Kunobva: TomDispatch.com
Hapana chakakosha anti-hondo kufamba muAmerica nekuti hapana hondo yekuratidzira. Rega nditsanangure. Muna February 2003, mamiriyoni evanhu akapinda mumigwagwa Around the World kupikisa kufora kweAmerica kuenda kuhondo neIraq. Kufamba kwevanhu vakawanda ikoko kwakakundikana. Hutungamiri hwaGeorge W. Bush naDick Cheney vaive nehurongwa hwakasimba hwekugadzirisa zvakare Middle East uye hapana vaipikisa, zvisinei nekuti vane misimboti kana kuti vane njere kana kutsunga zvakadii, vaizovamisa mukufora kwavo kwehupenzi. Hondo yeIraq munguva pfupi yakabatana nekupinda kweAfghan muna 2001 semvura uye njodzi, zvakadaro bato rekurwisa hondo rakafa sezvo vatungamiriri veUS vakashanda patsanura MaAmerican kubva munhau pamusoro pekufa, mari, njodzi, uye mhosva dzeiyo panguva iyoyo yainzi "hondo yehugandanga."
Uye mune izvozvo vakabudirira. Kunyangwe iyo U.S. ikozvino inogara munzvimbo ye hondo isingaperi, kune vazhinji vekuAmerica inzira yakasarudzika yekusarwa hondo. Kazhinji yenguva, kurwisana kwemhiri kwemakungwa kunenge kusingaonekwi (uye zvakanyanya kubva mupfungwa). Zvichakadaro, chero hutongi huri musimba hunotivimbisa kuti kutarisisa kwedu hakudiwe, kana kutenderwa kwedu hakukumbirwe, saka tinoenderera mberi nehupenyu hwedu sekunge hapana ari kupondwa muzita redu.
Hondo isina mhedzisiro yakaipa inokonzeresa gakava. Muhurumende inomiririra demokrasi, kurwa hondo kunofanirwa kuda mvumo yevanhu vane ruzivo pamwe nekuunganidza kwavo pamwe chete. Asi kubvumirwa chinhu icho vatungamiriri veAmerica havachada kana kuda uye, nemauto anozvipira, hapana chikonzero chekuunganidza isu tose.
Kare muna 2009, ndakakakavadzana kuti mauto edu aive, chokwadi, achive quasi-.varwi vokune dzimwe nyika, yakaparadzaniswa nevanhu uye yakagadzirira kutumirwa pasi rose pakupukunyuka kwamambo izvo zvaireva zvishoma kune vanhuwo zvavo vekuAmerica. Izvi zvinoramba zviri chokwadi nhasi munyika iyo vagari vazhinji vanga vachinetseka kuzviramba ivo nemhuri dzavo kubva muchiuto - uye ndiani anogona kuvapa mhosva, vachipihwa mhedzisiro yehondo idzo muAfghanistan, Iraq, Somalia, nekumwewo mhiri kweGreater. Middle East uye Africa?
Asi kurambana ikoko kwauya nemutengo mukuru. Yakasiya nzanga yedu iri mumamiriro ehondo yakaderera-giredhi, uku ichimhanyisa vhezheni yemazuva ese militarism izvo vanhu vekuAmerica zvino vanobvuma seyakajairika. Mufananidzo unoshamisa weizvi: Mutungamiri Trump achangoburwa State of the Union kero, iyo yakanga izere ne bellicose inodada nekushandisa mabhiriyoni emadhora muhondo nezvombo, kuuraya vatungamiri vekune dzimwe nyika, uye vachimbundikirana nevezvematongerwo enyika vasina chokwadi kuti vatore hurumende zvisiri pamutemo (munyaya iyi muVenezuela) muzita remafuta nezvimwe zviwanikwa. Mhinduro: kwete kushora kana kupokana kubva kune vamiriri vevanhu, asi kuombera maoko kusingawanzoitika nenhengo dzemapato ese ezvematongerwo enyika, kunyangwe zvakadaro. mamwe mauto akaendeswa kuMiddle East.
Chii Chiyero Chevechiduku Chakandidzidzisa NezveHondo dzeAmerica
Ndichiri mudiki, ndaifarira kutora zvitambi zvekuAmerica. Ndakanga ndiine arubhamu yeChitambi cheMinuteman, uye sezvo mutengesi wechitambi nemakoini aive mukati mekufamba kubva pamba pangu, ndaigara ndichienda kunozadza mapeji ebhuku iroro nezvitambi zvechirangaridzo zvisingadhuri. Ndainyanya kufarira dzine chokuita nenhoroondo yehondo. Tichifunga nezvehuwandu hwehondo dzakarwa nenyika ino, pakanga paine zvakawanda zvekuwedzera kune yangu albhamu.
