Ha se tsamaiso e ncha feela, empa maikutlo a macha a se a lula White House: neofascism. E ts'oana ka mekhoa e itseng ea khale ea fascism ea Italy le Jeremane lilemong tsa bo-1920 le bo-30, empa ka likarolo tse ikhethang tsa nalane tse ikhethileng moruong oa lipolotiki le setso sa United States mathoasong a lilemo tse mashome a mabeli a motso o mong. Neofascism ena e khetholla, tlhahlobong ea ka, mopresidente le baeletsi ba hae ba haufi haholo, le ba bang ba batho ba bohlokoa ka har'a kabinete ea hae.2 Ho latela pono e pharalletseng ea kahisano, e bonahatsa metheo ea likhetho, libaka tsa likhetho le litekanyo, le bochaba ba khethollo ea morabe, bohloeki bo tlisitseng Donald Trump setulong. Puisano ea Neofascist le mekhoa ea lipolotiki e se e bonahala letsatsi le leng le le leng litlhaselong tse mabifi ho ba hateletsoeng ka morabe, bajaki, basali, batho ba LBGTQ, litsebi tsa tikoloho le basebetsi. Tsena li ’nile tsa tsamaea le letšolo le tsitsitseng la ho etsa hore makhotla a boahloli, basebeletsi ba ’muso, sesole le mekhatlo ea bohlale, le boralitaba hore ba lumellane le khopolo ena e ncha le ’nete ea lipolotiki.
Ke mang ea thehang motheo oa sechaba oa neofascist phenomenon? Joalo ka ha tlhahlobo ea Gallup le likhetho tsa ho tsoa ho CNN li bonts'itse, ts'ehetso ea likhetho ea Trump e tsoa haholo maemong a mahareng a baahi, ke hore, ho tsoa ho batho ba maemo a tlase ba maemo a mahareng le ba nang le maemo a phahameng a sehlopha sa basebetsi, haholoholo ba nang le meputso ea selemo le selemo ea malapa ho feta boemo ba bohare. hoo e ka bang $56,000. Trump e fumane likhetho tse ngata har'a ba nang le chelete e kenang lipakeng tsa $50,000 le $200,000 ka selemo, haholoholo ho $50,000 ho $99,999,' me har'a ba se nang mangolo a koleche. Ho ba ileng ba tlaleha hore boemo ba bona ba lichelete bo ne bo le bobe ho feta lilemo tse 'nè pele ho moo, Trump o ile a hlōla ka ho feletseng karolo ea 77 lekholong ea likhetho.3 Tlhahlobo ea Jonathan Rothwell le Pablo Diego-Rosell oa Gallup, e ntlafalitsoeng matsatsi a seng makae pele ho likhetho, e bontšitse hore ho fapana le bakuli ba tloaelehileng ba Rephabliki, boholo ba tšehetso e matla ka ho fetisisa ea Trump e tsoa ho basebetsi ba banna ba basoeu ba nang le menyetla e mengata ka har'a "liindasteri tse nang le tsebo e putsoa" - ho kenyeletsoa. “tlhahiso, kaho, ho kenya, ho hlokomela, ho lokisoa, le lipalangoang”—e leng chelete e fetang chelete e kenang lipakeng, le ho feta lilemo tse mashome a mane.4 Ho seo ho thoeng ke Rust Belt 5 states (Iowa, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, le Wisconsin) tse ileng tsa sutumelletsa likhetho ho Trump, likhetho tsa Rephabliki li eketsehile ka ho feta 300,000 har'a bakhethi ba fumanang $ 50,000 kapa ka tlase ho 2012. Ho sa le joalo, har'a sehlopha se tšoanang sa palo ea batho, Mademokrate a lahlehetsoe ke bakhethi ba fetang makhetlo a mararo ho feta palo ea Ma-Republican a e fumaneng.5 Ha ho le e 'ngoe ea tsena e neng e lekane ho hapa Trump likhetho tse tummeng tsa naha, tseo a li lahlehetsoeng ke hoo e ka bang limilione tse 3, empa e ile ea mo fa monyetla oo a neng a o hloka kolecheng ea likhetho.
Naheng ka bophara, Trump e hapile likhetho tse tšoeu le tsa banna ka makhethe a bohlokoa, mme a ba le tšehetso e matla har'a bakhethi ba mahaeng. Ka bobeli Maprostanta a bolumeli le Mak’hatholike a ne a rata mokhethoa oa mopresidente oa Rephabliki, empa tšehetso ea hae e khōlō ho feta bohle (karolo ea 80 lekholong) e ne e tsoa ho Bakreste ba basoeu ba evangeli. Li-Veterans le tsona li tsamaile hampe bakeng sa Trump. Har'a ba neng ba nka bojaki e le taba e hatellang ka ho fetesisa ea sechaba, Trump, ho latela likhetho tsa ho tsoa ho CNN, o fumane liperesente tse 64 tsa likhetho; har’a ba ileng ba beha taba ea bokhukhuni e le eona taba ea pele, karolo ea 57 lekholong.6 Bongata ba likhetho bo ne bo laoloa ke lipolelo tse peli tse totobetseng le tse sa tobang tsa khethollo ea morabe, e sa tsoang ho mokhethoa oa Rephabliki feela empa hape le ho metsoalle ea hae e haufi le ba lelapa ('me ho hang ho ne ho se teng har'a Mademokrate ka bobona). Donald Trump, Jr., ho seo ho hlakileng hore e ne e le leqheka la lipolotiki, o ile a ngola khafetsa mapetjo a makhooa a makhooa a Manazi a lebisitsoeng ho le letona le hole. Lipolelo tse koetsoeng hanyane tsa Trump khahlano le Mamosleme le batho ba Mexico, le selekane sa hae le Breitbart, se supile nqa e le 'ngoe.7
Joalokaha tlaleho ea Gallup e hlokometse ka ho hlaka:
Phuputsong [Richard F. Hamilton, Ke mang ea ileng a vouta bakeng sa Hitler?] mohlomong oa mokha o tummeng hampe ka ho fetisisa [oa bochaba], sebaka sa mekhoa ea ho vouta se senola hore batšehetsi ba lipolotiki ba mokha oa National Socialist oa Adolph Hitler e ne e le Maprostanta a sa leka-lekaneng, haeba a ne a lula mahaeng, le ba mesebetsing ea tsamaiso e bohareng le beng ba naha. likhoebo tse nyane, haeba li lula teropong. Kahoo, ha ho barui kapa mafutsana ka ho khetheha ba neng ba sekametse ho tšehetseng Mokha oa Manazi, ’me esita le har’a Bakreste, boitsebiso ba bolumeli bo ne bo le bohlokoa haholo.8
Tlhaloso e hlakileng e ne e le hore batšehetsi ba Trump ba ikamahanya le mokhoa o tšoanang oa kakaretso. Ho latela phuputso ea Hamilton, ka kakaretso ho lumeloa hore “batho ba boemo bo tlaase ba bohareng (kapa borui ba tlaase) ba ile ba fana ka tšehetso e tiileng bakeng sa Hitler le mokha oa hae.”9 Hitler o ile a boela a sebelisa sehlopha se senyenyane sa basebetsi, se neng se emetsoe ka tsela e sa lekanyetsoang ke basebetsi ba nang le maemo a phahameng a maputsoa. Empa bongata bo boholo ba tšehetso ea hae bo ne bo tsoa ho batho ba maemo a tlase a mahareng kapa ba bourgeoisie ba banyenyane, ba emelang sehlopha sa batho ba hanyetsang basebetsi, ba khethollo ea morabe, le ba khahlanong le ho theoa—tse neng li ikamahanya le chelete. Hitler o ile a boela a fumana tšehetso e tsoang ho Maprostanta a chesehang, bakhethi ba mahaeng, masole a ntoa a holofetseng, le bakhethi ba hōlileng kapa ba penshene.10
Ho tšoana le ketsahalo ea Trump United States ka hona ho hlakile ka ho lekaneng. Tšehetso ea Trump ha e tsoe ho bongata ba basebetsi kapa sehlopha sa bo-capitalist-le hoja ba morao-rao boholo ba bona ba lumellana le Trumpism, kaha ke bona bajalefa ba eona ba ka sehloohong. Hang ha e se e le matla, mekhatlo ea bo-fascist e kile ea itlhoekisa ka potlako lihokelong tse matla tsa maemo a tlase tse ba thusitseng ho ba kenya matla, 'me haufinyane ba ikamahanya ka tieo le khoebo e kholo-mokhoa o seng o ntse o iponahatsa tsamaisong ea Trump.11
Leha ho le joalo ho sa tsotellehe ho tšoana hona ho pharaletseng, likarolo tsa bohlokoa li khetholla neofascism United States ea mehleng ea kajeno ho tloha pele ho eona qalong ea lekholo la mashome a mabeli la lilemo Europe. Ka litsela tse ngata ke mofuta o ikhethileng, sui generis. Ha ho na pefo ea sesole literateng. Ha ho na lihempe tse ntšo kapa lihempe tse sootho, ha ho li-Stormtroopers tsa Manazi. Ha e le hantle, ha ho na mokha o arohaneng oa fascist.12 Kajeno moruo oa lefats'e ha o laoloe ke bokhaphithaliste bo ikemetseng ba naha, joalo ka bo-fascism ba khale, empa bokhaphithaliste ba lefats'e la monopoly-finance.
Ka mor'a ho hlōloa ha eona Ntoeng ea Pele ea Lefatše, Jeremane ka bo-1930 e ne e le bohareng ba Ho oa ho Hoholo ha Moruo, 'me e le haufi le ho qalisa ntoa ea eona bakeng sa matla a moruo le a borena Europe. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, United States kajeno, eo e leng nako e telele e le naha ea lefatše, e 'nile ea e-ba le nako e telele ea ho putlama ha moemphera, hammoho le ho putlama ha moruo. Sena se emela tsela e fapaneng. Leano la White House la "Amerika Pele", le hlahisitsoeng puong ea ho qala ha Trump, ka mokhoa oa eona oa "palingenetic oa ultra-nationalism" ("palingenesis" e bolelang "tsoalo hape") ha e reretsoe ho busa Europe le likolone tsa eona, joalo ka Manazi. Jeremane, empa molemong oa ho khutlisa bophahamo ba US lefats'eng lohle, e lebisang "karolong e ka bang kotsi ka ho fetisisa ea bo-imperialism."13
Ho tsoela pele ho khetholla neofascism ea nako ea rona ea hajoale ke ho fihla ha koluoa ea phetoho ea maemo a leholimo — eona 'nete eo White House e e hanang. Sebakeng sa ho rarolla bothata bona, tsamaiso e ncha, e tšehelitsoeng ke lepheo la mesaletsa ea mesaletsa ea Mokha oa Rephabliki, e phatlalalitse ka ho hlaka hore phetoho ea maemo a leholimo ea anthropogenic ha e eo. E khethile ho nyelisa lefatše lohle ntlheng ena, e hana tumellano ea lefats'e ea saense. Ho na le matšoenyeho a tebileng, a hlahisitsoeng ke ba Bulletin ea Atomic Scientists, e qetang ho suthisetsa oache ea eona ea letsatsi la timetso metsotsoana e mashome a mararo haufi le “har’a mp’a bosiu,” e le hore mokhoa ona oa ho hloka kelello o ka fetela ho libetsa tsa nyutlelie.14
Empa haeba White House e se e hlalositsoe hantle ka ho fetesisa, ka lebaka la mabaka ohle a kaholimo, joalo ka neofascist litšekamelong tsa eona, sena ha se fetele ho naha eohle ea US. Congress, makhotla, tsamaiso ea sechaba, sesole, mebuso ea naha le ea libaka, le seo hangata se bitsoang ka mor'a Louis Althusser, "lisebelisoa tsa naha tsa maikutlo" - ho kopanyelletsa le mecha ea litaba le litsi tsa thuto - li ne li tla lokela ho behoa moleng pele ho moo. naha ea neofascist ka botlalo e ka sebetsa ka maemo a eona a mabifi.15 Leha ho le joalo, ha ho pelaelo hore demokrasi ea tokoloho kapa ea bokapitale United States joale e kotsing. Boemong ba tsamaiso ea lipolotiki ka kakaretso, re joalo ka ha rasaense oa lipolotiki Richard Falk a boletse, "nakong ea pele ho puso ea bofascist."16 Ka nako e ts'oanang, metheo e ntse e le teng ka har'a mmuso le sechaba bakeng sa khanyetso e hlophisitsoeng, ea molao.
Mona ho bohlokoa ho utloisisa hore fascism ka tsela efe kapa efe ha se pherekano feela ea lipolotiki kapa pherekano, empa esale e le o mong oa mekhoa e 'meli e meholo ea tsamaiso ea lipolotiki e amohetsoeng ke lihlopha tse busang liprofinseng tse tsoetseng pele tsa capitalist.17 Ho tloha bofelong ba lekholo la leshome le metso e robong la lilemo, linaha tsa bo-capitalist, haholo-holo tsa mebuso e meholo ea borena, ka kakaretso li nkile sebopeho sa demokrasi ea tokoloho-e emelang mofuta oa tekatekano lipakeng tsa makala a sechaba a hlolisanang le litšekamelo, moo sehlopha sa bokapitale, ka matla a taolo ea sona. moruo, 'me ho sa tsotellehe boipuso bo lekanyelitsoeng bo fanoeng ke naha, e khona ho tiisa matla a eona. Ho e-na le hore e be ea demokrasi ka tsela leha e le efe e leka-lekaneng, demokrasi ea tokoloho e lumeletse sebaka se seholo bakeng sa ho phahama ha puso ea sechaba ka sechaba, ke hore, puso ea barui; empa ka nako e tšoanang e fokotsoe ke mefuta le litokelo tsa demokrasi tse emelang litumellano ho baahi ba bangata.18 Ehlile, leha e ntse e le ka har'a meeli ea demokrasi ea tokoloho, mehla ea neoliberal ho tloha ka bo-1980 e amahanngoa le keketseho e matla ka ho fetisisa ea ho se lekane nalaneng e tlalehiloeng.19
Leha ho le joalo, demokrasi ea tokoloho ha se eona feela mofuta o le mong oa puso ea linaha tse tsoetseng pele tsa bokapitale. Linakong tsa koluoa ea tsamaiso eo ho eona likamano tsa thepa li leng kotsing - joalo ka Ho oa ho Hoholo ha Moruo ka bo-1930, kapa ho putlama le ho putlama ha lichelete lilemong tse mashome tsa morao tjena - maemo a ka rata ho phahama ha fascism. Ho feta moo, ka nako eo joaloka hona joale, fascism e lula e le sehlahisoa sa maemo a maholoanyane a monopoly capital le imperialism, e amanang le ho loana bakeng sa hegemony ka har'a moruo oa lefatše oa capitalist. Koluoa e joalo ea matla a lefats'e, a nnete kapa a lemohuoang, a hlohlelletsa bochaba, khethollo ea morabe, lehloeo la basele, ts'ireletso e feteletseng, le sesole se matla, se bakang khatello lapeng le ntoa ea lipolotiki kantle ho naha. Demokrasi ea tokoloho, puso ea molao, le boteng ba bohanyetsi bo ka atlehang ba lipolotiki li ka ba kotsing.
Maemong a joalo, joalokaha Bertolt Brecht a ile a bolela, “Tšepo ea rōna e hanyetsana!”20 Joale hoa hlokahala ho botsa: Ke likhanyetsano life tse ikhethang tsa neofascism nakong ea Trump? Li amana joang le koluoa e kholoanyane ea moruo oa lipolotiki le 'muso oa US? Hona re sebelisa likhohlano tsee joang ho theha mokhatlo o matla, o kopaneng oa khanyetso?
The Classical Fascist Gleichschaltung
Paul Sweezy o ile a ngolla Paul Baran ka 1952 a re: “Khahlanong le bofascism ke demokrasi ea bourgeois, eseng ea feudalism kapa socialism. Bofascista ke o mong oa mekhoa ea lipolotiki eo bokapitale bo ka e nkang nakong ea puso ea bo-imperialist.”21 Taba ea fascism, ebang ke ka mokhoa oa eona oa khale kapa oa morao-rao kahoo e fetela ka nģ'ane ho lipolotiki tse nepahetseng. E hlahisa, joalo ka ha Baran a arabile Sweezy, potso ea bohlokoa haholo ea "ho tlola sebaka" se tšoaeang karohano ea boleng lipakeng tsa demokrasi ea tokoloho le fascism (le kajeno lipakeng tsa neoliberalism le neofascism). Tsoelo-pele e feletseng ea naha ea bo-fascist, e utloisisoang e le ts'ebetso ea histori, e hloka ho nkoa ha lisebelisoa tsa mmuso ka botlalo, 'me ka hona ho felisoe karohano leha e le efe ea' nete ea matla pakeng tsa likarolo tse fapaneng, molemong oa ntoa e kholoanyane bakeng sa naha. hammoho le puso ea lefatše.22 Kahoo, ka mor'a ho fumana hlooho ea leoatle 'musong, haholo-holo lithahasello tsa tsamaiso, tsa bo-fascist li kile tsa sebelisa mekhoa e seng ea molao, sehlōhō, liphatlalatso le litšoso e le mokhoa oa ho kopanya, ka chelete e kholo e shebahala ka tsela e 'ngoe kapa esita le ho fana ka tšehetso e tobileng. Ka ts'ebetso e felletseng ea bo-fascist, litšireletso tse seng li sa phethahala ho batho tse fanoang ke demokrasi ea tokoloho li felisitsoe, hammoho le matla a bohanyetsi ba lipolotiki.
