatshabalalisa amakhaya angaphezu kwe-12,000 XNUMX njengoko izithili ezingaphezu kwe-175 kwilizwe lonke kwafuneka zibhengeze imeko yonxunguphalo.
Ngo-Matshi, e-US, umlilo wasendle kufutshane ne-Boulder, eColorado ubonise ukukhaba kwangoko kwixesha lomlilo wasendle xa inyanzelise ukufuduswa kwabantu abayi-1,000.
Ngexesha loku kubhalwa, imililo yasendle kulo lonke elase-US yayisele iqalile ngomsindo, ngaphezulu kwe-2 yezigidi zeehektare zitshile. Elo nani leehektare ezitshisiweyo malunga namaxesha ali-10 kumyinge ngokwexesha lonyaka kwadweliswa, ngokwe iZiko loMlilo leSizwe.
umoya
A uphononongo olusanda kupapashwa, ekhokelwa ngusosayensi wemozulu uMichal Mann, ubonise ukuba i-ACD-fueled jet stream idibaniswe neziganeko zemozulu ezimbi njengezikhukhula ezinkulu kunye nobushushu obunamandla. Imijelo yeJet yimisinga yomoya ehamba ngokukhawuleza kwi-atmosfera enempembelelo enkulu kwimozulu kunye neepatheni zemozulu. Uphononongo lubonise ukuba ukwakhiwa kwegesi yegreenhouse emoyeni kuthoba isantya samaza omoya weplanethi, okukhokelela kwimozulu yasehlotyeni yengingqi, imizekelo equka amaza abulalayo aseYurophu ngo-2003, imililo yasendle eSiberia ngo-2010, kunye nezikhukula ezirekhodiweyo ePakistan. 2010.
Ukujonga kumntla waseKhanada, enye kwamva nje iye yatyhila indawo enkulu yokunyibilika ye-permafrost egubungela i-52,000 yeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha (indawo elingana ne-Alabama), apho iindawo ezinzulu ze-permafrost ziqhekeka ngokoqobo phambi kwamehlo oososayensi abazifundayo. Njengoko ziqhekeka, zikhupha izixa ezikhulu zekhabhoni egciniweyo emoyeni. Uphononongo, olwenziwe ngabaphandi kunye ne UPhando lweJoloji lweNdawo yaseMntla-ntshona yafumanisa ukuba ukuwa kwe-permafrost kuyanda kwaye kubangela ukudilika komhlaba kwimilambo namachibi okunokuthi ekugqibeleni kukhokelele ekuminxekeni kobomi kude ngezantsi komlambo. Ngokukwanjalo uguquko lwendawo yeArctic ebanzi sele lubonakala kwiindawo ezinkulu zaseAlaska, eSiberia naseScandinavia, kwaye izazinzulu qi kelela ukuba kukho ikharbhon ephindwe kabini kumkhenkce osehlabathini kunaleyo sele ikwiatmosfera.
Olunye uphononongo olukhulu ekhutshwe kutshanje iqikelele ukuba i-ACD iza kuzisa amaqondo obushushu eVancouver, eCanada afanayo nalawo aseSan Diego, eCalifornia, “kumashumi eminyaka ezayo.” I uphononongo luqikelela ukuba amaqondo obushushu emini kwi-metro-Vancouver iya kwandisa i-6C nge-2080s, kwaye isixeko kuya kufuneka siguqule ngokwaso kunye ne-air conditioning efunekayo, i-ski slopes enyibilikisiweyo kunye neziseko zokujongana neengxaki ezintsha zogutyulo.
I-Melting permafrost idale ukwakheka kwi-Arctic yaseSiberia eyaziwa ngokuba "ngumnyango wesihogo," i-crater enkulu enesiqingatha-mayile ubude kunye ne-282-foot-deep crater eqhubeka ikhula kwindawo kunye nobunzulu. I nzu lulwazi, bexhalabile malunga nokuba oku kuthetha ukuthini kwikamva le-permafrost ngaphesheya kwe-Arctic, bafunda i-crater, eqhubeka ikhula ngonyaka ngamnye olandelelanayo kwaye ikhupha ikhabhoni egciniweyo ngakumbi nangakumbi njengoko isenza.
Kwasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo e-US yabona ubushushu busasazeka kulo lonke elaseColorado nakwezinye iindawo, kwaye loo nto inegalelo ekonyukeni komngcipheko womlilo wasendle. Ubushushu obungalindelekanga bunwenwela ukusuka kuMbindi we-US ukuya kwiNtlango ekuMazantsi-ntshona. Apho, izixeko ezifana nePhoenix zanamava ubushushu obufana nehlobo kudala ngaphambi kokuba bafikelele kuloo manqanaba obushushu.
Okunye okungahambi kakuhle kobushushu: Inkonzo yeendaba zenzululwazi Phys.org inike ingxelo yokuba nangaphandle kwe-El Niño yokufudumala kwamanzi olwandle kulo nyaka, uMhlaba ufudumale ukuya kutsho kwiqondo lobushushu lesibini ngoFebruwari, okwesibini kuphela ukuya - uyiqikelele - kulo nyaka uphelileyo. Umhlaba uphinde wafumana ubusika besibini obushushu kakhulu kwimbali yokugcinwa kweerekhodi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba kwixesha elidlulileyo, uMhlaba awuzange usondele kumaqondo obushushu ngaphandle kwe-El Niño esebenzayo - kodwa kulo nyaka wenze kanye loo nto, nakwilizwekazi ngalinye.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, i-2017 ikwindawo yokuba ngomnye weminyaka eshushu kakhulu kwirekhodi - kulandela iminyaka emithathu elandelelanayo yobushushu bokwephula irekhodi - ngenxa yomthamo ophezulu iigesi ezibamba ubushushu egcwalisa iatmosfera yoMhlaba kuyo yonke isithuba seminyaka ezizigidi ezi-4 ukuya kwezili-15, idibene nokufudumala okumangalisayo kwamanzi olwandle lwePasifiki. La mandla, kunye noku kufudumala, ngokucacileyo kuyaqhubeka kwi-2017.