Somuenzaniso, funga nezvezvitambi zvakabudiswa pashure pokupinda kweU.S. musi waDecember 7, 1941 muHondo Yenyika II. Zvisingashamisi, kuhondo yaisanganisira kuunganidzwa kwevanhu vakawanda uye yaisanganisira kuzvipira kwakafanana, mazhinji acho zvaiitirwa kuratidza hondo irikuitika uye kuti yaive nezvei. Saka, somuenzaniso, zvitambi zvakapiwa kuti zviyeuchidze vanhu vokuAmerica nezvenyaya dzakadai se: nyika dzakakundwa neNazi Germany; Kuramba kweChinese kutorwa kweJapan kwenyika yavo; Mutungamiri Franklin D. Roosevelt's Four Freedoms (FDR, zvakare, akanga ari mutori wezvitambi anoshingaira); uye, sezvo mafungu akachinja, kukunda kukuru kwenyika ino pakurwisa maJapan pachitsuwa cheIwo Jima. Zvimwe zvitambi zvairayira vanhu vekuAmerica kuti “vakunde muhondo” uye vashande “vakananga ku[United Nations].” Izvi nezvimwe zvitambi zvakafanana zvakaumba chikamu chidiki chehondo huru yakagamuchirwa nevanenge vese vekuAmerica sezvinodiwa uye zvakarurama. Uye apo hondo pakupedzisira yakapera muna August 1945, vaAmerica vakapembera nenzira yakarurama.
Zvino, edza kuunza kundangariro zvitambi kubva kuhondo dzeAmerica kubva ipapo. Kana wakura zvakakwana, edza kurangarira avo vawakanamatira pamahamvuropu mukati meHondo yeKorea yema1950, Hondo yeVietnam yema1960, kana kuti kunyanya hondo yekutyisa yezana rino ramakore. Vangani vavo vakapemberera kukunda kukuru kweUS? Vangani vanorumbidza vabatsiri vanoshanda pamwe chete nesu? Vangani vakarangarira kupera kwehondo dzakadaro?
Ndinonyatsoteerera zvitambi. Ndichiri kunakidzwa nekufamba kuenda kuhofisi yangu yeposvo uye kuona zviyeuchidzo zvitsva sezvazvinobuda. Uye ndine chokwadi kuti haungashamiswe kuziva kuti, mune zvitambi, hapana chekurangarira muhondo dzeAmerica dzichangoburwa. Izvo hazvifanire kutiudza chimwe chinhu here?
Handisi kutaura kuti hapana zvitambi zvine chekuita nehondo idzodzo. Muna 1985, semuenzaniso, makore makumi matatu nemaviri mushure mekusainwa kwehondo isingatombopedzi-zve-kupedza Hondo yeKorea, chitambi chekuremekedza varwi vayo chakapihwa uye, muna 32, chimwe cheKorea War Veterans Memorial muWashington. Matampu akati wandei akaratidzira zvakafanana veterans veVietnam uye chiyeuchidzo cheMaya Lin kwavari.
Asi zvitambi zvakatiudza kuti imwe yehondo idzi yaive yei kana kuti yaitsvaga kuunganidza vanhu vekuAmerica neimwe nzira? Kwete mukana. Ditto kana zvasvika kuhondo dzezana rino muAfghanistan neIraq kana kuhondo huru isingapere yehugandanga. Hongu, 2002 "Magamba USA” chitambi chaiva nevadzimi vemoto vaisimudza mureza paWorld Trade Center uye chaiitirwa kupa mari kune vanenge vakuvadzwa vokutanga; uye hongu, pane ikozvino"Kurapa PTSD” chitambi chiri kutengeswa chinokwidza mari kune veterans vanorwara ne post-traumatic stress disorder. Asi kana zviri zvitambi zvinopemberera kukunda kwakasimba muKabul kana Baghdad kana Tripoli, munoziva mhinduro kune iyoyo sezvandinozivawo; uyewo, chokwadika, pakanga pasina zvipi nezvipi zvaitiyeuchidza nezvorusununguko rwataifanira kurwira kutsigira muhondo idzodzo.
Muchirevo ichocho, ngatidzokere kune iyo FDR Four Rusununguko stamp, iyo yakanga yakakurumbira zvikuru muHondo Yenyika II. Mharidzo yaro haigone kuve yakapfupika zvakanyanya. Rairava, kuti: “Rusununguko rwokutaura norudzidziso, pakushayiwa nokutya.” Chokwadi, Hondo Yenyika II yakanga iri hondo yakaipisisa, sezvakaita hondo dzose. Asi chii (chikamu) chakachidzikinura chaive chinangwa chayo, zvisinei nekusakwana kwakaitika munyika yepashure pehondo.
Zvakadaro, ndeipi nguva yekupedzisira iyo U.S. Postal Service yakaburitsa chitambi chakanyatso kupfupikiswa "nei tichirwa"? Hakuna zvitambi zvakadaro nhasi nekuti hondo dzedu dzanhasi hadzina chinangwa chakakwirira. Zviri nyore.
Isu hatifanirwe kuona izvo, sezvo isu tisingafanirwe kuona idzo hondo kutanga, kwete nenzira ipi neipi yekuona. Kunyangwe zvitambi senge ichangoburwa PTSD imwe (ine 10-sendi yekuwedzera inoenda kune veterans) idodge ine hunyanzvi. Tinofanira kunyatsonzwa zvirinani here kupa mashoma nickel kana dimes kubatsira varwi nekunetsekana kwavo kwemuviri nepfungwa kubva kuhondo kwakawedzera kutyisa nekuti ivo vaive (uye vachiri) zvisina basa?
Kana kuti wakafunga neimwe nzira, nei posvo iri kukwidza mari yekutarisira hutano hweveterans? Zvichida nekuda kwekukatyamadza (uye achiri kusimuka) Pentagon bhajeti inongovimbisa kuti kuchave nehondo yakawanda - nevakawanda vakakuvara veterans.
Tichitarisa Shure, Zvakadaro Zvakare, kuHondo Yenyika II
Handimbopotsa mhemberero dzekuvhura kuSuper Bowl. Sechiitwa muAmericana yakachena, ivo havana vakaenzana. Gore rino zvinosanganisira kuteya kwamazuva ese: murindi weruvara rwemauto, mureza wakakurisa, uye kubhururuka nejeti dzehondo, kusanganisira mutsva weF-35 stealth fighter, bhiriyoni remadhora. boondoggle yemauto-maindasitiri complex. Kubva 2020 yakaratidza makore zana eNational Soccer League pamwe nekusvitsa makore makumi manomwe neshanu ekupera kweHondo Yenyika II, mutambo wekuvhura wairatidza varwi vehondo iyoyi vachibatsirana nekukandwa kwemari isati yatanga. Zvainyevenutsa moyo kuona varapi ivavo vakavimbika uye nekuziva basa ravo.
Asi ndinogona kuona kana manzwiro angu ari kushandiswa. Ndichivatarisa, ndaiziva kuti ndaifanira kudziya uye kusava nehanya nezvebasa rechiuto uye pamwe kunzwa zviri nani nezveNFL zvakare. Asi ruremekedzo rwangu kwavari uye "hondo yakanaka” vakarwa (kushandisa Studs Terkel's inic title for his oral history of World War II) hazvina kunditadzisa kuda kudira kutsamwa kunopisa kuvatungamiriri vakatinyepera muhondo dzakawanda dzakaipa kubva ipapo.
Kutaura nezve fuzzies inodziya, funga nezvekuvhura kwenguva refu rokutengesa yeNFL yakatanga mitambo yegore rino. Yairatidza mukomana wemuAfrica-America aimhanya nenhabvu, achinzvenga zvipingaidzo zvakasiyana parwendo rwekupfuura kuenda kuSuper Bowl, panguva iyo. anombomira, nekuremekedza, pamberi pechifananidzo chaPat Tillman, kuchengetedzwa kweArizona Cardinals avo famously akasiya kondirakiti yemamiriyoni emadhora kuti anyore muHondo mushure me9/11. Zvinosuruvarisa, akaurayiwa nemoto wehushamwari muAfghanistan, chokwadi icho mauto eUS akaedza kuvhara mukati. rangano iyo yakakwira seMunyori weDziviriro Donald Rumsfeld. Kunyange zvazvo kwaingova kutengeserana, zvakanga zvakanaka kuti mukomana muduku iyeye aremekedze ndangariro yaTillman. Asi nechinangwa chei? Kuita kuti iyo NFL itaridzike yekuda nyika kana kuti zvimwe kukunda chero inorambira tsvina kubva principled (asi zvisinganzwisisike zvakanyanya) tora-ibvi zvinopikisa nevatambi vakaita saColin Kaepernick?
Kuverengera kwakatendeseka kwehondo dzeAmerica dzichangoburwa neNFL kunogona kuratidza kuti hapana vamwe vatambi vakambobatana naTillman mukupa mamirioni kuti vapinde muhondo. Muchokwadi, hapana vatambi kubva ani mutambo mukuru weligi, ingave baseball, basketball, kana hockey, vakaita saizvozvo. Kwete kunyange vatyairi veNASCAR, vanonzi munyu wepasi, vane, sekuziva kwangu, vakatsinhanisa mota dzemujaho kuHumvees. Nei vachifanira? Hondo dzeAmerica dzichangoburwa dzinogona kunge dzisipo kwavari - uye, kutaura chokwadi, kune vazhinji vedu zvakare.
Handisi kudaidzira kuti nyanzvi dzemitambo huru dzipinzwe muchiuto sezvavakanga vari muHondo Yenyika II (kunyange zvazvo vatambi vakawanda venguva iyoyo vakatanga vakazvipira). Zvandiri kutaura ndezvekuti, mamwe 18-pamwe makore gare gare, ivo - sesu tose - vanofanirwa kutanga kutarisisa kuhondo dzeAmerica uye nezvavari. Nekuti ndiyo chete nzira, senyika, tichambouya pamwechete tovamisa.
Mhinduro kukusakendenga kwedu kwakaungana hakusi kuti hondo inofanira kuva inodeura ropa inotyisa muno mu“nyika yokumusha” tisati taita chimwe chinhu kuti ipere. Pane kudaro, ndiko kuteerera kune avo vakaona kutyisa kwehondo uye maitiro akashata ayo anogonesa uye mibairo.
funga mazwi a E.B. Sledge, Marine akarwa kuPeleliu neOkinawa muHondo Yenyika II yePacific chitsuwa chekurwisa maJapan. Zviroto zvakamutambudza kwemakore 25 pashure pokunge kurwa kunotyisa kwapera pazvitsuwa izvozvo. Akatsanangura hondo yaakasangana nayo sechiito chekutya kukuru nevarume vakuru vachipopota nekurwadziwa uye vachichema nekurwadziwa, nekurwa kwakasimba zvekuti masoja akafamba-famba semaZombi, ave mumutsara wemoto kwemazuva ekupedzisira. Kuneta kwakaunza zvikanganiso zvehumhondi izvo kazhinji zvakaraswa nekunyepa kunokatyamadza kwandakatokundwa nazvo muchidimbu ichi: "moto wehushamwari." Uye izvo, funga iwe, yaive "hondo yakanaka."
Saka, tichikwazisa avo mafotogenic centenarian vets anoratidzwa neNFL, isu tinofanirawo kurangarira avo vasina kuuya kumba nevaya vakauya kumba vaine hupenyu hwakashanduka. Sledge, semuenzaniso, akayeuka sahwira wake, Jim Day, uyo airota zvekumhanyisa purazi remabhiza muCalifornia mushure mehondo. Asi seizvo Sledge akarondedzera muhurukuro muna 1994, “PaPeleliu, pfuti yechiJapani yakapwanya rimwe raJim gumbo.” Chakanga changosara chigutsa ropa richibuda.
"Gare gare, Jim paakauya kumisangano yeFirst Marine Division (zvichida vamwe venyu havagone kufunga nezveizvi), taizofanira kumubatsira kuenda kuchimbuzi. Mudzimai wake aifanira kuita izvozvo ari kumba. Murombo aisakwanisa kuzvibata ari ega, nekuda kwechitsiga chegumbo chakachekwa pahudyu. Akafa nokukurumidza pashure pemakore akawanda okurwadziwa nomusana.”
Sledge nehope dzake dzinotyisa, shamwari yake Jim uye kukuvara kwake kwakaremadza, aya maratidziro echokwadi chechokwadi chehondo dzisingadzivirirwe (uye shanduro dzeAmerica dzemakumi maviri nekutanga-zana ramakore akafanana, zvinosuwisa, hapana chinodzivirirwa). Mubvunzo ndewokuti: sei vanhu vazhinji vekuAmerica vasingaite nekutyisa chaiko kana a draft dodger saDonald Trump anozvirumbidza pamusoro izvo zvombo zvinoshamisa izvo nyika ino iri kutenga (uye kushandisa nekutengesa) izvo zvinodadisa "Made in the USA"?
Hatichafaniri kubvumidza vane simba kukanganisa hondo, kuzvitutumadza (sezvakaitwa naGeorge W. Bush) ne“basa raitwa” kana “kumhanya,” kana kuti “kukona.” Manyepo akadaro anobatsira chete kutitsausa. Pane kudaro, maAmerican anofanirwa kutendeudzira "meso kumberi" uye kutarisana nezvakashata zvehondo zvachose.
Ita izvozvo uye tinogona kusimbisa demokrasi yedu. Kana zvisina kudaro, tinogona kuuraya zvakasara pazviri.
Mumiriri akasiya basa lieutenant colonel (USAF) uye purofesa wenhoroondo, William Astore ndiye a TomDispatch dzose. Achiri kuchengeta muunganidzwa diki wematampu eU.S. Yake yega blog ndeye Bracing Views.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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