Leha ho le joalo, litokelo tsa thepa li sirelelitsoe ka linako tsohle tlas'a fascism-ntle le ba lebisitsoeng ka morabe, thobalano, kapa lipolotiking, bao thepa ea bona e atisang ho nkoa ka mahahapa-'me lithahasello tsa lichelete tse kholo lia ntlafatsoa.23 Mabotho a lipolotiki a busang a shebana le seo maikutlo a Bonazi a se bitsitseng "naha ea bohatelli," e hlophisitsoeng ho pota-pota ba boholong, ha motheo oa moruo o ntse o e-s'o ame.24 Naha ea bo-fascist ka mohopolo oa eona o nepahetseng ke "totalitarian" ka boyona, e fokotsang lisebelisoa tsa lipolotiki le tsa setso ho matla a le mong, empa e siea moruo le sehlopha sa bokapitale haholo ntle le tšitiso, esita le ho kopanya puso ea karolo ea eona e le 'ngoe.25 Sepheo sa mmuso maemong ana ke ho hatella le ho laea baahi, ha ho ntse ho sireletsa le ho khothaletsa likamano tsa thepa ea bokapitale, phaello, le ho bokella, le ho rala motheo oa katoloso ea borena. Joalokaha Mussolini ka boeena a ile a bolela: “Puso ea bo-fascist ha ea rera ho etsa naha kapa ho mpefatsa boemo ba moruo oa naha kaofela, ho lekane ho o laola le ho o laea ka likoporasi…. Likoporasi li fana ka boitšoaro 'me mmuso o tla nka feela makala a amanang le ts'ireletso, boteng le ts'ireletso ea naha ea habo bona. "26 Hitler ka ho tšoanang o ile a phatlalatsa: “Re emela ho hlokomela thepa ea botho . . . Re tla sireletsa likhoebo tse lokolohileng e le tsona tse molemo ka ho fetisisa, kapa ho e-na le hoo e le eona feela taolo e ka bang teng ea moruo. "27
Ka sebele, leano leo hangata le neng le hlokomolohuoa la Manazi e ne e le ho rekisa thepa ea ’muso. Khopolo ea ho etsa poraefete (kapa "tsosoloso") ea moruo, eo hona joale e leng letšoao la neoliberalism, e ile ea qala ho fumana chelete Jeremane ea bo-fascist, moo likamano tsa thepa ea capitalist li ileng tsa lula li halalela, joalo ka ha sebopeho se secha sa mmuso oa fascist se ile sa qhaqha mekhatlo ea demokrasi le ho theha ntoa. moruo. Nakong ea ha Hitler a qala ho busa, boholo ba moruo oa Jeremane e ne e le oa 'muso: likarolo tse kang tsa liindasteri tsa tšepe le tsa mashala, tsa kaho ea likepe le tsa libanka li ne li se li le naha. Tlas'a Hitler, United Steel Trust e ile ea etsoa poraefete ka lilemo tse 'maloa feela,' me ka 1937 libanka tsohle tse kholo li ile tsa etsoa praefisi. Tsena tsohle li ile tsa eketsa matla le boholo ba chelete. “Bohlokoa bo sebetsang ba ho fetisetsoa ha likhoebo tsa ’muso matsohong a poraefete,” Maxine Yaple Sweezy o ngotse phuputsong e khōlō ea 1941 ea moruo oa Manazi, “e bile hore sehlopha sa bokapitale se ile sa tsoela pele ho sebetsa e le sekepe sa ho bokella chelete. Ho feta moo, ho etsa phaello le ho khutlisetsa thepa matsohong a batho, ho thusitse ho tiisa matla a Mokha oa Manazi.”28 Joalokaha Nicos Poulantzas a boletse ho Bofascista le Bohatelli, “BoNazi bo ile ba boloka taolo ea molao litabeng tsa ho sireletsa puso ea bokapitale le thepa ea botho.”29
Haeba poraefete ka har'a indasteri e ne e le ea bohlokoa ho phahamiseng ha bo-fascism Jeremane, ka hona ho tsepamisa matla a moruo a sehlopha sa bokapitale, e ne e le ho kopanya puso ea Manazi ka har'a naha ka boeona e entseng hore ea pele e khonehe, ho roba taolo ea demokrasi ea tokoloho ka ho felletseng. Ts'ebetso ena, e tsejoang e le Gleichschaltung (“bring in line” kapa “synchronization”) e hlalositse nako ea ho kopanngoa ha tsamaiso e ncha ea lipolotiki ka lilemo tsa 1933–34. Sena se ne se bolela ho kopanya lipolotiking mekhatlo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e arohaneng ea mmuso, ho kenyeletsoa paramente, makhotla, tsamaiso ea sechaba, sesole, le makala a mmuso a lehae le a libaka, le ho fetisetsa sena ho likarolo tse kholo tsa lisebelisoa tsa naha tsa naha ka har'a mekhatlo ea sechaba, kapa thuto. mekhatlo, mecha ea litaba, mekhatlo ea khoebo, le tse ling.30 Ho lumellana hona ho ile ha finyelloa ka ho kopanya likhopolo, litšoso, tšebelisano-’moho e qobelloang, le ho qobella, hangata ka ho qobella mekhatlo ena hore e “hloekise matlo a eona.” Molaoli ea ka sehloohong oa Nazi Carl Schmitt o ile a phahamisa melao-motheo e 'meli e laolang Gleichschaltung tabeng ea Sejeremane: (1) ho tlosoa ha “bao e seng Maarya,” le (2) the Führerprinzip (“molao-motheo oa boetapele,” ho beha moetapele ka holim’a melao e ngotsoeng). Nakong ena mofuta oa kobo ea boahloli e ne e le molaong ho kopanngoa ha matla, ho tla ajoa hamorao. Joalokaha Schmitt a hlalositse, ntho ea Gleichschaltung e ne e le bonngoe le bohloeki, tse finyelloang ka "ho felisa mefuta e sa tšoaneng."31
Gleichschaltung Jeremane e ne e lebisitsoe ho makala 'ohle a arohaneng a' muso le lisebelisoa tsa naha ea maikutlo ka nako e le 'ngoe, empa e ile ea e-ba le mekhahlelo e' maloa kapa khefu ea boleng. Mollo oa Reichstag, o ileng oa hlongoa khoeli feela ka mor'a hore Mopresidente Hindenburg a khethe Hitler e le tonakholo ka Pherekhong 1933, o ile oa tsosa taba ea melao-taelo e 'meli e fanang ka lebaka la molao bakeng sa ho tlola molao oa motheo. Litaelo tsena li ile tsa tiisoa hape ke Molao oa ho Nonofatsa, kapa "Molao oa ho Felisa Kotsi ho Sechaba le Reich" ka Hlakubele 1933, ho fa Hitler matla a le mong a ho etsa melao e ikemetseng ntle le Reichstag. Kapele sena se ile sa tsamaea le ho tšoaroa le ho hloekisoa ha bahanyetsi ba lipolotiki. Nako ena e ile ea boela ea bona ho qalisoa ha "Molao oa Tsosoloso ea Ts'ebeletso ea Sechaba" e neng e lumella hore ho sebelisoe Gleichschaltung ho basebeletsi bohle ba basebeletsi ba sechaba. Mokhahlelo ona oa pele oa ho kenya letsoho e ile ea fela ka July 1933 ha ho felisoa mekha eohle ea lipolotiki ntle le National Socialist German Workers Party.32
Mokhahlelo oa bobeli o ne o reretsoe ho theha taolo holim'a le ho kopanya sesole, hammoho le liunivesithi, boralitaba, le mekhatlo e meng ea sechaba le setso. Ha se feela hore Hitler o ile a falla ho kopanya taolo ea hae ea sesole (the wehrmacht), empa, boitekong ba ho kopanya sesole le morero oa Bonazi, ka December 1933 o ile a phatlalatsa hore sesole e ne e le “sechaba se le seng feela se jarang libetsa,” a nyenyefatsa lipolelo tsa lepheo la sesole sa Mokha oa Manazi, la lihempe tse sootho, SA. (Sturmabteilung, "Assault Division" kapa Stormtroopers).33
"Pheliso ea mefuta e fapaneng" ka har'a mekhatlo e meholo ea setso e bontšoa hantle ka ho kenngoa ha liunivesithi thutong ea Bonazi. E le moreketoro oa Univesithi ea Freiburg, ho qala ka 1933, rafilosofi oa Lejeremane Martin Heidegger o ile a qosoa ka setsi sa thuto. Gleichschaltung joalo ka mosebetsi oa hae o moholo oa semmuso. Heidegger o ile a phetha mesebetsi ena ho fihlela lengolo, a thusa ho hloekisa univesithi le ho nyatsa basebetsi-'moho. Lilemong tsena, o ile a sebetsa haufi-ufi le Carl Schmitt ho ntšetsa pele likhopolo tsa Bonazi, ho thusa ho beha mabaka a khahlanong le Bajuda le ho okamela ho chesoa ha libuka tsa tšoantšetso.34
Mokhahlelo oa boraro, oa makhaola-khang oa Gleichschaltung e bile tlhoekiso ea mali ea SA ho tloha ka Phuptjane 30 - Phupu 2, 1934, le ho theoa ho latelang, haholo kamora lefu la Hindenburg ka Phato, la Hitler e le mohloli o ka sehloohong oa molao, joalo ka ha ho ketekoa sengoloa sa Schmitt "The Führer Safeguards the Law." Ho tloha nakong ena ho ea pele, puso ea bo-fascist e ile ea kopanngoa mekhatlong eohle e meholo ea mmuso le litho tse ka sehloohong tsa maikutlo a sechaba.35
Linaha tse ling tsa bo-fascist li latetse tsela e tšoanang, haeba e fokotsehile haholo. Robert O. Paxton oa ngola: Anatomy ea Fascism, “ke mekhatlo ea basebetsi, mekha ea lipolotiki le mecha ea litaba feela e ileng ea ‘kenngoa moleng’ ka ho feletseng.”36
Mohale oa terompeta Gleichschaltung
Bongata ba lintlafatso tsena li ne li tobile Europe ka bo-1930, ’me ha ho bonahale eka li tla ipheta hape ka ntho leha e le efe e tšoanang le eona mehleng ea rōna. Leha ho le joalo, neofascism kajeno e boetse e na le sepheo sa eona sa phetoho taolong ea tsamaiso ea bokhaphithaliste e tsoetseng pele, e hlokang hore ho felisoe ka katleho taolo ea demokrasi le ho nkeloa sebaka ke puso ea baemeli ba seo hona joale se bitsoang "alt-right," ho buella khethollo ea morabe pepenene, bochaba, ho hanyetsa tikoloho, ho hloea basali, lehloeo la batho ba ratanang le batho ba bong bo tšoanang, pefo ea mapolesa le ntoa e feteletseng.
Sepheo se tebileng sa mekhoa ena eohle ea karabelo, leha ho le joalo, ke khatello ea basebetsi. Ka morao ho boipiletso ba Trump mabapi le leeme le letona ke keketseho e ntseng e eketseha ea ts'ebetso ea moruo oa mmuso, matlafatso ea matla a likhoebo tse kholo, le ho fetohela ho leano la kantle ho naha la bo-imperiyali le hlalosoang ka morabe. Leha ho le joalo ho beha leano le joalo la neofascist sebakeng se hloka mofuta o mocha oa Gleichschaltung, moo litsi tse fapa-fapaneng—Lekhotla, lekhotla la boahloli, puso ea sechaba, mebuso ea naha le ea libaka, sesole, naha ea tšireletso ea tlhaho (“boemo bo tebileng”), mecha ea litaba, le litsi tsa thuto—kaofela li behiloe moleng.37
Ho na le bopaki bofe bo tiileng ba hore Trump White House e sebetsa ho kenya tšebetsong mekhoa ea neofascist ea tsamaiso ea naha ea capitalist, e tlolang litloaelo tsa molao le ho hlakola ts'ireletso ea demokrasi? Mona ho molemo ho ikhopotsa litšobotsi tsa fascism ka kakaretso, tseo US neofascism e leng mofuta o itseng. Joalo ka ha Samir Amin a bolela "Ho Khutla ha Fascism ho Contemporary Capitalism":
Khetho ea bo-fascist ea ho laola naha ea bokhaphithaliste e maqakabetsing e lula e thehiloe — ka tlhaloso esita le—ho hanang “demokrasi.” Bofascista kamehla bo nkela sebaka sa melao-motheo e akaretsang eo likhopolo le litloaelo tsa mebuso ea kajeno ea demokrasi li theiloeng holim’a tsona—ho amoheloa ha maikutlo a sa tšoaneng, ho kenella mekhoeng ea likhetho ho fumana hore na ke ba bangata hakae, tiiso ea litokelo tsa ba fokolang, joalo-joalo—ka litekanyetso tse hanyetsanang tsa ho ikokobelletsa. ho ea ka litlhoko tsa taeo e kopanetsoeng le matla a moetapele ea phahameng le baemeli ba hae ba ka sehloohong. Phetoho ena ea litekanyetso e lula e tsamaisana le ho khutla ha mehopolo e shebileng morao, e khonang ho fana ka bonnete bo hlakileng ba mekhoa ea tlhahiso e kentsoeng ts'ebetsong. Phatlalatso ea seo ho nahanoang hore ke tlhokahalo ea ho khutlela (“bohareng”) ba nakong e fetileng, ea ho ikokobelletsa bolumeli ba ’muso kapa tšobotsi e itseng eo ho nahanoang hore ke ea “morabe” kapa “sechaba” (sa morabe) e etsa letoto la lipuo tsa likhopolo-taba tse rometsoeng ke matla a fascist.38
Boemo bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa ba bochaba le bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa ba mapheo a nepahetseng a tsamaiso e ncha ha boa lokela ho belaelloa. Puong ea hae ea ho qala, e ngotsoeng ke baeletsi ba hae ba ka lehlakoreng le letona Steve Bannon le Stephen Miller, Trump o phatlalalitse, ho seo setsebi sa moruo Joseph Stiglitz a se bitsitseng "mekhoa ea nalane ea bo-fascist":
Ho tloha motsotsong ona ho ea pele, e tla ba Amerika Pele…. Re tla matlafatsa lilekane tsa khale le ho theha tse ncha-'me re kopanye lefats'e le tsoetseng pele khahlanong le Radical Islamic Terrorism, eo re tla e felisa ka ho feletseng sefahlehong sa Lefatše .... Re tlameha ho sireletsa meeli ea rona ho tsenyo ea linaha tse ling tse etsang lihlahisoa tsa rona, ho utsoa lik'hamphani tsa rona, le ho senya mesebetsi ea rona…. Amerika e tla qala ho hapa hape, ho hlola ho feta leha e le neng pele…. Kwa motheong wa dipolotiki tsa rona ho tla ba le botshepehi bo felletseng ho United States of America, mme ka botshepehi ba rona ho naha ya rona, re tla sibolla botshepehi ba rona ho ba bang. Ha u bula pelo ea hau ho rata naha, ha ho sebaka sa leeme…. Ha Amerika e kopane, Amerika ha e thijoe ho hang. Ha hoa lokela ho ba le tšabo—re sirelelitsoe, ’me re tla lula re sirelelitsoe. Re tla sireletsoa ke banna le basali ba baholo ba sesole sa rona le ts'ebetsong ea molao, mme sa bohlokoa le ho feta, re sirelelitsoe ke Molimo…. Hammoho, Re Tla Matlafatsa Amerika Hape. Re Tla Etsa Hore Amerika e Fumane Hape. Re Tla Etsa Hore Amerika e Ithorise Hape. Re Tla Etsa Hore Amerika e Sireletsehe Hape. 'Me, E, Hammoho, Re Tla Etsa Hore Amerika e Khōlō Hape.39
Moralo oa maikutlo le leano la lipolotiki la Trumpism haholo-holo ke mosebetsi oa Bannon, eo pele e neng e le hlooho ea Breitbart News mme hona joale e le setsebi sa maano le moeletsi ea phahameng oa White House, ea ileng a tsamaisa lets'olo la likhetho la Trump likhoeling tsa lona tsa ho qetela.40 Bannon, ea sa tsoa khethoa ho Lekhotla la Ts'ireletso la Naha la Trump, o phethile karolo ea bohlokoa ho hlaseleng mecha ea litaba eo e seng ea Rupert Murdoch. Leha ho phehisanoa khang ka phihlello ea tšusumetso ea Bannon, puso ea hae ka har'a selikalikoe sa tsamaiso e kholo hoo New York Times boto ea bahlophisi e boletse hore "o ipeha boemong ... joalo ka mopresidente oa de facto."41 Bannon e pota-potiloe ke ba bang ba babeli ba nang le maikutlo a Breitbart, Miller, moeletsi e moholo oa Trump (le motlatsi oa Attorney General Jeff Sessions), le Sebastian Gorka, motlatsi oa motlatsi oa ts'ireletso ea naha. Mosuoe-hlooho e mong oa Breitbart, Julia Hahn, o khethiloe e le "mothusi ea khethehileng oa mopresidente," ea sebetsang tlas'a Bannon e le mothusi oa hae ea ka sehloohong, 'me o tsejoa e le "Bannon's Bannon" , e hiriloeng ho boloka ma-Republican a congress a le moleng.42
Khopolo ea Bannon ea bo-neofascist e ka bonoa e e-na le likarolo tse tšeletseng tse khōlō: (1) tlhokahalo ea ho hlōla “bothata ba bokapitale,” haholo-holo United States, bo tlisitsoeng ke ho phahama ha “bokapitale ba lefatše” le “bokhaphithaliste bo sa tloaelehang”; (2) ho tsosolosoa ha “Judeo-Christian West” e le motheo oa moea oa bokapitale bo tsosolositsoeng; (3) khothaletso ea bochaba bo feteletseng, e tobane le bajaki bao e seng makhooa; (4) boitsebahatso bo hlakileng le seo Bannon a se bitsang “mokhatlo oa lefatše ka bophara oa populist”—ke hore, neo-fascism ea lefatše lohle; (5) ho tsitlella hore United States e ntoeng ea lefatše lohle khahlanong le “Boislamo bo ntseng bo eketseha” le “China e ratang katoloso”—seo a se bitsang “ntoa e teng lefatšeng ka bophara”; le (6) khopolo ea hore ho phahama ha alt-right ho emela "Phetoho e Khōlō ea Bone" historing ea US-ka mor'a Phetohelo ea Amerika, Ntoa ea Lehae, le Ho Tepella ho Hoholo le Ntoa ea Bobeli ea Lefatše.43
Maikutlo a Bannon a ile a bonahala ka ho hlaka puong ea 2014 sebokeng sa Vatican, moo a ileng a rorisa "populism" e hole-hole ea Fora ea National Front, e etelletsoeng pele ke Marine Le Pen, hammoho le UK Independence Party ea Brithani. O ile a pheha khang ea hore “ha bokhaphithaliste bo thata haholoanyane, bo molemonyana.” Empa sena se ne se hloka ho tsosolosoa ha "metheo ea moea le ea boitšoaro" ea Judao-Christian e lahlehileng .... Ha bokhaphithaliste e ne e le ... palesa ea bona e phahameng ka ho fetesisa… hoo e ka bang bohle ba likapitale bao e ne e le balumeli ba matla ho Judeo-Christian West…. Bolumeli bo fokolitse matla a Bokreste-’mōtoana ba Juda-Bophirima ho sireletsa likhopolo tsa bona.” Bakeng sa Bannon, sera e ne e se batho ba lokolohileng feela empa e ne e le "Rephabliki e thehiloeng" le beng ba bona, batšehetsi ba "capitalism" e kholo. Bana e ne e le lira tsa 'nete tsa "batho ba maemo a mahareng le batho ba sebetsang". Khethollo ea morabe mokhatlong oo a neng a e emela e ne e sa lokela ho haneloa ka ho hlaka, empa "ha nako e ntse e ea, tsohle lia hlatsuoa" ha batho ba ntse ba kopana ka selekane sa ho rata naha (ha ba sa kenyeletse ba bang). Sena sohle se lumellana le moelelo o moholo oa ntoa ea bolumeli: “Ho na le ntoa e khōlō e qhomang, ntoa e seng e ntse e le lefatšeng lohle…. U tla bona hore re ntoeng e matla haholo. ”44
Ho makatsang ka ho fetisisa e ne e le tsela e nang le kutloelo-bohloko eo Bannon, a botsang lipotso ka mor'a puo ea hae, a ileng a bitsa maikutlo a mohatelli oa Motaliana Julius Evola, mohloli oa khothatso le motšehetsi oa Mussolini, 'me hamorao oa Hitler, ea ileng a hlaha ka mor'a Ntoa ea Bobeli ea Lefatše. motho ea ka sehloohong mokhatlong oa Traditionalist oa neofascism ea Europe—ho mo etsa mohale oa moeta-pele ea phahameng ea le letona Richard Spencer oa United States.45 Lilemong tsa bo-1930, Evola o ile a phatlalatsa, “Fascism e nyane haholo. Re ka be re batlile fascism e matla ho feta, e sebete ho feta, fascism eo e hlileng e leng eona e felletseng, e entsoeng ka matla a hloekileng, e sa fumaneheng bakeng sa ho sekisetsa…. Ha ho mohla re tla nkoa re le khahlanong le bo-fascist, ntle le moo super-fascism e ka lekanang le anti-fascism. Libukeng tsa hae tsa ka mor'a ntoa, o ile a pheha khang ea hore Bo-ralichaba “ha baa lokela ho amohela lehlaodi 'fascist' kapa 'neo-fascist'. lekhotla lohle,” empa ho e-na le hoo ba lokela ho hatisa feela litšobotsi tsa bona tse “ntle”, ba ikamahanya le litekanyetso tsa “bahlomphehi” ba neano ea Europe. Sepheo e ne e le ho theha "Europe" e ncha, ea moea Imperium…Re tlameha ho theha bonngoe ba bahlabani. ” Sepheo sa ho qetela e ne e le tsoho ea bobusi ba moetlo bo neng bo utloisisoa e le matla a moea a sechaba, kapa naha ea habo (ke hore, naha ea ntate).46
Bannon, eo ka boeena e leng motšehetsi ea matla oa "palingenetic ultra-nationalism," tumellanong le Evola, o ile a pheha khang ea hore ba "Judeo-Christian West" ba hloka ho tsosolosa "setso ... haholo-holo moelelo oa moo e tšehetsang motheo oa bochaba." Habohlokoa ka ho fetisisa, o ile a bolella bamameli ba hae Vatican, e ne e le ho tsosolosoa ha “histori ea nako e telele ea ntoa ea Majuda le Bokreste ba Bophirimela khahlanong le Boislamo.” Ha a bua ka bobusi ka kutloisiso ea Evola, Bannon o itse: “Ke nahana hore batho, haholo-holo linaheng tse ling, ba batla ho bona bobusi ba naha ea habo bona, ba batla ho bona bochaba ba naha ea habo bona.” Empa joalokaha a ile a hlakisa, sena se ile sa qala ka ho hloka hore ho felisoe “sehlopha se busang” sa lipolotiki le ’muso ka sebōpeho sa hona joale.47
Joalo ka ha Trump White House e ipona e na le matla a ho hlahisa leano la neofascist. Gleichschaltung, ho latela mehala e akaretsang e boletsoeng ka holimo, motho o ne a ka lebella ho bona tlhaselo ea makala a maholo a mmuso le lisebelisoa tsa naha tsa maikutlo, ho tlola litloaelo tsa molao le tsa lipolotiki le ho batla ho eketsa matla a bopresidente haholo. Ha e le hantle, bopaki bo bongata ba pele bo fana ka maikutlo a hore setso sa lipolotiki se fetohile tabeng ena nakong e khutšoanyane eo tsamaiso e neng e le matla ka eona. Mafapha ohle a maholo a mmuso a hlasetsoe. Ketso e fetelletseng ka ho fetesisa e bile taelo ea Trump ea la 27 Pherekhong hang-hang e thibelang bajaki ba tsoang linaheng tse supileng tseo boholo ba tsona e leng Mamoseleme Bochabela bo Hare, tseo, ha li tobane le boipelaetso ba naha, li ileng tsa hlakoloa ka potlako ke makhotla a mmuso. Sena se ile sa etsa hore Trump a fane ka litlhaselo tsa botho ho baahloli ka bomong, ka boiteko ba ho ba fa tumello mahlong a batšehetsi ba hae-e leng mohato o ka nkoang e le teko ea pele ea ho tlisa makhotla.48
Liketsahalo tsena li ile tsa lateloa ka Hlakola ke taelo ea Trump ea ho theha motheo oa molao oa ho lelekoa ka bongata ha batho ba hakanyetsoang ho limilione tse leshome le motso o mong ba sa ngolisoang United States - esita le baahi ba nako e telele le ba sa kang ba ahloleloa tlolo ea molao, ntle le ho bua ka lilemo. . Sena se ne se tla tlatselletsoa ke kaho eo e leng khale e tšepisitsoe ke batsamaisi seo mopresidente a ileng a se bitsa, puong ea hae ea la 28 February ho Congress, “lerako le leholo, le leholo ho iphaphatha le moeli oa rōna o ka boroa.” Boemong bona ba molao le lipolotiki, Trump e rua likheo tsa boahloli tse 103, hoo e batlang e le habeli palo eo Obama a e futsitseng, e fang tsamaiso e ncha bokhoni ba ho hlophisa bocha makhotla ka litsela tse ka tlosang litokelo tsa molaotheo le ho matlafatsa khatello.49
Khohlano ea Trump le naha ea ts'ireletso ea naha kapa "sechaba sa bohlale," se nang le basebetsi ba likete tse makholo ho pholletsa le mekhatlo e leshome le metso e supileng, e qalile hoo e ka bang hang-hang, 'me e ile ea etelloa pele ke litlhaselo tsa hae tse pheta-phetoang ho mekhatlo ea bohlale ha a ntse a emela maemo. Ho elella bofelong ba Pherekhong, o ile a fana ka taelo ea ho hlophisa bocha Lekhotla la Ts'ireletso la Naha (NSC) le Lekhotla la Ts'ireletso la Lehae (HSC), moo motsamaisi oa CIA, motsamaisi oa bohlale ba naha le molula-setulo oa Marena a Kopaneng a Basebetsi ba neng ba tlosoa ho ba tloaelehileng. ditho tsa Komiti ya Dihlooho tsa NSC le HSC; ha, nakong ea khefu e 'ngoe le mohlala, Bannon, setsebi sa maano se ka sehloohong sa White House, o ile a kenyelletsoa Komiting ea Lihlooho. Pherekano e tsebahalang e ile ea etsa hore batsamaisi ba fetohe, ba khutlise motsamaisi oa CIA e le setho sa Komiti ea Baholo, empa sepheo sa ho nyenyefatsa sebopeho se teng sa bolaoli ka har'a naha ea ts'ireletso ea naha e ne e hlakile.50 Ho sa le joalo, Trump o thehile mokhatlo o ikhethileng oa moriti, Strategic Initiatives Group (SIG), eo ho buuoang ka eona. Leano la kantle ho naha e le "cabal" ka hare ho NSC, tlas'a tsamaiso ea Bannon le mokhoenyana oa Trump Jared Kushner. Motho ea ka sehloohong ho SIG ke Gorka, ea tsebahalang haholo ka ho phehella ha hae ntoeng e khahlano le "jihadism ea lefats'e," eo a reng e kenelletse lefats'eng lohle.51
Boiteko ba tsamaiso ea Trump ea ho senya botsitso le ho kenya ts'ebetsong naha ea ts'ireletso ea naha bo ile ba tsosa karabelo e seng matla ka mokhoa oa ho ata ha ho lutla ka har'a "boemo bo tebileng" boo ka mor'a libeke tse 'maloa bo ileng ba theola Michael Flynn, khetho ea pele ea Trump joalo ka Moeletsi oa Ts'ireletso ea Naha— karolo e 'ngoe e le ka lebaka la likhohlano le Motlatsi oa Mopresidente Pence le ma-Republican a mangata a setso. Khohlano e ile ea mpefatsoa le ho feta ke mohato oa tšohanyetso oa Trump le Bannon oa ho tlosa boemo ba lipolotiki ba United States ho tloha Ntoeng e Ncha ea Cold le Russia ho leba ntoeng ea lefats'e khahlanong le "Boislamo bo feteletseng" le China. Leha a kentse tsamaiso ea hae le balaoli ba sesole e le hore a ikopanye le sesole, Trump e ntse e koaletsoe likhohlanong le boholo ba naha ea ts'ireletso ea naha.
Bohareng ba Hlakola, Trump o ile a botsa bilione Steve Feinberg, mothehi-mmoho le CEO oa Cerberus Capital Management, e tsebahalang haholo ka karolo ea eona ea ho rekisa lithunya tse ikemetseng, ho etella pele lipatlisiso tse thehiloeng ho White House tsa mekhatlo ea bohlale ea US - mohato o bonoang e le. phephetso ho lisebelisoa tsa bohlale le teko ea ho aha setsi se seng sa matla. Cerberus e ile ea tsebahala ka ho ba k'hamphani ea motsoali oa setsi se seng se entseng sethunya sa Bushmaster semi-automatic se sebelisitsoeng polaong ea bana ba mashome a mabeli le batho ba baholo ba tšeletseng Sekolong sa Sandy Hook Elementary, Connecticut ka 2012. Cerberus esale e atolositse karolo ea eona khoebong ea lithunya, mme e boetse e na le DynCorp, mokonteraka oa bohlano oa poraefete ea kholo ka ho fetisisa ea ts'ireletso ea naha e sebetsang le mmuso oa US, e lefshoang libilione bakeng sa koetliso ea eona ea sesole le mapolesa mose ho maoatle. Ho ka etsahala hore ebe Feinberg o ne a tla hohela basebetsi ba sesole sa hae sa poraefete "ho batlisisa" naha ea ts'ireletso ea naha. Ka lebaka la mofuta oa ntoa e bonahalang ea matla e etsahalang, ho ka etsahala hore ebe White House e ile ea leka Gleichschaltung mabapi le sechaba sa bohlale se tla tsoela pele.52
Leha e le hore naha eohle ha e lokolohe boitekong bo joalo ba ho e tlisa tseleng. Ho na le basebetsi ba fetang limilione tse 2.7 'musong oa koporasi. Motšehetsi oa Trump Newt Gingrich o boletse hore "liperesente tse mashome a robong a metso e mehlano tsa balaoli ba khahlanong le eena." Setsebi sa nako e telele sa Rephabliki le setsebi sa maano a Trump Roger Stone o itse "ha ho na batho ba bangata ba tšepahalang ba Trump ho White House," e leng se hlokang phetoho e potlakileng ea basebetsi. Ho feta moo, lipakeng tsa moferefere oa libeke tsa pele tsa Trump ho White House le ho ameha ka "botšepehi," batho ba khethiloeng bakeng sa palo e nyane feela ea maemo a fetang makholo a mahlano a netefalitsoeng ke Senate ho tla fihlela joale. Leha ho le joalo, ho lutla ha boralitaba ho tsoa ka hare ho naha ho kholisitse batšehetsi ba Trump hore mosebetsi o boima ka ho fetesisa ke ho potlakisa ho tlosoa ha basebetsi ba sa tsamaellanang le tsamaiso e ncha. Ho ea ka CEO oa Newsmax Chris Ruddy, motsoalle oa hlooho ea khomo le moeletsi oa Trump, "boemo ba federal ka boeona ke mochine o matla, 'me ba atisa ho ba le maikutlo a ho theha" -e bolelang khahlanong le lenaneo le lecha la alt-right.53
Ena ke karolo ea tlhaselo e akaretsang ea tsamaiso ea sechaba. Bannon e phatlalalitse hore "taolo e ncha ea lipolotiki" e haufi, e khothaletsa "bochaba ba moruo" mme e kenyelletsa "ho senyeha ha naha ea tsamaiso." O re tsamaiso ea tsamaiso e tla lula e le ntoeng e sa khaotseng ea "ho senya" kaho.54 Ho nyenyefatsa tsamaiso ea sechaba ho phatlalalitsoe haholo mekhatlong ea tikoloho, haholo hobane ho na le mafapha ohle a ka tlisoang tlas'a selepe. Sebokeng le baetapele ba likhoebo nakoana kamora ho khakoloa ha hae, Trump o bontšitse hore tsamaiso ea hae e rerile ho fokotsa melaoana ea mmuso mabapi le khoebo ka "75%" le "mohlomong ho feta."55 Ntle le taolo ea lichelete, morero ke ho latela melaoana ea tikoloho haholoholo, hammoho le litsebi tsa tikoloho ka har'a tsamaiso ea federal.
Myron Ebell, hlooho ea Competitive Enterprise Institute, setho se ka sehloohong sa ho hana boemo ba leholimo, le moeletsi oa bohlokoa oa Trump mabapi le tikoloho, o phatlalalitse mokhatlo oa tikoloho "tšokelo e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea tokoloho le nala lefatšeng la sejoale-joale" mme o hlasetse bo-ramahlale ba boemo ba leholimo le bo-ramahlale ba leholimo. litho tse ling tsa seo a se bitsang “setsebi,” ka sepheo sa ho li ntša pusong.56 Ebell o bile bohōleng ba ho hlalosa lengolo la Mopapa mabapi le phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo e le "lets'oao le letšehali."57 Puo ena e khahlanong le ho thehoa, e leng karolo ea katleho ea lets'olo la Trump, e se e sebelisetsoa ho fokotsa ka molao ka liphesente tse 20-25 ho tekanyetso ea Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) le karolo ea 17 ho National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Trump e bitsitse phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo ea anthropogenic, eo ho eona ho nang le tumellano ea mahlale e haufi-ufi, "leshano." Scott Pruitt, hlooho e ncha ea EPA ebile e le mohanyetsi ea chesehang oa boemo ba leholimo, hape ke e mong oa lira tse kholo tsa setsi, kaha o ile a qosa EPA makhetlo a mangata ho thibela melaoana ea tšilafalo. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, Rick Perry, hlooho e ncha ea Lefapha la Matla, le 'musisi oa mehleng oa Texas, ke mohanyetsi ea tsebahalang oa boemo ba leholimo, ea bileng a ipolelang hore polanete ea pholiso. O kile a kopa hore ho felisoe lekala leo a le etelletseng pele. Nakong ea phetoho ea White House, lethathamo la lipotso tse tsoang ho tsamaiso e tlang le ile la romeloa ho basebetsi Lefapheng la Matla, ho batla ho tseba ba neng ba kentse letsoho mosebetsing o amanang le phetoho ea maemo a leholimo, ho seo ho hlakileng hore e ne e le boiteko ba ho tšosa bo-rasaense. Ho lebelletsoe hore ho be le tlhoekiso e matla libakeng tsa mmuso oa koporasi tse amanang le ts'ireletso ea tikoloho, 'me mekhatlo eohle e shebane le litaba tse kang phetoho ea maemo a leholimo e felisitsoeng le basebetsi ba hlekefetsoang ho latela melao. Tsosoloso ea morao-rao ea kopano ea Rephabliki ea molao o neng o sa sebetse oa 1876 o neng o tla lumella meputso ea basebetsi ba mmuso ho theoleloa ho $1 ka selemo e sebelisoa e le sebetsa sa ho sokela basebetsi ba mmuso. Nakong ea phetoho, sehlopha sa Trump se bontšitse hore Setsi sa NASA sa Goddard Institute of Space Studies, mohlomong setsi se ka sehloohong sa lefats'e sa lipatlisiso tsa boemo ba leholimo, se tla fetisetsoa lithutong tse tebileng tsa sepakapaka. Maemong ana, ho ka ba le lipelaelo tse fokolang tsa hore saense ea boemo ba leholimo e tla be e qheletsoe ka thoko ka har'a mekhatlo ea mmuso, e bonoang e le khahlano le leano la Amerika Pele la White House.58
Tsamaiso ea Trump e itokiselitse ho tlōla melao eohle ea molao ho khanna tikoloho fatše, ho hanyetsa litakatso tsa baahi le litlhoko tsa polanete. E 'ngoe ea liketso tsa pele tsa tsamaiso e bile ho fana ka taelo ho Sesole sa Basebetsi ba Lienjiniere ho "hlahlobisisa le ho amohela ka potlako" Pipeline ea Dakota Access, e tla chekoa tlasa Noka ea Missouri, Standing Rock, North Dakota, ho khutlisa liqeto tsa pejana. le ho iphahamisa lithahasello tsa tikoloho le lintoa tse sebete tsa batšireletso ba metsi ba etelletsoeng pele ke matsoalloa. Ha mmuso oa koporasi o se o ntse o hokahane le setereke sa North Dakota se ikemiselitseng ho sutumelletsa lipeipi ho sa tsotelehe, ha ho na pelaelo ea hore boipelaetso ba khotso ba ho emisa lipeipi bo tla tobana le ts'ebeliso ea matla.59
Cornel West e buile ka "sesebelisoa sa khatello" se hlalosang tsamaiso ea Trump. "Eo ke karolo ea neo-fascist ea eona. Ha se tlhaselo ea boralitaba feela,” West o ile a bolella bamameli ba hae Setsing sa Harvard sa WEB DuBois. “O tla be a tlela ba bang ba rona. Re tlameha ho bua joalo ka DuBois, joalo ka Frederick Douglass, le joalo ka baloaneli ba tokoloho ba mebala eohle ba sa tsejoeng, re ka ema [ka ho ema]…. Ke hana ho tloaeleha Donald Trump le morero oa hae oa neo-fascist. "60 Hore na tsamaiso e ncha e tla hlahisa khatello ena joang le hore na ka lebelo le fe e ntse e sa hlaka, leha tekanyo e kholo ea ho lelekoa ha bajaki ba sa ngolisoang - ho nahanoang hore e kholo haholo ho feta ba tlas'a Obama - le khethollo ea morabe e sa bonahaleng e ba phelisang, e se e ntse e bonahala. Ha ho na khoao e nyane ea hore tsamaiso ea Trump e tla matlafatsa tsamaiso e ncha ea "Jim Crow" ea ho koalloa ha batho ba bangata ka morabe. O tsitlalletse tlhokahalo ea ntlafatso ea lichankana tsa mmuso - ntho e seng e ntse e kenngoa leanong ke Sessions. Pele ho likhetho tsa Trump, batho ba ka bang 141,000 ba ile ba saena lengolo la boipiletso le rometsoeng ho Obama White House-e khothalelitsoeng haholo ke Breitbart-e kopa hore Black Lives Matter e be lethathamong la mokhatlo oa likhukhuni. Trump ka boeena o ile a tsitlallela, pele ho likhetho, hore Black Lives Matter e ne e le "tšokelo" le hore 'muelli-kakaretso oa United States o lokela ho kōptjoa ho etsa ho hong ka hona, ho qala ka "ho shebella hobane hoo ke ntho e mpe haholo," e leng se ileng sa fana ka maikutlo a tlhokahalo ea lintho tse ngata. tebelo. O boetse a tsoa bakeng sa ho atolosoa ha merabe ke mapolesa naheng ka bophara.61
Sengoliloeng se lutiloeng sa taelo ea tsamaiso mabapi le tokoloho ea bolumeli e ntseng e lokisetsoa ke tsamaiso e hlahisitse katoloso e kholo ea litokoloho tsa tokoloho ea bolumeli ho melao ea mmuso e lumellang batho ka bomong le mekhatlo ho khetholla ka molao ho fana ka phihlello ea thepa le litšebeletso mabapi le ho ntša mpa, lithibela-pelehi, batho ba bong bo tšoanang. lenyalo, le ts'ireletso bakeng sa batho ba LBGTQ, e nyenyefatsang palo e kholo ea melao ea federal.62 Neil Gorsuch, mokhethoa oa Trump Lekhotleng le Phahameng la United States, ke motšehetsi ea matla oa ho lumella tokoloho ea bolumeli ho lokafatsa liketso tsa khatello le ho qheleloa ka thoko ke mekhatlo.63
Ka nako e ts'oanang, ho ntse ho lokisetsoa tlhaselo ea mekhatlo ea basebetsi, haholo mekhatlo ea mekhatlo ea sechaba. Rephabliki ea Rephabliki, e tšehelitsoeng ke Trump, e sisinya molao oa naha oa "tokelo ea ho sebetsa" o reretsoeng ho amoha mekhatlo ea basebetsi lichelete tsa bona ka ho etsa hore ho khonehe hore basebetsi e be bapalami ba mahala, ba fumane melemo ea lipuisano tsa mekhatlo ntle le ho lefa "litefiso tsa mokhatlo. ” ho e tšehetsa—ka phello ea hore mekhatlo ea basebetsi e kene mathateng a lichelete. Melao ea tokelo ea ho sebetsa e se e ntse e le teng linaheng tse mashome a mabeli a metso e supileng. Lekhotla le ka Holimo-limo la United States, le nang le palo e tsosolositsoeng ea batho ba khomaretseng mekhoa e metle, le ka fumana sephetho se tšoanang ka potlako le ho feta liqetong tse tlang tsa lekhotla, la amoha mekhatlo ea mekhatlo ea sechaba matla a eona a ho hula litefello tsa boemeli meputsong ea basebetsi e amanang le tumellano ea mokhatlo. Boikemisetso ba likolo le bona bo reretsoe ka kotloloho ho roba mekhatlo ea matichere. Sepheo ka kakaretso ke ho fela de Khao facto, haeba ho se joalo de jure, litokelo tsa basebetsi tsa ho hlophisa United States.64 Leha khetho ea pele ea Trump bakeng sa mongoli oa basebetsi, mohlomphehi oa lijo tse potlakileng Andrew Puzder, a ile a qobelloa ho ikhula har'a boipelaetso bo neng bo tumme le ho se khotsofale ha Rephabliki, khetho ea hae e ne e tsamaellana ka botlalo le lets'olo lena le sithabetsang basebetsi. Puzder o ile a fumanoa a hlokomolohile a bile a tlola melao ea meputso, polokeho le nako e eketsehileng kopanong ea hae ea lijo tse potlakileng, CKE Restaurants.
Khetho ea Monghali Trump bakeng sa mongoli oa thuto, bilionea Betsy DeVos, eo e leng khale a inehetse ho poraefete ea thuto ea sechaba, o emetse tlhaselo ea lejoe la demokrasi United States. DeVos ke motšehetsi ea matla oa likolo tse hiriloeng le livoutjhara tsa sekolo tse reretsoeng ho ripitla tsamaiso eohle ea thuto ea sechaba United States, eo a e qheletseng ka thoko e le "qetello e shoeleng." 'Muso oa kopanelo o fana ka chelete e nyane haholo ho thuto ea sechaba ea K-12, e tšehelitsoeng haholo ke mebuso ea naha le ea lehae. Boholo ba chelete ea federal e nehetsoe ho thusa baithuti ba nang le bokooa le ba tsoang lichabeng tse fumanang meputso e tlase. Trump, leha ho le joalo, o ikanne ho kenya $ 20 bilione ho li-voucher tsa lichelete naheng ka bophara ka tlhahiso e nkang hore linaha li tla raha chelete e fetang $100 bilione bakeng sa li-voucher, ho nka seo ka kotloloho ho tsoa thutong ea sechaba. Khetho ea Trump ea DeVos e bonts'a hore khatiso ea tsamaiso e ncha e tla ba ho nts'etsapele ts'ebeliso e phahameng ea thuto ea sechaba ea US, e leng se tla lebisa ho phapanong e kholo ea phihlello ea thuto le ho senya mekhatlo ea matichere le botsebi ba matichere. Empa DeVos e na le sepheo se fetang seo. O boletse hore ha re etsa likolo ka lekunutu, “takatso ea rōna ke ho tobana le setso ka litsela tse tla tsoela pele ho ntšetsa pele ’muso oa Molimo.”65
Boiteko ba tsamaiso ea Trump ea ho etsa hore liunivesithi li be teng bo ile ba bonahala karabelong ea mopresidente e mocha moferefereng o ileng oa etsahala kampong ea UC-Berkeley mathoasong a Hlakola, ha baipelaetsi ba ne ba qabana le mapolesa, e leng se ileng sa etsa hore ho hlakoloe puo ea Milo Yiannopoulos, eo ka nako eo e neng e le Breitbart. mohlophisi e moholo (le motsoalle ea haufi oa Bannon) ea tsebahalang ka polelo ea hae e mpe ea lehloeo le lehloeo la batho ba basoeu. Kamora hore puo ea Yiannopoulos e hlakoloe, Trump o ile a ngola hore Berkeley o lokela ho haneloa ka lichelete tsa mmuso.66 Likhetho tsa Trump li hlohlelletsa litlhaselo tsa mapheo a nepahetseng ho liunivesithi. Matsatsi ka mor'a likhetho tsa hae, mokhatlo o se nang phaello oa Turning Point USA o phatlalalitse ho thehoa ha "Professor Watchlist" e lebisitseng ho baprofesa ba fetang makholo a mabeli ba United States (ho kenyeletsoa le 'na) e le tsoelo-pele e kotsi e lokelang ho "shejoa" -e leng mohato o reretsoeng ho tšosa. liunivesithi.
Tsamaiso ea Trump e tšoauoa ka boiteko bo sa tloaelehang ba ho tlisa mecha ea litaba ea mantlha tumellanong le merero ea eona ea neofascist. Trump o phatlalalitse hore o "ntoeng e loanang" le mecha ea litaba le hore baqolotsi ba litaba ke "har'a batho ba sa tšepahaleng ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng." Nakoana ka mor'a khoeli e le mopresidente, Trump o ile a ngola hore mecha ea litaba "ke sera sa batho ba Amerika" le hore New York Times, NBC News, ABC, CBS, le CNN kaofela e ne e le "FAKE NEWS."67 Ha e le hantle tsena e ne e se litlhaselo tse utloahalang ho mecha ea litaba ea bo-capitalist e tloaelehileng bakeng sa seo Edward Herman le Noam Chomsky ba se bitsitseng "mohlala oa propaganda" - kapa ho sefa litaba ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng molemong oa ho khothaletsa bokhaphithaliste le batho ba phahameng ba matla, ha ba sa kenyelle kapa ba nyenyefatsa linyatso tsohle tse setseng. Ho e-na le hoo, Trump e ne e nyenyefatsa mecha ea litaba e seng ea Murdoch bakeng sa ts'ireletso ea eona e akaretsang ea karohano ea matla le tokoloho ea sechaba.68 Sena se ne se kenyelletsa lipotso tsa mecha ea litaba mabapi le tseko ea Trump ea hore o lahlehetsoe ke likhetho tse tummeng likhethong feela ka lebaka la bomenemene ba bakhethi, phatlalatso ea hae ea thibelo ea bojaki ho tsoa linaheng tse supileng tseo boholo ba tsona e leng Mamosleme, le kalafo ea eona ea likhokahano tsa tsamaiso e ncha le Russia.
Pontšong e tšosang ea maqheka a kang a Goebbels, Bannon o ile a bolella baqolotsi ba litaba hore ba "koala" sebokeng sa boralitaba ka January, 'me a phatlalatsa hore "Mecha ea litaba mona ke mokha oa khanyetso .... Mecha ea litaba ha e na botšepehi, ha e bohlale ebile ha e sebetse ka thata, ”o boletse joalo. “U mokha oa bohanyetsi. Eseng Democratic Party. U mokha oa bohanyetsi. Mecha ea litaba ke mokha oa bohanyetsi.” Bakeng sa Bannon, "mokha oa bohanyetsi" ona o tlameha ho kenngoa moleng ka botlalo. Ntho, joalo ka ha ho boletsoe ke New York Times, ke ho qhekella le ho tšosa mecha ea litaba hoo e tla “thiba molomo.”69
Ketsahalong e sa tloaelehang ea Gleichschaltung, Mokha oa Rephabliki o laoloang ke Trump o ile oa fana ka "Mainstream Media Accountability Survey," e tletseng lipotso tse ka sehloohong, "linnete" tse khelosang, le maikutlo a maikutlo, ao hangata Radio ea Sechaba ea Sechaba e ileng ea e bitsa "e leeme ka mokhoa o makatsang."70 Sena se ile sa lateloa kapele ke ho qheleloa ka thoko ho New York Times, CNN, Politico, BuzzFeed, le mecha e meng ea litaba ho tsoa moqoqong oa boralitaba oa White House, ka lebaka la lipale tsa bona tse sa thabiseng mabapi le tsamaiso ea Trump (Associated Press le Time hana ho ba teng ka boipelaetso).71 Bannon's Gleichschaltung leano le boetse le lebisitsoe ho tokelo ea setso ka boeona. Kahoo, ka December 2016 o ile a phatlalatsa: “Tlhahlobo ea Sechaba 'me Tekanyetso ea beke le beke ke limakasine tsa lepheo le letšehali, ’me ke batla ho li senya le tsona.”72
E le karolo ea phutuho e akaretsang ea maikutlo, litlhaselo tsa Bannon ho mecha ea litaba, ka mokhoa oo e leng khale o le teng oa "radicals" oa fascist le neofascist, o alima ho tsoa puong e ka letsohong le letšehali, a bua ka "corporatist, globalist media" e le sera. . Leha ho le joalo, matla a 'nete a susumetsang maikutlo a neofascism ke a ultra-nationalist a tsosang setso sa morabe oa naha. Kahoo, Bannon o buile ka mantsoe a kang a Evola a United States e le “sechaba se nang le setso le lebaka la ho ba teng,” a theha molao-motheo o hlakileng oa “bobusi.”73 Khopolo ea ho tsosolosoa ha "bobusi" ba naha e fetohile molao-motheo oa bohlokoa oa ho hlophisa mohopolo oa alt-right o khothalletsoang ke Breitbart 'me o sebelisitsoe ho lokafatsa boemo bo khahlanong le bajaki ba Trump White House.74
Karolo e 'ngoe ea matla a tsamaiso ea Trump e ka har'a Congress e laoloang ke Rephabliki e lumellanang haholo le e nang le maikutlo a nepahetseng. Empa the Gleichschaltung e atolohela ho boetapele ba Mokha oa Rephabliki le bona, bao lipalo-palo tsa bona tse ka sehloohong ba ntseng ba hlekefetsoa. Pontšo ea sena ke ho hira ha Bannon Hahn oa Breitbart, ea tsejoang ka litlhaselo tsa hae tse sa laoleheng ho Paul Ryan le Ma-Rephabliki a mang a ka sehloohong, e le mothusi oa hae-kahoo a lemosa boeta-pele ba Rephabliki ka se ka ba letetseng haeba ba ka hana ho bapala bolo. Hahn o ile a iketsetsa botumo ba hae ka ho qosa Ryan ka ho baleha "bo-'mè ba saretsoeng ba leka ho mo bontša linepe tsa bana ba bona ba bolailoeng ke merero ea hae e bulehileng ea meeli." O ile a qosa Ryan ka ho ba "motho oa lefats'e" ea amanang le bokhaphithaliste, hape e le moetapele oa "letšolo la likhoeli tse telele la ho khetha Hillary Clinton." Mona ke Gleichschaltung leano le lebisitsoeng ho Rephabliki ea Rephabliki ka boeona haeba e hlakile: "Batho ba Rephabliki ba Ntlo ba bolelletse The Washington Post hore ho kenya letsoho ha Hahn ho bonts'a merero ea Bannon ea hore a ka mo sebelisa khahlanong le bona, a ngola litlhaloso tse hlakileng mabapi le baetapele ba khethiloeng ba Rephabliki hore ba fete lintho tse tlang pele ho molao oa Trump. ferekanya motheo oa mokha ha ho hlokahala.75
Se etsang hore ho hlahella ha White House ea bo-neofascist ho tšoenyehe haholo ke boima bo boholo ba bopresidente ba US, le ho putlama ha nako e telele karohanong ea matla Molaong oa Motheo oa Amerika. Ho nyenyefatsa matla a Congressional a ho phatlalatsa ntoa, e thehiloeng Molaong oa Motheo, ho tsebahala haholo. Ho feta moo, ka Molao oa Patriot le mehato e meng, matla a lekala la phethahatso a eketsehile haholo ho fihlela joale lekholong lena la lilemo. Polelong ea hae ha a saena National Defense Authorization Act bakeng sa 2011, Barack Obama o tiisitse hore lekala la tsamaiso hona joale le na le matla a "ho koalloa sesoleng ka nako e sa lekanyetsoang ntle le nyeoe ea baahi ba Amerika," ho tlosa ts'ireletso ea makhotla le litokelo tsa motho ka mong tse thehiloeng Molaong oa Motheo. . Sena se bolela katoloso e kgolo ya matla a bopresidente kgahlanong le a makgotla a boahlodi, ho tswela pele ka tshebetso ya ho hlakolwa ha tekolo ya boahlodi mabapi le ho atolosa dibaka tsa "tšireletseho ya naha," e nyenyefaditseng karohano ya matla molaong wa motheo wa US. Matla a joalo a filoeng setulo sa mopresidente a etsa hore ho be le phetoho ea tšohanyetso ea naha ka tsela ea bohatelli, e bonahalang e le tlas'a puso ea molao. Le hoja Obama ka 2011 a ile a bontša hore a ke ke a lumella ho kenngoa sesoleng ntle le nyeoe ea baahi ba US, eo a itseng "e tla tlōla meetlo le litekanyetso tsa rona tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa re le sechaba," ha aa ka a belaella tokelo ea molao ea mopresidente oa ka moso ho etsa joalo. , kapa ho loantša tokisetso ena ka har’a molao, e ileng ea felisa tšireletso ea molao oa motheo ea baahi. Ka ho fihla ha seo Bill Moyers le Michael Winship ba se bitsitseng "coup" lekaleng le phahameng la mmuso, ho na le tiisetso e nyane haholo ea hore White House e tla ithiba sebakeng sena.76
Trump le Ho theoha ha US Hegemony
Trump o ile a khethoa ho ba mopresidente ka boitlamo ba "Make America Great Hape." Ka mor'a setšoantšo sa maikutlo se fanoeng ke Bannon le Breitbart, o ile a supa 'nete ea mathata a moruo a tsoelang pele kapa khōlo e liehang, ho hloka mosebetsi ho phahameng, maemo a moruo a ntseng a mpefala a basebetsi, le ho fokola ha United States lefatšeng ka bophara. Karabo ea hae e ne e le bochaba ba moruo le ba sesole, "ho qhala mokhoabo" (qetello ea bokhaphithaliste ba likhoka), le ho hlasela mebuso e meholo. Sena sohle se ne se amana le ho hloea basali, khethollo ea morabe le lehloeo la basele. Har'a boitlamo ba Trump e ne e le pheletso ea ho putlama ha moruo, ha mopresidente ea sa tsoa khethoa a ts'episa sekhahla sa kholo ea selemo sa 4%, ha se bapisoa le liperesente tse 1.6 feela ka 2016.77 O ile a phatlalatsa hore o tla theha mesebetsi ka ho sebelisa chelete e ngata ea litšebeletso tsa motheo, ho felisa litumellano tsa khoebo tse sa rateheng United States, ho khothalletsa matsete ka ho fokotsa lekhetho le melaoana, le ho eketseha ho hoholo ha chelete ea sesole - ka nako e tšoanang ho sireletsa litokelo tse kang Social Security le Medicare.
Kamora lilemo tse ngata tsa ho ikutloa ba hlokomolohuoa ke maikutlo a atileng a neoliberal, palo e kholo ea batho ba makhooa, haholo-holo banna, ba neng ba ipona e le sehlopha sa basebetsi ba maemo a tlase kapa ba maemo a holimo haholo ba ile ba ikopanya le moetapele oa moruo oa Trump, sesosa sa khethollo ea morabe. ehlile ke ba fokolang ba neng ba e-na le maikutlo a 'nete a hore na sena se ne se tla kenyelletsa eng ka botlalo.78 Taba ea hore Democratic Party e khethile Hillary Clinton, eena setšoantšo sa neoliberalism, holim'a Bernie Sanders, ka bokhethoa ba hae ba demokrasi ea sechaba, e bapalitsoe leanong la Trump-Breitbart.
Trump e boetse e fumane tšehetso e kholo likhethong ho tsoa ho "sehlopha sa libilione," haholo-holo ka har'a FIRE (lichelete, inshorense le thekiso ea matlo) le likarolo tsa matla, tse boneng litšepiso tsa hae tsa ho fokotsa lekhetho la likhoebo, ho eketsa lichelete tsa federal tsa lifeme tse ikemetseng ntlafatsong ea litšebeletso tsa motheo. , le ho khothalletsa bochaba ba moruo, e le litsela tsa ho sebelisa maemo a bona. Ka mor'a likhetho, tšehetso ea Wall Street e ile ea fetoha thabo, 'me thepa e ntse e phahama ka potlako. Pakeng tsa tlhōlo ea Trump le la 24 Hlakola, Dow le Nasdaq ka bobeli li nyolohile ka liperesente tse 13, Standard le Poor's ka liperesente tse 10. Boholo ba tjantjello e ne e le mabapi le phokotso ea lekhetho e neng e lebelletsoe le ho hlakisoa ho hoholo ha taolo.79 Ho latela London-based Financial Times, "Donald Trump o theha letsatsi la tšimo bakeng sa peresente e le 'ngoe." Ho sa le joalo, litšepiso tsa hae tse pheta-phetoang tsa matsete a meralo ea motheo ho theha mesebetsi bakeng sa batho ba sebetsang li ne li senoloa e le bomenemene haholo, nyeoe ea "bait and switch".80
Leha e le 'nete hore Trump e ntse e ts'episa matsete a $ 1 trillion molemong oa sechaba, sena se ne se sa rereloe ho nka mokhoa oa tšebeliso ea chelete e tobileng. Sebakeng seo, mongoli oa khoebo oa Trump, Wilbur Ross, Jr., ke sengoli sa tlaleho e belaetsang haholo e reng mekoloto ea lekhetho ho likhoebo ka tatellano ea $ 137 billion e ka fana ka lichelete bakeng sa lik'hamphani tse ikemetseng ho sebelisa $ 1 trillion tšebelisong ea litšebeletso tsa motheo nakong ea lilemo tse leshome. Morero oohle, joalo ka ha o qapiloe ke Ross, ha o itšetlehe ka tšebeliso ea chelete ea mmuso ho tsa meaho, empa e itšetlehile ka ho khutlisa chelete ho capital: ho putlama ho hoholo ho borakonteraka ba ikemetseng, boholo ba bona ba tšehetsa merero e ka beng e etsahetse.81
Leha Trump a ts'episitse ho loants'a bokhaphithaliste le "ho qhala mokhoabo," o tlatsitse khabinete ea hae ka batho ba limilione tse likete le batseteli ba Wall Street, a hlakisa hore mmuso o tla etsa boithatelo ba motse-moholo oa lichelete tsa monopoly. Ross o na le thepa ea boleng ba $ 2.9 limilione tse likete, 'me e khethiloe ke Forbes e le “lenong” le “morena oa ho felloa ke chelete.” Todd Ricketts, motlatsi oa mongoli oa khoebo o lekana le $ 5.3 bilione. DeVos, mongoli oa thuto, o na le liranta tse limilione tse likete tse 5.1, ha abuti oa hae, Erik Prince, ea bitsoang Intercept "Amerika ea tummeng hampe ka ho fetisisa" le moeletsi oa Trump, e ne e le mothehi oa k'hamphani ea tšireletso ea Blackwater e hloiloeng hohle. Steven Mnuchin, mongoli oa letlotlo la Trump ke motseteli oa letlole la hedge fund oa cento-millionaire. Rex Tillerson, mongoli e mocha oa mmuso, ke CEO oa mehleng oa ExxonMobil. Likhetho tsa pele tse leshome le metso e supileng tsa Trump (eo e mong oa bona, Puzder, a ileng a qobelloa ho tlohela ho nahanoa) o ne a e-na le leruo le kopaneng le fetang karolo ea boraro ea baahi ba naha. Sena ha se kenyelle leruo la Trump, leo ho thoeng ke $ 10 bilione. Ha ho mohla ho kileng ha ba le puso ea plutocracy e hloekileng hakana, mohlala o fetelletseng oa bokhaphithaliste ba crony, tsamaisong efe kapa efe ea U.S.82
Se ileng sa betla tsela bakeng sa leano la Trump la neofascist le ho le fa momahano ke koluoa e ntseng e mpefala ea nako e telele ea moruo oa lipolotiki oa US le 'muso, le moruo oa lefats'e lohle oa bokhaphithaliste, kamora koluoa ea lichelete ea 2007-09. Sena se ile sa siea tsamaiso e le boemong ba ho putlama ha moruo, ho se na tsela e bonahalang ea ho tsoa. Ts'ebetso ea lichelete, e khetholloang ka ho atolosa likoloto tsa likoloto le li-bubble tsa 'maraka, tseo lilemong tsa bo-1980 le lilemong tsa bo-90 li thusitseng ho phahamisa moruo ho tsoa bothateng bo bakoang ke ho bokella chelete e ngata, e ne e se e sa sebetse ka tekanyo e hlokahalang.
Ka 2012, ke ile ka hatisa buka le Robert W. McChesney, e thehiloeng lihloohong tse hlahang ho Tlhahlobo ea Khoeli pakeng tsa 2009 le 2012, e nang le sehlooho se reng Mathata a sa Feleng. Serapeng se qalang, re ngotse:
Mathata a Maholo a Lichelete le Ho oa ho Hoholo ha Moruo ho ile ha hlaha United States ka 2007 ’me ka potlako ea ata lefatšeng ka bophara, e leng se ileng sa tšoaea seo ho bonahalang e le phetoho e khōlō historing ea lefatše. Le hoja sena se ile sa lateloa nakong ea lilemo tse peli ke mohato oa ho hlaphoheloa, moruo oa lefats'e lilemo tse hlano ka mor'a ho qala ha koluoa e ntse e theoha. United States, Europe, le Japane li ntse li tšoeroe ke boemo ba khōlo e liehang, ho hloka mesebetsi ho phahameng, le ho se tsitse ha lichelete, ka litšisinyeho tse ncha tsa moruo tse hlahang ka linako tsohle le liphello tse atileng lefatšeng ka bophara. Sebaka se le seng se khanyang moruong oa lefats'e, ho ea ka pono ea lefats'e, e bile keketseho e bonahalang e ke ke ea emisoa ea linaha tse seng kae tse ntseng li hola, haholo China. Leha ho le joalo botsitso bo tsoelang pele ba China le hona joale bo ntse bo belaelloa. Kahoo, tumellano e akaretsang har’a bashebelli ba moruo ba nang le tsebo ke ea hore moruo oa lefatše oa bokapitale o tobane le tšokelo ea ho putlama ha nako e telele moruong (ho rarahanngoang ke tebello ea ho tsoela pele ho fokotsa chelete), eo ka linako tse ling ho thoeng ke bothata ba “mashome a lilemo a lahlehileng.” Ke taba ena, ea ho putlama ha moruo oa bokapitale, ho feta bothata ba lichelete kapa ho putlama ha moruo, e seng e hlahile e le potso e kholo lefatšeng ka bophara.83
Lilemo tse hlano hamorao, “potso ena e khōlō” ha ea ka ea fela. Ho tsieleha ha moruo ho tloaelehile. Joalo ka Financial Times se sa tsoa lumela sehloohong se neng se belaella khopolo-taba ea ho ema, “lebelo la lefatše la khōlo ea linaha tse tsoetseng pele moruong le ntse le le tlaase haholo ho feta kamoo le neng le le kateng lilemong tse mashome tse fetileng.”84 Moruo oa Amerika o bile le sekhahla se fokolang sa 2.1 lekholong feela sa sekhahla sa kholo ea selemo ho tloha qetellong ea Ho oa ho Hoholo ha Moruo ka 2010. Naha e se e bile le kholo e fetang lilemo tse leshome tsa kholo e ka tlase ho karolo ea 3 lekholong, e le lekhetlo la pele ho tloha ha litekanyetso tsa kholo li qala ho ba teng. e tlalehiloeng mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-1930—nako e akarelletsang Ho oa ho Hoholo ha Moruo.85 Karolo ea basebetsi ea moputso oa bohle haese karolo ea 1 lekholong e ntse e fokotseha haholo.86 Matsete a marang-rang, ao hangata a tsamaisang moruo, a tsitsitse 'me a fokotseha ka nako e telele.87 Sekhahla sa ho hloka mosebetsi, leha se bonahala se le tlase qalong ea 2017, ha moruo o ntse o atamela tlhoro ea potoloho ea khoebo, e ntse e theoha haholo ka lebaka la batho ba limilione ba tlohelang mosebetsi, hammoho le keketseho e kholo ea mosebetsi oa nakoana. le mesebetsi e sa tsitsang.88 Ho se lekane ha meputso le leruo sechabeng ho ntse ho eketseha. Likoloto tsa malapa tsa US, tseo hona joale li leng $12.6 trillion, ke tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa lilemong tse leshome. Ho sa tsotellehe palo ea batho ba tsofetseng, beng ba matlo United States ba boemong bo tlaase ka ho fetisisa ho tloha ka 1965.89 Ebile maemo ana ha a felle United States feela. Linaha tse ruileng ka ho fetisisa tsa G7 (Canada, Fora, Jeremane, Italy, Japane, United Kingdom, le United States), li kopane, li bone sekhahla sa kholo ea 2016 ea 1.3 lekholong, e leng nako e telele ea kholo e liehang. European Union e bile le sekhahla sa khōlo ea karolo ea 1.7 lekholong feela lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng, karolo ea 1.8 lekholong selemong se fetileng. (Ho beha lipalo tsena ka nepo, sekhahla sa kholo ea selemo le selemo sa moruo oa Amerika lilemong tse leshome tse tepeletseng maikutlo ho tloha ka 1929-1939 e ne e le liperesente tse 1.3.)90
Maemo ana a moruo a tsamaisana le phetoho ea tlhahiso ho tloha Leboa la lefats'e ho ea ka Boroa ho lefats'e, moo hoo e ka bang liperesente tse 70 tsa tlhahiso ea indasteri e etsahalang hona joale ho fapana le liperesente tse ka bang 50 ka 1980.91 Leha motse-moholo oa kajeno oa moruo o le mong o ka Leboea o ntse o tsoela pele ho hula chelete e ngata ea moruo ho tsoa Boroa ka likhoebo tsa linaha tse fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa le litsi tsa lichelete, masalla ana a mangata ha a sa fepela tlhahiso ka leboea empa a eketsa phaello e felletseng ea lik'hamphani, ho hlohlelletsa pokello ea matlotlo a lichelete. Ka hona, ho na le karohano e ntseng e hola lipakeng tsa borui ba rekoto kaholimo ho sechaba le ho kenya chelete moruong ka kakaretso.92 Meruo eohle e meholo ea linaha tse tharo tsa United States le Canada, Europe le Japane, e bone karolo ea chelete e kenang ka holimo ho 1 lekholong ho tloha ka 1980—e nyoloha ka karolo e fetang 120 lekholong United States pakeng tsa 1980 le 2015. , le ha moruo o ntse o tsoela pele ho oela lerabeng la ho putlama. Likarolo tse ka sehloohong tsa barui United States hona joale li na le karolo e fetang 70 lekholong ea leruo la naha, ha karolo e ka tlaase ea halofo e batla e le sieo. Batho ba limillione tse tšeletseng ba ruileng ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng—bao ba bane ba bona e leng Maamerika—hona joale ba na le leruo le fetang halofo e tlaase ea baahi ba lefatše.93
United States, liphetoho tsena tsa lefats'e li thatafatsoa le ho feta ke ho theoha butle ha US hegemony, eo hona joale e fihlang boemong bo boima. Ha moruo oa Amerika hajoale o ntse o hola ka sekhahla sa liperesente tse 1.6 mme moruo oa China o ntse o hola, leha o theohile, ka liperesente tse 7, mongolo o leboteng la hegemony ea US moruong oa lefatše. Karolo ea Amerika moruong oa lefats'e e theohile butle-butle ho tloha 2000. Ka 2016 Forbes e phatlalalitse hore moruo oa China o kanna oa feta moruo oa Amerika ka boholo ka kakaretso ka 2018.94 Leha United States e le naha e ruileng haholo, e nang le lekeno le phahameng haholo la motho ka mong, bohlokoa ba phetoho ena, le khoholeho e akaretsang ea naha ea Amerika ho latela mefuta e mengata ea matšoao, joale ke eona ntho e kholo ea lefats'e ka bophara ea U.S. sebopeho sa matla. United States e ntse e na le matla a lichelete, ho kopanyelletsa le puso ea dollar e le chelete e ka sehloohong lefatšeng, 'me e ntse e le matla a sesole a ka sehloohong lefatšeng. Empa histori e fana ka maikutlo a hore leha e le efe ea tsena e ka bolokoa lilemong tse mashome tse tlang ntle le hegemony tlhahiso ea lefats'e. Leano la mehleng ea Obama la ho leka ho boloka matla a moruo eseng feela ka matla a US feela, empa hape le ka matla a boraro, lea hloleha, ka lebaka la ho putlama ha moruo nakong eohle ea boraro. Sena se fepile maikutlo a moruo le bochaba United States le United Kingdom.
Ho sa le joalo, tlhophiso bocha ea moruo oa Amerika maemong a ho putlama ha lefats'e la lefats'e e tlatselitse maikutlong a pharaletseng a hore matla a eona a ntseng a fokotseha a lefats'e - a tšoantšitsoeng ke lintoa tsa ona tse sa feleng le tse bonahalang li se na thuso Middle East, tse hlahisang tlholo e fokolang - ke mohloli oa bohloko bohle le mathata a mamelletsoeng ke lihlopha tse tlaase tse bohareng le tse sebetsang.95 Batho ba tsoang linaheng lisele "ba nkang mesebetsi ea US" le bajaki ba sebeletsang meputso e tlaase e se e le liphofu tse bonolo, ba fepa bochaba bo nang le tokelo ea ho ba le thuso ho ba boholong, 'me bo kopana le matšoenyeho a karolo ea sehlopha se busang.96 Sephetho ha se kholo ea Trumpism United States feela, empa Brexit naheng ea Borithane, le metsamao e nepahetseng ho pholletsa le mantlha ea Europe. Joalokaha Amin a ngotse,
liketsahalo tse latelang li hokahane ka mokhoa o ke keng oa aroloa: bokhaphithaliste ba oligopolies; matla a lipolotiki a oligarchies; ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše ka sehlōhō; ts'ebeliso ea lichelete; US hegemony [hona joale e fokotseha ka hona e kotsi le ho feta]; sesole sa tsela eo ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše ho sebetsa tšebeletsong ea li-oligopolies; ho putlama ha demokrasi; ho tlatlapuoa ha matlotlo a lefatše; le ho tloheloa ha tsoelopele bakeng sa Boroa.97
Haufinyane tjena, Amin o bitsitse sena bothata ba "monopoly capitalism" e akaretsang.98
Mekhatlo eohle ea bo-fascist e hatisa bochaba bo feteletseng, lehloeo le khethollo ea morabe, 'me e amehile ka ho sireletsa meeli le ho atolosa matla ka sesole. Seo se tsejoang e le geopolitics, kapa teko ea ho phahamisa matla a borena lefatšeng ka ho laola likarolo tse pharaletseng tsa lefats'e le lisebelisoa tsa bona tsa maano, li ile tsa hlaha ntoeng ea bo-imperiya qalong ea lekholo la mashome a mabeli la lilemo joalokaha ho hlalositsoe mosebetsing oa litsebi tsa eona tsa khale. , Halford Mackinder oa Brithani, Karl Haushofer oa Jeremane, le Nicholas John Spykman oa United States, ’me a ka talingoa e le karolo ea bokhaphithaliste ba monopoly mekhahlelong eohle ea bona.99 Nakong ea ho tloha Ntoeng ea Gulf ka 1990-91 ho isa 2014, geopolitics ea US e ne e ikemiselitse ho khutlisa le ho matlafatsa hegemony ea US ka mor'a ho nyamela ha Soviet Union lefats'eng - ho etsa hore United States e be eona feela matla a maholohali. Joalo ka ha bo ne bo utloisisoa ke bo-ramahlale ba US ka nako eo, joalo ka Paul Wolfowitz, sepheo e ne e le ho nka monyetla ka nako e lekanyelitsoeng - Wolfowitz o ile a bona e le lilemo tse leshome kapa bonyane tse peli - pele ho ka lebelloa hore ho ka lebelloa hore ho be le 'muso o mocha, ea qothisanang lehlokoa le eena. nakong eo United States e neng e ka khona ho etsa phetoho ea puso ka bolokolohi Bochabela bo Hare le Afrika Leboea, le mathōkong a seo pele e neng e le Soviet Union.100
Mokhoa ona o ile oa lebisa letotong la lintoa tse etelletsoeng pele ke US le phetoho ea puso Bochabela bo Hare, Europe Bochabela le Afrika Leboea. Kou ea Persia ka ho khetheha e ne e le eona ntho e tlang pele, ea bohlokoa ba leano la bohlokoa eseng feela sebakeng empa ka lebaka la mehloli e mengata ea oli. Empa ho fumana taolo ea Europe Bochabela eohle le ho fokolisa Russia le hona e ne e le habohlokoa.
Ho sutumetsa ha NATO ho ea Ukraine, ho ts'ehetsa phetohelo ea mapheo a le letona molemong oa ho lekola Russia e le matla a tsoileng matsoho, ho lebisitse ho sututsa Russia tlasa Vladimir Putin, ka ho kenngoa ha Crimea le ho kenella Ukraine haufi le meeli ea eona. Russia e ile ea tsoela pele ho arabela ka ho kenella ka mabifi Syria, ho nyenyefatsa teko ea United States, NATO le Saudi Arabia ea ho theola puso ea Assad ka ho tšehetsa mabotho a pro-Salafist (a ikemiselitseng ho theha naha ea Sunni ea motheo). Ho sa le joalo, timetso ea Iraq lintoeng tse etelletsoeng pele ke US, le khothaletso ea linaha tsa Bophirima le tsa Gulf ea mabotho a pro-Salafist maemong a ntoa ea pele ea Syria, e lebisitse ho phahama ha Naha ea Boislamo.101
Lintlha tsena tse nyahamisang, tse emelang seo Richard Haass, hlooho ea Lekhotla la Likamano tsa Kantle ho Naha, a se bitsitseng "lefatše le ferekaneng," li butse karohano ka har'a sehlopha se busang ka leano la lipolotiki la US.102 Karolo e kholo ea sehlopha se busang le naha ea ts'ireletso ea naha e ne e ikemiselitse ka matla Ntoeng e Ncha ea Mantsoe le Russia, 'me Hillary Clinton a ikana ho hlahisa libaka tse sa fofeng Syria, e leng se neng se tla bolela ho thunya lifofane tsa Russia le tsa Syria, ho tlisa. lefatše ho ea lintšing tsa ntoa ea lefatše ea thermonuclear. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, Trump o ile a tsepamisa maikutlo a hae tabeng ea ho lula le Russia e le hore United States e ka tsepamisa maikutlo ntoeng ea lefats'e khahlanong le "bokhukhuni bo feteletseng ba Boislamo" le ntoa e batang khahlanong le Chaena, tumellanong le ntoa ea Bannon ea Bannon-Judeo-Christian-e tšoanang le ea Samuel Huntington. khopolo ea "khohlano ea lichaba".103 Mona Islamophobia e kopana le China-phobia—le le Latino-phobia, joalokaha e emeloa ke seo ho thoeng ke “tšireletso ea moeli o ka boroa oa U.S.
Ponong ea Trump ea ho khutlisa matla a lipolotiki le moruo a US, lira li khethiloe ka merabe le bolumeli. Khatello e ncha e beoa holim'a ho beha libutsi tsa US fatše Bochabela bo Hare le khohlano ea sesole sa metsing le China Leoatleng la China Boroa, moo ho tla fumanoa mehloli e mengata ea oli e ncha lefatšeng, 'me e le bonnete ba bokamoso ba China ba phihlello. ho ea ka oli tabeng ea likhohlano tsa lefatše. Leha ho le joalo, sephetho sa teko ena ea ho theha phetoho ea tšohanyetso leanong la lipolotiki la United States ha se feela ho oa ha sehlopha se busang sa US lipakeng tsa li-neoliberal le li-neofascists tsa mofuta oa Trump, empa hape le ntoa kahare ho naha e tebileng. ho fella ka ho lutla ho ileng ha theola Flynn.104
Leano la Trump la geopolitical qetellong le shebana le bochabela ho ea Chaena, le nka mokhoa oa ts'ireletso ea ts'ireletso e kopantsoeng le ts'ebetso ea sesole. Tsamaiso e ncha hang-hang e ile ea nka khato ea ho behella ka thoko Tšebelisano-'moho ea Trans-Pacific, e neng e bonahala e hloleha e le sesebelisoa sa ho laola China - e khetha mekhoa e mebe, ho kenyelletsa le khohlano e ka bang teng le China holim'a Leoatle la China Boroa.
Ho akaretsa tsena tsohle ke phatlalatso ea Trump ea hore United States e mothating oa ho kena "mehaho e meholohali ea sesole nalaneng ea Amerika." Ka tekanyetso ea hae ea pele o bontšitse hore o tla eketsa tšebeliso ea sesole ka $ 54 bilione kapa ka liperesente tse ka bang leshome tsa tekanyetso ea hajoale ea Pentagon.105 Sena se kanna sa bonoa e le mokhoa oa ho monya phaello ea moruo, kaha ts'ebeliso e kholo ea lits'enyehelo tse ts'episitsoeng likhethong tsa mopresidente ha e na monyetla oa ho phethahala ho latela khanyetso ea mokha oa Rephabliki. (Joalokaha ho bonts'itsoe kaholimo, morero oa Trump oa ho fana ka litefiso tsa lekhetho indastering bakeng sa tšebeliso ea litšebeletso tsa motheo o ke ke oa etsa ho honyenyane ka kotloloho ho holisa moruo.)
Na Trump e ka atleha moruong? Tlhahlobo ho Financial Times qetellong ea February e fana ka maikutlo a hore "phello ea morero oa moruo oa Monghali Trump e tla ba ho tebisa maemo a entseng hore a khethoe."106 Ka lebaka la ho tsieleha ho tebileng moruong, le motheo oa sebopeho sa sena ka ho bokella chelete e ngata haholo, boiteko leha e le bofe ba ho beha moruo oa U.S. tseleng e 'ngoe bo tletse mathata. Eo e kileng ea e-ba Mongoli oa Lefapha la Lichelete Larry Summers oa ngola: “Ke ne ke tla beha menyetla ea ho putlama ha moruo oa U.S. hoo e ka bang 1/3 selemong se tlang le ka holimo ho 1/2 lilemong tse peli tse tlang.”107 Ka mor'a lilemo tse leshome tse lahlehileng tsa ho putlama ho hoholo ha moruo, ho kenyeletsoa ho hlasimoloha butle haholo ha moruo, sena se ka 'na sa bonahala e le tlokotsi sechabeng sohle.
Khahlanong le sena re lokela ho hopola hore ke Hitler ea qalileng ho hlahisa "Keynesian" ea moruo oa moruo ka ho sebelisa chelete ea sesole, ho etsa privatization, le ho senya mekhatlo ea basebetsi, a theola meputso ea basebetsi.108 Leano la moruo la neo-fascist e ka ba mofuta o fetelletseng oa bo-neoliberal austerity, e tšehelitsoeng ke khethollo ea morabe le boitokisetso ba ntoa. E ne e tla rereloa ho lokolla chelete e ngata taolong—ho fana ka bolokolohi ho chelete ea monopoly-finance capital. Sena se ne se tla tsamaea le liteko tse matla haholoanyane tsa ho sebelisa matla a US ka kotloloho, ka mokhoa oa tšireletso. Ha nako e ntse e feta likhohlano tsa moruo tsa tsamaiso li ne li tla lula li le teng, empa bochaba bo bocha ba moruo bo ne bo tla rereloa ho etsa bonnete ba hore maemong a ho putlama ha moruo oa lefatše United States e tla nka karolo e kholo ea phae ea lefatše. Leha ho le joalo, katoloso ea moruo oa ntoa e tletse likotsi, 'me tšusumetso ea eona tlhahisong ha e matla ho feta nakong e fetileng.109 Ha ho na bonnete ba hore United States e tla hapa ntoa ea khoebo le chelete kapa peisong ea libetsa ea lefats'e, athe tsoelo-pele e joalo e ka supa mofuta oa khohlano e ntseng e phahama eo nalane e lebisitseng ntoeng ea lefatše.
Keketseho e Resistinable ea Donald Trump
Papali ea bosoasoi ea Brecht ea 1941 Tsoelo-pele e ka Thibelang ea Arturo Ui e ne e le boiteko ba tšoantšetso ba ho beha ho phahama ha Hitler Jeremane maemong a tloaelehileng-bonyane ho bamameli ba Amerika-ba gangsterism ea Chicago (tabeng ena, mokhopi o laoloang ke mokhopi oa cauliflower monopoly), e le ho fana ka maikutlo a hore na fascism e ka thibeloa joang nakong e tlang. . Ntho e ka sehloohong ea Brecht, ntle le ho hlobolisa bahanyetsi ba Manazi ka mekhoa leha e le efe ea boholo, e ne e le hore ho khahloa ke sechaba e ne e le ts'ebetso, le hore haeba mofuta oa mekhoa ea bo-fascist ea ho fumana matla, ka liphatlalatso, pefo, litšokelo, litšoso, le ho eka, li ne li utloisisoa hamolemo ho tloha qalong le ke baahi ka kakaretso, li ne li ka hanyetsoa ka mokhatlo o lemohileng ho tloha tlase. Brecht o ne a lumela hore Bofascista bo ne bo tla hlōloa, empa ho tsoela pele ha bokapitale ho ile ha tiisa ho hlaha hape: “pōpelo eo [Ui, kapa Hitler] a tsoileng ho eona e ntse e hōla ka matla.”110
Ka lebaka la 'nete ea ho kenella ha neofascism ka White House, tsebo ea ts'ebetso ea ho kenya ts'ebetsong hona joale e theoang ke lekala la phethahatso, e bohlokoa ho hlophisa ts'ireletso e hlophisitsoeng ea karohano ea matla le tokoloho ea molaotheo. Empa ka ho hanyetsa US alt-right, leano la khale la Popular Front la ho kopana le ho theha tokoloho ea bolokolohi le sebetsa feela ka tekanyo e lekanyelitsoeng libakeng tse itseng, tse kang ho loantša phetoho ea maemo a leholimo, e sokelang batho bohle, kapa boitekong ba ho sireletsa lintho tsa motheo. litokelo tsa lipolotiki. Lebaka ke hobane, ka lebaka la phetoho ea 'nete ea sebopeho, melemo efe kapa efe ea pele e fihletsoeng ka selekane se joalo e kanna ea hlakoloa hang ha koluoa e felile, e leng se tla etsa hore likhohlano tsa khale li hlahe hape. Mokhatlo o atlehang oa ho hanyetsa khahlanong le tokelo ka hona o hloka hore ho hahoe mokhatlo o matla o khahlanong le bo-capitalist ho tloha ka tlase, o emelang tharollo e fapaneng ka ho feletseng, e reretsoeng phetoho ea sebopeho sa nako. Mona sepheo ke ho phethola logic ea capital, le ho khothaletsa tekano e kholo le nts'etsopele ea batho e tsitsitseng.111 Bofetoheli bo joalo ha boa lokela ho lebisoa feela khahlanong le neofascism, empa khahlanong le neoliberalism — ke hore, monopoly-finance capital — hape. E tlameha ho ameha ka lintoa tse khahlano le khethollo ea morabe, lehloeo le lehloeo, lehloeo la batho ba tsoang linaheng tse ling, khatello ea batho ba LGBTQ, bo-imperialism, ntoa le ho senyeha ha tikoloho, joalo ka ha ho le joalo ka tlhekefetso ea maemo, e hlokang ho aha mokhatlo o kopaneng oa phetoho ea meralo, kapa e ncha motsamao o lebisang ho socialism.
Ntho e mpe le ho feta maemong a hajoale, ke lumela, e ka ba haeba re ne re ka nyenyefatsa kapa ra nyenyefatsa ho kena ha neofascism ho White House kapa kamano ea sena le bokhaphithaliste, katoloso ea borena, le pheliso ea lefats'e (phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo le likotsi tse ntseng li eketseha tsa thermonuclear. ntoa). Polelong ea hae bakeng sa Letsatsi la Machaba la Khopotso ea Polao e Sehlōhō, Trump, le hoja a hlōleha ka ho toba ho bua ka ho bolaoa ha Bajuda ba limilione tse tšeletseng, o ile a phatlalatsa, ka mantsoe a Manichean: "Ho ke ke ha khoneha ho utloisisa bokhopo le tšabo e bakiloeng ke batho ba se nang molato ke tšabo ea Manazi .... Ha re ntse re hopola ba shoeleng, re leboha haholo ba ileng ba beha bophelo ba bona kotsing ho pholosa ba se nang molato…. Ke itlama ho etsa sohle se matleng a ka Boporesidenteng bohle ba ka, le bophelong ba ka, ho netefatsa hore matla a bobe ha a sa hlola a hlola matla a botle.”112
Lilemong tse fetang mashome a mararo tse fetileng, rahistori Basil Davidson o ile a etsa qeto ea hae Litšoantšo tse tsoang Ntoeng ea Khahlanong le Bonazi ka mantsoe ana:
Hona joale, mehleng ea rona, tlhōlisano ea khale [fascism khahlanong le khanyetso ea demokrasi] e teng hape. Ba itlhommeng pele ba ratang naha ea ka ho le letona…ba phahamisa mantsoe a bona a kang a linqanqane ho bina pina ea tlholo eo, ba ka ratang hore re lumele hore e ne e le ea bona: athe, ha e le hantle, 'nete e ne e hlile e fapane. “Makhotla a macha” a ntse a phahama sebakeng seo, a se manyenyane kapa a le bothoto ho feta Manazi ha a ne a qala. Mantsoe a khale a equivocations a nkeloa sebaka ke lipolelo tse ncha, feela joalokaha ho bonahala e le "e hlomphehang le e loketseng" joalokaha e ne e le ea khale.
Ke lintho tsohle tse lokelang ho hanela. Joale joalo ka mohlang oo: empa haufinyane tjena. Haholo kapele.113
Notes
- Jack London,Serethe sa Tšepe (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 1907), 67-68.
- Bakeng sa kalafo ea pejana ea neofascism United States ho tloha likhethong bona "Cornel West ho Donald Trump: Sena ke Seo Neo-Fascism e shebahalang ka sona,” Demokerasi Hona Joale!, December 1, 2016; Henry A. Giroux, "Ho loantša Neo-Fascism ea Trump le Ghost ea '1984,'” Truthout, February 7, 2017. US neofascism, e talingoa ka tsela ena, e ka bonoa, ho ea ka mantsoe a Paul A. Baran, e le "fascism sui generis, ea mefuta e khethehileng ea Amerika." Baran [e ngola e le Historicus], "Rejoinder, "Tlhahlobo ea Khoeli 4, no. 12 (April 1953): 503. Khopolo ea "neo-fascism" e qalile ho hlaha litlalehong tsa mekhatlo e feteletseng ea New Right le likhopolo tsa Europe tse amanang le ba nahanang ba kang Julius Evola le Alain de Benoist. Sheba Roger Griffin, mohlophisi.,Bofasista (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 311-16.
- "Tsoa ho Likhetho, Likhetho tsa 2016,” CNN, November 23, 2016, http://cnn.com.
- Jonathan Rothwell le Pablo Diego-Rosell, "Ho hlalosa Maikutlo a Sechaba a Lipolotiki: Taba ea Donald Trump,” Pampiri e sebetsang ea Gallup, November 2, 2016, e fumanehang ho http://papers.ssrn.com, 12; Samantha Neal,"Hobaneng Motheo oa Trump o fapana le Letšoele le Tloaelehileng la Rephabliki,” Huffington Post, Phato 22, 2016.
- Konstantin Kilibarda le Daria Roithmayr, “Tšōmo ea Bofetoheli ba Lebanta la Rust,” Slate, December 1, 2016.
- "Tsoa ho Likhetho, Likhetho tsa 2016,” CNN, November 23, 2016.
- Jason Horowitz,"Li-Skittles tsa Donald Trump Jr. li lumellana le mohlala, "New York Times, September 20, 2016.
- Rothwell le Diego-Rosell, "Ho Hlalosa Maikutlo a Naha a Lipolotiki," 2.
- Richard F. Hamilton,Ke Mang ea Ileng a Voutela Hitler? (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982), 420. Hamilton ka boeena o re ho ke ke ha khoneha ho tiisa (kapa ho latola) karolo ea makhaola-khang ea bakhethi ba maemo a tlaase ho latela lintlha tse teng mabapi le liphello tsa likhetho bakeng sa libaka tsa litoropo Jeremane ka 1931. le 1932 (le hoja boitsebiso ba hae bo ne bo ka hlalosoa e le bo tšehetsang sena). Leha ho le joalo, taba ea hore fascism e ne e thehiloe nalaneng ho batho ba maemo a tlase a mahareng kapa ba bourgeoisie ba banyenyane ke e 'ngoe ea lintlha tse netefalitsoeng libukeng tsohle tse mabapi le ho phahama ha bo-fascism, ka bo-1930 le kajeno, e kenyelletsang bahlalefi ba Marxist le bao e seng ba Marxist. Bona, mohlala, Nicos Poulantzas,Bofascista le Bohatelli (London: Verso, 1974); Seymour Martin Lipset,Monna oa Lipolotiki (New York: Doubleday, 1960), 134–76. Leon Trotsky o ngotse hore "fascism ke mokhoa o ikhethileng oa ho bokella le ho hlophisa bo-bourgeoisie molemong oa sechaba sa moruo oa lichelete." Leon Trotsky,Ntoa e Khahlanong le Bofascista Jeremane (New York: Pathfinder, 1971), 455.
- Michael H. Kater,Mokha oa Manazi (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983), 252; Thomas Childers,Mokhethi oa Manazi (Chapel Hill, NC: Univesithi ea North Carolina Press, 1983), 157-59, 166-88, 225-26; Jürgen W. Falter, “Ho na le Monyetla Hakae Hore Basebetsi ba Voutele NSDAP?” ho Conan Fischer, ed.,Ho phahama ha Sechaba sa Sechaba le Lihlopha tsa Ts'ebetso ho Weimar Jeremane (Providence, RI: Libuka tsa Berghan, 1996), 9–45.
- Trump ha ho mohla e kileng ea arohanngoa haholo le sechaba sa lichelete le sehlopha sa libilione. Bona Robert Hackett, "Mona ke Libilione tse Tšehetsang Trump, "leruo, August 3, 2016.
- Paul Baran o ile a pheha khang ka 1950s hore ho ba sieo ha lintlha tsena ha ho hlile ho thibela kholo ea fascism sebakeng sa US. Motho ha aa lokela ho ferekanya mekhoa ea sepheo le mefuta ea eona ea ka ntle, kapa a lebella hore ketsahalo ea sechaba e iponahatse kamehla ka tsela e tšoanang. Baran,"Fascism naheng ea Amerika,” 181. Ka ho tšoanang, Bertram Gross o ile a ngola, “Mang kapa mang ea batlang lihempe tse ntšo, meketjana ea batho ba bangata, kapa banna ba palameng lipere ba tla hloloheloa lintlha tse hlakileng tsa bofascista tse hahabang.” Bertram Gross,Fascism e mosa (New York: Evans, 1980), 3.
- Donald Trump, "Aterese ea Qalo,” January 20, 2017, http://whitehouse.gov. Mabapi le "palingenetic ultra-nationalism" e le matrix a maikutlo a bofascist bona Roger Griffin, "General Introduction," ho Griffin, ed.,Bofasista, 3–4. Ho "Mokhahlelo o ka 'Nang oa Bolaea ka ho Fetisisa oa Imperialism" sheba István Mészáros,Bohlokoa ba Taolo ea Sechaba (New York: Khatiso ea Khoeli le Khoeli ea Tlhahlobo, 2015), 97–120.
- Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, "Ke Metsotso e Mebeli le Halofo ho fihlela Har'a Mantsiboea," tokollo ea litaba, la 25 Pherekhong 2017.
- Louis Althusser,Lenin le Filosofi le Litlhaku tse ling(New York: Khatiso ea Khoeli le Khoeli ea Tlhahlobo, 2001), 85–126.
- Richard Falk, "Sets'oants'o se nyarosang sa Naha ea Trump ea Pre-Fascist (le Menyetla ea Progressive Populism),” Mondoweiss, Pherekhong 26, 2017.
- Samir Amin,"Ho khutla ha Fascism ho Contemporary Capitalism, "Tlhahlobo ea Khoeli 66, no. 4 (September 2014): 1-12.
- Bona CB Macpherson,Bophelo le Linako tsa Demokerasi ea Liberal (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977); Paul A. Baran le Paul M. Sweezy, Monopoly Capital (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1966), 155; Ralph Miliband,'Muso ho Mokhatlo oa Capitalist (London: Quartet, 1969).
- Michael D. Yates,Ho se lekane ho hoholo (London: Routledge, 2016).
- Bertolt Brecht,Brecht ka Theater (London: Methuen, 1974), 47.
- Paul M. Sweezy ho Paul M. Baran, October 18, 1952, Baran le Sweezy, Mehla ea Monopoly Capital (New York: Khatiso ea Khoeli le Khoeli ea Tlhahlobo, e tlang ka 2017).
- Paul A. Baran ho Paul M. Sweezy, October 25, 1952, Baran le Sweezy, Mehla ea Monopoly Capital. Leha fascism e na le tšekamelo ea ho fokotsa naha ho ea ho molao-motheo o le mong, hoa utloahala, Baran o boletse lengolong lena, hore e ka nka sebopeho sa "parliamentary fascism," ke hore, ha e hloke ho hlophisoa ka tlhaho ho potoloha matla a bolaoli. O ile a ngola: “Ntlha ea bohlokoahali ke hore bokhukhuni, khatello, Gleichschaltung [ho lumellana], puso ea ’muso, joalo-joalo, li hlahisoa sehlopheng se itseng sa linaleli sa ntoa.”
- Joalo ka ha Chris Hedges a hlokomela, "Hitler, matsatsi kamora hore a nke puso ka 1933, o ile a beha thibelo ho mekhatlo eohle ea batho ba ratanang le banna le basali. O ile a laela hore ho hlaseloe libaka tseo basodoma ba neng ba bokane ho tsona, hoo ho ileng ha fella ka ho tlatlapuoa ha Setsi sa Saense ea Thobalano Berlin, le ho lelekoa ka ho sa feleng ha motsamaisi oa sona, Magnus Hirschfeld. Libuka tse likete-kete tse tsoang laebraring ea setsi li ile tsa akheloa mollong o matla. Ho amohuoa ha Majeremane a basodoma le lilesbiene litokelo tsa bona tsa botho ho ile ha thoholetsoa haholo ke likereke tsa Jeremane. Empa letšolo lena le ile la tiisa maqheka, ka ntle ho molao, ao haufinyane a neng a tla sebelisoa ke ba bang.” Chris Hedges,Mafascista a Amerika (New York: Free Press, 2006), 201. Sheba hape Ralf Dose, Magnus Hirschfeld (New York: Khatiso ea Khoeli le Khoeli ea Tlhahlobo, 2014).
- Bona Franz Neumann,Behemothe (New York: Oxford University Press, 1942), 62-82. Ena ke tlaleho ea khale ea tsoelo-pele ea naha ea Manazi le kamano ea eona le moruo. Leha "naha ea totalitarian" (e sa tlamehang ho ferekanngoa le mohopolo oa morao-rao oa "totalitarianism") e le sepheo sa bofascism, ha e le hantle e ne e le monolithic e fokolang, ebile e le moferefere ho feta. Ho fascism ea khale, "naha e 'meli" e nang le lisebelisoa tsa mmuso le lisebelisoa tsa mokha e ne e le ntho e tloaelehileng,' me kemiso ea matla a mmuso ha ea ka ea thibela mofuta oa ho arohana, moo mmuso o ileng oa khaotsa ho sebetsa ka botlalo e le mmuso ka mekhoa eohle, ha a sa phetha mesebetsi eohle ea Thomas HobbesLeviathane. Ka lebaka lena, Neumann o ile a nka e le sehlooho sa mosebetsi oa hae oa fascism, ho tsoa ho Hobbes'sBehemothe, nakong ea paramente e telele. Bona Neumann,Behemothe, 459–60; Slavoj Žižek,Na ho na le Motho ea Ileng a re Bohatelli?(London: Verso, 2001), 1-3.
- Poulantzas e bua ka naha ea fascist e le "e batlang e ipusa" ho tsoa ho monopoly capital. Ho bonahala ho nepahetse haholoanyane ho fetola khatiso le ho bua ka moruo le monopoly capital e le boipuso bo matla. Monopoly capital e khetha naha ea demokrasi e lokolohileng empa e ikemiselitse ho amohela taolo ea bo-fascist ea moruo oa lipolotiki ha feela pokello ea chelete e ikemetseng e ntse e tsoela pele ebile e ntlafatsoa ka har'a moralo oa "superstructural" oa fascist. Bona Poulantzas,Bofascista le Bohatelli, 85. Jeremane ea Bonazi boipuso bona bo matla ba motse-moholo bo ile ba sitisoa feela nakong ea ntoa, ha Albert Speer a behoa boikarabelong ba ho hlophisa indasteri bakeng sa boiteko ba ntoa. Bona Franz Neumann le Paul M. Sweezy, “Ho khethoa ha Speer e le Mohatelli oa Moruo oa Jeremane,” ho Franz Neumann, Herbert Marcuse, le Otto Kirchheimer, Litlaleho tsa Sephiri ka Jeremane ea Bonazi (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013), 48-60.
- Benito Mussolini, "Leano la Moruo o Mocha oa Italy (1936)," ho Carlo Celli, ed.,Economic Fascism (Edinburgh, VA: Axios, 2013), 277-80.
- Hitler o qotsitse ho Konrad Heiden,Der Fuehrer (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1944), 287; Robert W. McChesney le John Nichols,Batho ba Itokise (New York: Sechaba, 2016), 38.
- Maxine Y. Sweezy (hape tlas'a Maxine Y. Woolston),Sebopeho sa Moruo oa Bonazi (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1941), 27-35. Bona hape Gustav Stolper,Moruo oa Jeremane, 1870-1940 (New York: Reynal le Hitchcock, 1940), 207; Germà Bel, "Ho Kopana ha 'Privatization' le National Socialist Party ea Jeremane,"Tlaleho ea Lits'oants'o tsa Moruo 20, no. 3 (2006): 187–94, “Khahlanong le Mainstream: Phatlalatso ea Bonazi ka 1930s Jeremane,” Univesithi ea Barcelona, http://ub.edu.
- Nicos Poulantzas,Bofascista le Bohatelli (London: Verso, 1974), 344.
- Karl Dietrich Bracher, "Mehato ea 'Tsamaiso ea Bokaofela' (Gleichschaltung): Ho Kopana ha Puso ea Sechaba ea Bososhiale ka 1933 le 1934," ho Hajo Holburn, ed.,Rephabliki ho ea Reich (New York: Vintage, 1972), 109–28; Robert O. Paxton,Anatomy ea Fascism (New York: Vintage, 2005), 123-24; Emmanuel Faye,Moqhekelli (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009), 39-58.
- Faye, Heidegger, 151-54; Carl Schmitt, "Motheo oa Molao oa Naha Kakaretso," ho Griffin, ed., Fascism, 138-39.
- Bracher, “Mehato ea ‘Momahano oa Bohatelli,’” 118–22. Ka mollo oa Reichstag, bona John Mage le Michael E. Tigar, “Teko ea Mollo ea Reichstag, 1933-2008, "Tlhahlobo ea Khoeli 60, no. 10 (March 2009): 24-49.
- Bracher, “Mehato ea 'Momahano ea Bohatelli,'” 122–24.
- Faye,Moqhekelli, 39–53, 118,154–62, 316–22; Richard Wolin, ed.,Khang ea Heidegger (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993).
- Bracher, “Mehato ea 'Momahano ea Bohatelli,'” 124–28. Mona seo Bracher a se bitsitseng mohato oa boraro le oa bone oaGleichschaltung tabeng ea Sejeremane ba tšoaroa e le ntho e le 'ngoe.
- Paxton,Anatomy ea Fascism, 123.
- Bona Oliver Staley, "Ho na le Lentsoe la Sejeremane le Kenyelletsang ka ho Phethahala Qalo ea Bopresidente ba Trump,” Quartz, January 26, 2017; Shawn Hamilton,"Seo Ba Ileng ba Ithuta Manazi ba ka re Rutang Sona ka Boitšoaro bo makatsang ho Donald Trump,” Huffington Post, December 19, 2016; Ron Jacobs,"Trumpism's Gleichschaltung?” Counterpunch, Hlakola 3, 2017.
- Amin, "Ho Khutla ha Fascism," 2.
- Trump, "Aterese ea ho Qala"; Joseph Stiglitz,"Mokhoa oa ho Pholoha Mehla ea Trump,” Project Syndicate, Hlakola 20, 2017, http://project-syndicate.org; “Miller le Bannon ba ngotse Puo ea Khakolo ea Trump,” The Hill, January 21, 2017, http://thehill.com.
- Ho latelalefeela Fair, ka Phato 2016, "Bannon ... o ile a fana ka tlhokomeliso mabapi le bonnete ba lipolotiki ba lets'olo la Trump. Trump ke 'sesebelisoa se hlabang bakeng sa rona .... Ha ke tsebe hore na o hlile oa e fumana kapa che.’” Ken Stern, “E ikhethang: Stephen Bannon, CEO e Mocha oa Trump, Malebela ho Morero oa Hae o Moholo, "lefeela Fair, August 17, 2016.
- "Mopresidente Bannon?"New York Times, La 30 Pherekhong 2017.
- Andrew Marantz,"Ho fetoha Bannon ea Steve Bannon, "New Yorker, February 13, 2017.
- Gwynn Guilford le Nikhil Sonnad,"Seo Steve Bannon a se Batlang Hantle,” Quartz, February 5, 2017; Steve Reilly le Brad Heath, ".Mantsoe a Steve Bannon a Bontša Karohano e Matla ka Tšireletso, "USA Today, La 31 Pherekhong 2017.
- Steve Bannon, Litlhaloso ka Skype Sebokeng sa Seriti sa Botho, Vatican, Summer 2014, e ngotsoeng ho J. Lester Feeder, “Ena ke tsela eo Steve Bannon a bonang lefatše ka eona,” Buzzfeed, November 15, 2016.
- Bannon, Litlhaloso Sebokeng sa Seriti sa Botho; Jason Horowitz,"Steve Bannon o qotsitse Setsebi sa Motaliana se Sululetseng Mafascista, "New York Times, February 10, 2017.
- Julius Evola, “Fascism: Tšōmo le ’Nete” le “Bofetoheli ba ’Nete ba Europe Khahlanong le Lefatše la Kajeno,” ho Griffin, mohlophisi.,Bofasista, 317–18, 342–44; Paul Furlong,Monahano oa Sechaba le Lipolotiki oa Julius Evola (London: Routledge, 2011), 77, 89. Umberto Eco o bitsitse Evola “e mong oa bo-ralipolotiki ba hlomphuoang ka ho fetisisa ba bofascista.” Umberto Eco,"Ur-Fascism, "Tlhahlobo ea Libuka tsa New York, June 22, 1995.
- Bannon, Litlhaloso Sebokeng sa Seriti sa Botho.
- Anjali Singhvi le Alicia Parlapiano, "Thibelo ea Bojaki ea Trump: Ke Mang ea Hanetsoeng le Mang ea sa Qojoeng, "New York Times, February 3, 2017; Ben Rosen,"Haufi le Botho: Litlhaselo tsa Trump Khahlanong le Boahloli li Fapana Joang, "Christian Science Monitor, February 9, 2017.
- Philip Rucker le Robert Barnes, "Trump ho Rua Likheo tse Fetang 100 tsa Lekhotla, Merero ea ho Fetolela Boahloli ba Boahloli, "Washington Post, December 25, 2016; "Taelo ea Trump e ka Tšoaea Bajaki ba limilione ba 11 ba sa ngolisoang ka molao bakeng sa ho lelekoa naheng: Litsebi," ABC News, January 26, 2017; Donald Trump, "Lipolelo tsa Mopresidente Trump Puong e Kopanetsoeng ho Congress," la 28 Hlakubele 2017.
- Donald Trump, "Mokgatlo wa Memorantamo wa Mopresidente wa Lekgotla la Naha la Tshireletso le Lekgotla la Tshireletso ya Lehae,” January 28, 2017; Edward Price, "Ke ne ke sa nahane hore ke Tla ke ke Tlohele CIA, "New York Times, February 20, 2017; Linda Qiu,"Lekhotla la Naha la Tšireletso 'Shakeup,'” Politifact, Hlakola 1, 201.
- Julie Smith le Derek Chollet, "Bannon's 'Strategic Initiatives' Cabal Ka hare ho NSC ke Boikaketsi bo Kotsi., "Leano la kantle ho naha Blog ea 'Muso oa Moriti, February 1, 2017; “Bannon e Haha Node e Ncha ea Matla ho White House,” Daily Beast, Pherekhong 31, 2017.
- Heather Timmons,"Trump e Batla Bilionea ea Tsebahalang Haholo ka ho Rekisa Lithunya tsa Semi-Automatic ho Rein ho US Spy Agencies” Quartz, February 16, 2017; “Trump e kopa Billionaire Steve Feinberg ho hlahloba mekhatlo ea Intel,” NBC News, February 16, 2017; James Risen le Matthew Rosenberg, "White House e rera ho ba le Mekhatlo ea Bohlale ea Trump Ally, "New York Times, February 15, 2017; "Lik'hamphani tse 30 tse Matla ka ho Fetisisa tsa Tšireletso ea Botho Lefatšeng," Security Degree Hub, http://securitydegreehub.com.
- Josh Dawsey,"Baeletsi ba Trump ba Mo sutumelletsa ho Hloekisa Bakhethoa ba Obama,” Politico, March 3, 2017.
- Philip Rucker le Robert Costa, "Bannon o Ikana ka Ntoa ea Letsatsi le Letsatsi bakeng sa 'Tšeho ea Naha ea Tsamaiso,'"Washington Post, February 23, 2017; “Moeletsi oa Trump o thoholetsa 'Taelo e Ncha ea Lipolotiki,'” BBC, Hlakola 23, 2017.
- Chris Arnold,"Mopresidente Trump o tla fokotsa melaoana ka '75 lekholong,'” Seea-le-moea sa Sechaba sa Sechaba, Pherekhong 24, 2017.
- Damian Carrington,"Green Movement 'Tšokelo e Khōlō ka ho Fetisisa Tokolohong,'” Ho bolela Trump Adviser, "Guardian, La 30 Pherekhong 2017.
- Henry Fountain, "Mohanyetsi oa Tlelaemete oa Trump: Myron Ebell O nka E.PA,"New York TimesLa 11 November, 2016.
- Foster, “Tlokotsi ea Trump le Climate”; Carrington, “Mokhatlo o Motala ‘Tšokelo e Khōlō ka ho Fetisisa ea Tokoloho’”; Penny Lewis,"Ho Tlang ka Mekhatlo tlas'a Mopresidente Trump, "Lintlha tsa Basebetsi, January 19, 2017; Matthew Rozsa, "Molao oa Tšehetso oa Rephabliki oa Ntlo o ka ba lumellang ho lefa basebetsi ba Federale ka bomong $ 1," Salon, January 6, 2017; Rafi Letzter,"Tekanyetso ea Trump e ka fokotsa basebetsi ba 3,000 ho tsoa ho EPA, Litlhahiso tsa Tlaleho,” Business Insider, March 1, 2017, http://businessinsider.com; “White House e Etsa Litlhahiso tsa Phokotso ea Lichelete tse Moepa ho Setsi se Itseng sa Pele sa Saense ea Tlelaemete, "Washington Post, March 3, 2017.
- Oliver Milman, "Standing Rock Sioux Tribe e re Trump e tlola Molao ka Dakota Access Order, "Guardian, La 22 Pherekhong 2017.
- David Pluviose, "Cornel West: Kaofela re Ikarabella bakeng sa Gangster Trump,” Diverse, January 25, 2017, http://divereducation.com.
- Eric Tucker, "Litšupiso: US ho Tsoela Pele Tšebeliso ea Literonko tse Tsamaeang ka Botho,” Associated Press, Hlakola 23, 2017; “Donald Trump o Sireletsa Phatlalatso ea Morabe ka lebaka la ho phatloha ha libomo,” CNN, September 19, 2016; “Donald galaotega ga lonaka: Black Lives taba e bitsa ho bolaea mapolesa,” Litaba tsa CBS, July 19, 2016; John Hayward, "Kopo ea ho Khetholla Bophelo ba Batho ba Batšo ha Sehlopha sa Likhukhuni se Atamela Lisaeno tsa 100K," Breitbart, Phupu 11, 2016, http://breitbart.com.
- Sarah Posner, "Sengoliloeng se lutiloeng sa Taelo ea Tokoloho ea Bolumeli ea Trump se Senola Merero e Felletseng ea ho Kenya Khethollo Semolao., "sechaba, February 1, 2107.
- Jeff John Roberts, "Trump e Khetha Mosireletsi oa Tokoloho ea Bolumeli Gorsuch bakeng sa Lekhotla le ka Holimo-limo, "leruo, La 31 Pherekhong 2017.
- Lewis, “Se Tlang Bakeng sa Mekhatlo”; Michael Paarlberg, "Ka Mahlo 'Ohle ho Trump Rephabliki e Rera ho Nyenya Mekhatlo bakeng sa Molemo, "Guardian, February 2, 2017.
- Kevin Carey,"Hobaneng Betsy DeVos e ke ke ea khona ho etsa thuto ea US Privatize, "New York Times, November 23, 2016; Kristina Rizga,"Betsy DeVos o Batla ho Sebelisa Likolo tsa Amerika ho Haha 'Muso oa Molimo,'"'Mè Jones, March/April 2017.
- Amy X. Wang,"Trump e Khetha Ntoa ea Mahala ea Puo le Univesithi e Thehileng Motsamao oa Mahala oa Puo,” Quartz, February 2, 2017; Abby Ohlheiser,"Hantle-ntle Milo Yiannopoulos E ile ea tlameha ho Khopisa Hakae Hore a Thibeloe ho Twitter?"Washington Post, July 21, 2016. Yiannopoulos o ile a itokolla mosebetsing ho tloha Breitbart bohareng ba February 2017 har'a ts'oaetso e ntseng e eketseha ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea hae e sebetsang ea pederasty.
- Max Greenwood, "Trump Tweets: Mecha ea litaba ke 'Sera sa Batho ba Amerika,'” The Hill, Hlakola 17, 2017.
- David Bauder, "Trump's 'Running War' ho Media Undermines Trust,” Associated Press, January 23, 2017. Edward Herman, “The Propaganda Model Revisited,” in Robert W. McChesney, Ellen Meiksins Wood, and John Bellamy Foster, ed., Bokhaphithaliste le Mehla ea Boitsebiso (New York: Khatiso ea Khoeli le Khoeli ea Tlhahlobo, 1998), 191–205.
- Michael M. Grynbaum, “Setsebi sa maano a Trump Stephen Bannon o re Media e Lokela ho Boloka Molomo oa eona,"New York Times, January 26, 2017; Jim Rutenberg,"Nakong ea Trump Era, Censorship e ka qala ka Phaposing ea Litaba, "New York Times, February 17, 2017.
- Danielle Kurtzleben, "Patlisiso ea litaba ea Trump e na le leeme ka mokhoa o makatsang. Hape E Molemo,” Seea-le-moea sa Sechaba sa Sechaba, Hlakola 17, 2017.
- Lukas I. Alpert,"Mecha e meng ea Mecha ea phatlalatso e qheletsoeng ka thoko ho White House Briefing, "Wall Street Journal, February 24, 2017.
- Grant Stern, "Molomo oaka o Koetsoe, E le Hore U Ka Bala Mantsoe a Steve Bannon; O Mathela Amerika Hona Joale,” Huffington Post, Pherekhong 30, 2017.
- Rucker le Costa, "Bannon Vows a Daily Fight"; Max Fisher, "Litlhaloso tsa CPAC tsa Stephen K. Bannon, Litlhaloso le Litlhaloso, "New York Times, February 24, 2017.
- Daniel Horowitz, "Litaelo tsa Tsamaiso ea Trump bakeng sa Bobusi ba Amerika ke Liphetoho tsa Lipapali,” Tlhahlobo ea Conservative, January 25, 2017, http://conservativereview.com; “Mehato e 7 ea ho Tsosolosa Bobusi ba Rōna,” Breitbart, July 17, 2014; Nick Hallet,"Mekha ea Eurosceptic Sign 'Stockholm Declaration' Ho Ikana ho Sireletsa Bobusi, ho Hlōla Radical Islam.,” Breitbart, November 5, 2016. Sheba hape Furlong,Monahano oa Sechaba le Lipolotiki oa Julius Evola, 77.
- Robert Costa,"Lialamo tsa morao-rao tsa Trump tsa ho hira lilekane tsa Ryan — le Bolsters Bannon, "Washington Post, January 33, 2017; Marantz, "Ho ba Bannon ea Steve Bannon"; Bill Moyers le Michael Winship, "Mosebetsi oa Donald Trump o sa tsoa nka Leqhubu le Leholo le Leholo Pele,” Moyers and Company, February 1, 2017, http://billmoyers.com.
- Barack Obama,"Polelo ea Mopresidente mabapi le HR 1540,” December 31, 2011, http://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov; Jean-Claude Paye,"Bobusi le Boemo ba Tšohanyetso, "Tlhahlobo ea Khoeli 68, no. 8 (Pherekhong 2017): 1-11; Carl Mirra,"NDAA le Militarization of America,” Leano la Kantle ho Tsepamiso, Hlakola 10, 2012, http://fpif.org; Michael E. Tigar, "Naha ea Tšireletso ea Naha: Qetello ea Karohano ea Matla, "Tlhahlobo ea Khoeli 66, no. 3 (Phupu–Phato 2014): 136–59.
- Bob Bryan,"Trump e Etsa Ka Semolao Tšepiso ea Moruo eo ho tla beng ho sa khonehe ho e boloka,” Business Insider, January 22, 2017.
- Bakeng sa tlaleho e hlokolosi ea kahisano mabapi le lithahasello le maikutlo a ka sehloohong a boipiletso ba Trump ho batho ba bangata ba basoeu ba sebetsang likhethong, bona Arlie Russell Hochschild,Basele Naheng ya Bona (New York: New Press, 2016), 221-30.
- Michelle Celarer, "Kopana le li-Titans tsa Wall Street Who Back Trump, "New York, June 22, 2016; Ben White le Mary Lee, "Mathata a Trump a "Big Fat Bubble" 'marakeng oa Stock,” Politico, Hlakola 24, 2017.
- Edward Luce, "Donald Trump o theha Letsatsi la Tšimo bakeng sa 1%, "Financial Times, February 26, 2017.
- Steven Mufson, "Litsebi tsa Economist Pan Infrastructure Plan e Tsoetsoeng ke Bakhethoa ba Trump,"Washington Post, January 17, 2017; Wilbur Ross le Peter Navarro, "Trump khahlano le Clinton mabapi le Meralo,” October 27, 2016; Donald Trump, "Lipolelo tsa Mopresidente Trump Puong e Kopanetsoeng ho Congress," la 28 Hlakubele 2017.
- Alan Rappeport,"Steven Mnuchin, Mokhethoa oa Letlotlo la Lichelete, O ile a hloleha ho senola $100 milione ka thepa., "New York Times, January 19, 2017; Dan Kopf,"Likhetho tsa Khabinete tse 17 tsa Pele tsa Trump li na le Chelete e Fetang ho Boraro ho MaAmerika ohle,” Quartz, December 15, 2016; David Smith, "Kabinete ea Trump ea Billionaire e ka ba Tsamaiso e ruileng ka ho fetesisa e kileng ea ba teng, "Guardian, December 2, 2016; Jeremy Scahill, "Notorious Mercenary Erik Prince Ho eletsa Trump ho tsoa ho Shadows,” The Intercept, January 17, 2017, http://theintercept.com.
- John Bellamy Foster le Robert W. McChesney, Mathata a sa Feleng (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2012), 1.
- "Ho Etsahetse'ng ka Ho Ekella ha Lefatše?"Financial Times, February 26, 2017. Mabapi le lisosa tse tebileng tsa ho fokotseha ha lefatše, bona Harry Magdoff le Paul M. Sweezy, Ho ema le Ho phatloha ha Lichelete (New York: Khatiso ea Khoeli le Khoeli ea Tlhahlobo, 1987).
- Setsi sa Lintho tse ka Sehloohong Tsa Lichelete, “Buka ea Chate: Lefa la Ho theoha ho Hoholo ha Moruo,” La 10 Hlakola, 2017, “Moruo oa U.S. o Behile ho Hola ka Tlase ho 3% Bakeng sa Selemo sa Leshome se otlolohileng,” Market Watch, December 22, 2015, http://marketwatch.com.
- Michael WL Elsby, Bart Hobijn le Aysegul Sahin, “Ho fokotseha ha Kabelo ea Basebetsi ba US,” Federal Reserve Bank ea San Francisco Working Paper 2013-27, September 2013; Fred Magdoff le John Bellamy Foster, "Mathata a Sehlopha sa Basebetsi sa US, "Tlhahlobo ea Khoeli 65, che. 8 (Pherekhong 2014): 1-22.
- Timothy Taylor, "Ho Fokotsa Matsete a US, Gross le Net,” blog ea Conversable Economist, February 17, 2017,.
- R. Jamil Jonna le John Bellamy Foster, “Khopolo ea Marx ea Boikemisetso ba Sehlopha sa Basebetsi: Bohlokoa ba Eona Kajeno, "Tlhahlobo ea Khoeli 67, no. 11 (April 2016): 1-19.
- "Likoloto tsa Malapa a US li Eketsehile ka 2016 ka Boholo ka Lilemo Tse Leshome, "Wall Street Journal, February 16, 2017; Andrew Haughwout, Richard Peach, le Joseph Tracy, "Ho Shebella Haufinyane ho Fokotseha ha Beng ba Matlo,” Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Liberty Street Economics blog, Hlakola 17, 2017, http://libertystreeteconomics.newyorkfed.org.
- Ben Chu,"Chate e Bontšang UK ha e sa le Moruo oa G7 o Holang ka potlako, "ikemetseng, February 23, 2017; “Sekhahla sa Kholiso ea Selemo le Selemo sa European Union GDP,” Meruo ea Khoebo, http://tradingeconomies.com; Bureau of Economic Analysis, "GDP le Major NIPA Series, 1929-2012," Survey of Current Business (August 2012): 188 (Letlapa la 2a).
- Foster le McChesney, Mathata a sa Feleng, 128.
- John Bellamy Foster,"The New Imperialism of Globalized Monopoly-Finance Capital, "Tlhahlobo ea Khoeli 67, no. 3 (Phupu–Phato 2015): 11–20.
- Paul Buchheit, "Banna bana ba 6 ba Ruile Maruo a Mangata ho Feta Halofo ea Baahi ba Lefatše,” Ecowatch, February 20, 2017. Ka nako e ka tlaase ho selemo, palo e fokotsehile ho tloha ho banna ba robeli ho isa ho ba tšeletseng, ho ea ka phuputso ea 2016 data ea Oxfam (“Ke Banna ba 8 feela ba nang le Leruo le Tšoanang le Halofo ea Lefatše,” January 16, 2017. Hape sheba Michael Yates, “Ho lekanya ho se lekane ha Lefatše, "Tlhahlobo ea Khoeli 68, che. 6 (Pulungoana 2016): 3-4.
- Mike Patton,"Moruo oa China o tla feta US ka 2018, "Forbes, April 29, 2016.
- Bongata ba ba iponang e le karolo ea "ba maemong a tlase a mahareng" ha ho pelaelo hore ke ba sehlopha sa basebetsi, joalo ka ha ho hlalosoa ke metrics e mengata ea sepheo. Ka hona ho thata ho hlalosa mela e thata ea moeli. Bakeng sa sepheo sa ho sheba boholo ba basebetsi ba US, bona R. Jamil Jonna le John Bellamy Foster, "Ho Feta ho Fokotsa Mosebetsi, "Tlhahlobo ea Khoeli 66, che. 5 (Mphalane 2014): 1-23.
- Bakeng sa pono ea Marx ka bojaki le sehlopha sa basebetsi ba US, bona David L. Wilson, "Marx mabapi le Bojaki: Basebetsi, Meputso, le Boemo ba Molao, "Tlhahlobo ea Khoeli 68, che. 9 (Hlakola 2017): 20-28.
- Samir Amin,"Tšoara Tlokotsi!"Tlhahlobo ea Khoeli 61, no. 7 (December 2009): 3.
- Amin, “The Return of Fascism,” 3; “The Surplus in Monopoly Capitalism le Imperialist Rent, 'Tlhahlobo ea Khoeli 64, no. 3 (Phupu-August 2012): 78-85.
- John Bellamy Foster,"The New Geopolitics of Empire, "Tlhahlobo ea Khoeli 57, che. 8 (Pherekhong 2006): 1-18.
- General Wesley K. Clark,Se Emele Ntoa e Tlang (New York: Litaba tsa Sechaba, 2014), 37-40; John Bellamy Foster,Imperialism e hlobotseng(New York: Khatiso ea Khoeli le Khoeli ea Tlhahlobo, 2006).
- Tlaleho ea US Defense Intelligence Agency ka Iraq, 2012, 2015 declassified, e fumaneha ho http://judicialwatch.org; Pepe Escobar,"'Mapa oa Tsela oa US ho ea Balkanize Syria,” RT, September 22, 2016; Samir Amin, Russia le Phetoho e telele ho tloha Bokhaphithaliste ho ea ho Socialism (New York: Khatiso ea Khoeli le Khoeli ea Tlhahlobo, 2016), 104, 127–28, Tsosoloso ea Lefatše la Maarabia (New York; Monthly Review Press, 2016), 14, 79; Diana Johnstone,Mofumahali oa Moferefere (Petrolia, CA: Counterpunch, 2015).
- Richard Haass,Lefatše le Khahlanong (New York: Penguin, 2017).
- Samuel P. Huntington,Khohlano ea Tsoelo-pele (New York: Simon le Schuster, 2011).
- Bona Gareth Porter,"Kamoo 'Bahlabani ba Macha ba Cold' ba Nkileng Trump,” Consortium News, February 25, 2017, http://consortiumnews.com.
- Emily Stephenson le Steve Holland, "Trump e Ikana ho Aha Sesole, Lihlooho tsa Naha tsa Hammers,” Reuters, February 25, 2017; Michael D. Shear le Jennifer Steinhauer, "Trump ho Batla Keketso ea $ 54 Bilione ea Tšebeliso ea Sesole, "New York Times, February 27, 2017.
- Luce, "Donald Trump o Theha Letsatsi la Tšimo bakeng sa 1%.
- Larry Summers,"Ke Kholisehile Haholoanyane ka ho Ekella ha Lefatše ho feta leha e le neng pele, "Washington Post, February 17, 2017.
- Michał Kalecki, Mokhahlelo oa ho Qetela oa Phetoho ea Bokhaphithaliste (New York: Khatiso ea Khoeli le Khoeli ea Tlhahlobo, 1972), 65–73.
- Tšusumetso e fokolang e fanoang ke dollar e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea tšebeliso ea sesole ke khale e hlokomeloa. Bona Baran le Sweezy, Monopoly Capital, 213-17.
- Bertolt Brecht,Lipapali tse Bokelitsoeng, matla. 6 (New York: Vintage, 1976), 301.
- Bona István Mészáros, "Khalemelo ea Naha: Pono ea Lekholong la Mashome a Mabeli le Motso o Mong, "Tlhahlobo ea Khoeli 67, no. 4 (September 2015): 23-37; Bohlokoa ba Taolo ea Sechaba.
- Donald Trump, "Polelo ya Moporesidente ka Letsatsi la Matjhaba la Sehopotso sa Polao e Sehlōhō,” January 27, 2017.
- Basil Davidson, Litšoantšo tse tsoang Ntoeng ea Khahlanong le Bonazi (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1980), 278.
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