Urhulumente wase-US uza kusabela njani kwezi ndlela zicacileyo nezothusayo?
Ukukhanyela kunye Nenyani
Njengesiqhelo kwixesha likaTrump lezopolitiko zase-US, akukho kunqongophala kweendaba kwi-ACD-denial front.
NgoMatshi, kwiNkomfa yalo nyaka yeConservative Political Action (CPAC), iisemina ezininzi wazama ukwenza ityala ukuba ngaphezulu kwe-CO2 kwi-atmosfera yinto elungileyo. Omnye wabasasazi uxelele intatheli yaseBreitbart, "Umhlaba ukwindawo engcono kakhulu namhlanje" ngenxa yokunyuka kwamanqanaba e-CO2.
Ngeli xesha, uTrump ebesebenza kwi ukubuyisela umva ilifa lomgaqo-nkqubo we-ACD ka-Obama, mncinci njengoko kwakunjalo ekuqaleni. UTrump ubize imigaqo-nkqubo ye-ACD ka-Obama ngokuthi “bubudenge,” kwaye uye wachitha imali yophando lwe-ACD, wacutha uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwe-EPA ngeepesenti ezingama-31, wonyula indoda yeoli negesi (uScott Pruitt) njengentloko yaloo arhente, ekhuthaza amalahle, kwaye ukubuyisela umva isicwangciso sika-Obama sokuvala amaziko ombane angcolisa kakhulu.
Iinzame zikaTrump zokulwa ne-ACD-zokunciphisa zisendleleni yokuqinisekisa ukuba i-US iyaphoswa (engabophelelanga) iSivumelwano seMozulu seParis ekujoliswe kuso sokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo, kunye omnye umhlalutyi ubambe intsilelo ekujoliswe kuyo ngaphezu kwebhiliyoni enye yeetoni zemetric zeCO2.
Amajelo eendaba equmrhu ahlala egcina ukuthobelana kwi-ACD esebenzayo. Ngokophononongo olwenziwe yiMedia Matters, uthungelwano olukhulu luchithe a Itotali yemizuzu engama-50 Kufikelelo lwe-ACD ebudeni bonyaka ka-2016 uphela. Eso sixa-mali sidakumbileyo sibe kukwehla ngeepesenti ezingama-66 kukhuseleko ukusukela ngowama-2015.
Ngeli xesha, abameli be-geoengineering bangena kulawulo lukaTrump, kwaye beza nabo uceba ukutshiza imichiza ebonisa ilanga emoyeni. Abaxhasi bobunjineli bomhlaba baxoxa ngolawulo lweplanethi yomgangatho weenkqubo zoMhlaba ukuze kuphole uMhlaba. Uninzi izazinzulu ziyakuchasa Ifilosofi kunye nokusebenza kobunjineli bomhlaba, kunikwe amathuba aphezulu okuba neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga eziya kuthi ekugqibeleni ziqinise iimpembelelo ze-ACD.
Emuva kwihlabathi lokwenyani, kumzekelo wendlela izinto ze-topsy-turvy ziye zaba ngayo, I-17 abenzi bomthetho baseRiphabhlikhi baye basixhasa isigqibo sokuba bathathe amanyathelo kwi-ACD, kunye noNobhala wezoKhuselo kaTrump uJames “Mad Dog” Mattis ucaphule i-ACD njengomngeni wokhuseleko lwesizwe.
Ukuvala ukuthunyelwa kwale nyanga kwinqaku elibalulekileyo, qwalasela iziphumo zophononongo lwamva nje olupapashwe kwi-Nature Geoscience: Kunyaka wesibini ngokulandelelana, i-CO2 emoyeni - umqhubi oyintloko we-ACD - ngoku. ukunyuka ngesona santya sikhawulezayo kwesakha sarekhodwa.
Dahr Jamail, intatheli yabasebenzi be-Truthout, umbhali we Intando Yokumelana: Amajoni anqwenela ukulwa e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan (Haymarket Books, 2009), kunye Ngaphaya koMmandla oLuhlaza: Ukuhanjiswa okuvela kwiNtatheli yeendaba engafakwanga kwi-Iraq ehlala abantu (Iincwadi zeHaymarket, ngo-2007). I-Jamail inike ingxelo evela e-Iraq ngaphezu konyaka, kunye naseLebhanon, eSiriya, eJordani naseTurkey kule minyaka iyi-10 idlulileyo, kwaye iphumelele iMbasa yeMartha Gellhorn ye-Investigative Journalism, phakathi kwamanye amabhaso.
Incwadi yakhe yesithathu, Ukutshatyalaliswa ngobuninzi kwe-Iraq: Kutheni kusenzeka, kwaye ngubani onoxanduva, ibhalwe kunye UWilliam Rivers Pitt, iyafumaneka ngoku kwiAmazon.
UDahr Jamail ngumbhali wencwadi, Ukuphela Kweqhwa, evela kwiNew Press. Uhlala kwaye usebenza eWashington State.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela