Kunobva: TomDispatch.com
Muhupenyu hwangu hweanoda kusvika makore makumi matanhatu, America yakarwa hondo huru shanu, ichihwina imwe zvine mutsindo, ndokurasa kukunda uku, ichirasikirwa nedzimwe ina zvakaipisisa. Vietnam, Afghanistan, neIraq, pamwe neHondo Yenyika Yose pamusoro peKutyisa, kwaiva kurasikirwa, hongu; Hondo Yemashoko kuva kukunda kwega kunofanira kutorwa sekurashikirwa nekuti vimbiso yayo yaive yakadaro nokukurumidza kuraswa.
Hondo yeAmerica muVietnam yakarwiwa munguva yeCold War maererano nezvaizivikanwa panguva iyoyo sedzidziso yedomino nepfungwa yekuti “ine” communism. Irak neAfghanistan yaive chikamu cheHondo Yenyika Yese yeKutyisa, chiitiko chekupedzisira kweCold War umo "hugandanga hwakanyanya hwechiIslam” rakava rakatsiva communism. Kunyange zvakadaro, hondo idzodzo dzinofanira kubatwa setambo imwe chete yezvakaitika kare, hondo yemakore makumi matanhatu, kana iwe uchida, nokuda kwechikonzero chimwe chete: simba rinotsanangura pfungwa yakadaro.
Kwandiri, nekuda kweMutungamiri Dwight D. Eisenhower kero yekuonekana kurudzi muna Ndira 1961, gore iro ndiro riri pachena pekutangira kune akasiya basa Colonel uye munyori wenhau dzakaitika Andrew Bacevich munguva pfupi yapfuura akadana America's. Hondo Yakareba Kwazvo (VLW). Mukutaura ikoko kweterevhizheni, Ike akanyeverwa yekubuda kwechiuto-maindasitiri chakasimba chine simba guru iro rimwe zuva rinogona kutyisidzira demokrasi yeAmerica pachayo. Ini ndasarudza 2021 seVLW's terminus point nekuda kwe kuguma kune njodzi yenyika ino yeAfghan War, iyo kunyange mumakore ayo ekupedzisira inodhura $ 45 bhiriyoni gore negore kumhan'ara, uye nekuda kwechokwadi chimwe chinoda kuziva chinoenda nacho. Mukumuka kwekuputsika uye kupisa kweiyo 20-gore yehondo yekuedza, iyo Pentagon bhajeti akasvetuka zvakatokwira nerutsigiro rwemumiriri wese wekongiresi yemapato ese sezvo pfungwa dzeWashington dzakatarisa kuChina neRussia.
Pakupera kwemakumi maviri emakore ekuita kwehondo kwakashata pasi rose, kuwedzera kwemari kunofanira kutiudza kuti Eisenhower aive akarurama sei nezve njodzi dzemauto-maindasitiri. By kutadza kuteerera iye makore ese aya, democracy inogona kunge iri mushishi rekusangana nekuparara kwayo.
Kubudirira Kwekurasikirwa Nehondo
Zvinhu zvakawanda zvinotsanangura hondo yeAmerica ine njodzi yemakore makumi matanhatu. Izvi zvingasanganisira kupambadza uye utsinye mukushandiswa kwezvombo kurwisa vanhu vasingagoni kupindura nenzira yakafanana; purofiti yakakura nemauto-industrial complex; kunyepa kusingagumi nehurumende yeUS (humbowo huri mu Pentagon Papers yeVietnam, iyo WMD yakashaikwa nekuda kwekupinda muIraq, uye munguva pfupi yapfuura Afghan War mapepa); kukundwa pasina kuzvidavirira, nehurumende dzine mukurumbira kana vakuru vemauto havana kumbova nemhosva; uye muitiro unogara uripo wemauto eKeynesianism aipa mabasa nehupfumi kune vashoma pamutengo wevazhinji. Muchidimbu, Hondo yeAmerica yemakore makumi matanhatu yakaratidza kuparadzwa kuri pachena pasi rose, kunyangwe kugadzirwa munguva yehondo muUS kwakatadza kuvandudza hupenyu hwevashandi vepakati nepakati pazere.
Ngatinyatsoongororai. Kutaura nemauto, kukanda zvinenge zvese mauto eUS (zvombo zvenyukireya kunze) kune vanopikisa vaive vasina chinhu kunofanirwa kutariswa sechinhu chinotsanangura cheVLW. Mukati memakumi matanhatu emakore iwayo ekugadzira hondo, mauto eUS akatsamwira vavengi vakaramba kuzviisa pasi pematoyi ayo ane simba, emberi, uye anoparadza.
Nda akadzidza uye zvakanyorwa pamusoro Hondo yeVietnam uye zvakadaro ndinoramba ndichishamiswa nehuwandu hwezvombo zvakadonhedzwa kuvanhu veSoutheast Asia mumakore iwayo - kubva pamabhomba emazuva ese uye napalm kusvika kune defoliants senge. Mumiriri weOrange izvo zvichiri kukonzera kufa kwehafu yezana ramakore mushure mekunge mauto edu abudamo. Pamwe chete nemutemo wese wakasiiwa, Vietnam yaive nzvimbo yekuyedza matekinoroji emarudzi ese, kusanganisira akashata. electronic chipingamupinyi kuti Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara akatsvaga kumisa kumisa nzira yeHo Chi Minh.
Kana zvasvika kubasa rangu rekare, Air Force, Vietnam yakava nzvimbo yekuratidza pfungwa yekuti simba remhepo, kushandisa megatons emabhomba, aigona kukunda hondo. Inenge ndege dzese dziri muzvinyorwa zvakabva zvakakandwa kune vainzi vavengi veAmerica, kusanganisira mabhomba akavakirwa kurwisa kwenyukireya seB-52 Stratofortress. Mhedzisiro yacho, hongu, yaive yakapararira zvakanyanya kuparadza uye kurasikirwa neupenyu pamutengo wakakura kune kuenzanirana kwehupfumi uye kuenzana kwevanhu munyika ino (tisingataure vanhu vedu) Zvakadaro, makambani anogadzira mabhomba ese, napalm, defoliants, masensa, ndege, uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvinouraya zvakaita zvakanaka chaizvo mumakore iwayo.
Panyaya yesheer bomb tonnage nezvimwe zvakadaro, hondo dzeAmerica muAfghanistan neIraq dzakanyanya kudzorwa, kunyanya nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kweVietnam kwezvinonzi zvombo zvakangwara. Kunyanguvezvo, rudzi rworuparadziko rwakanaya paSoutheast Asia rwakanga rwuri zvakadzokororwa zvakanyanya muhondo yeugandanga, nenzira yakafanana yakanangana nemapoka emagandanga ane zvombo zvishoma uye vanhuwo zvavo vasingagoni kuzvibatsira. Uye zvakare, mabhomba anodhura anodhura seB-1, akagadzirwa nemutengo unokatyamadza kupinda mukati medziviriro yemhepo yeSoviet muhondo yenyukireya, akatumirwa kurwisa mapoka emagandanga anoshanda muAfghanistan, Iraq, neSyria. Uranium yakapera mateko, chena phosphorus, masango munitions, pamwe chete nezvimwe zvombo zvine chepfu, zvakashandiswa kakawanda. Zvekare, zvishoma nezvombo zvenyukireya, chingangoita chombo chese chaigona kukandwa kuvarwi veIraqi, al-Qaeda kana ISIS vapanduki, kana varwi veTaliban muAfghanistan, zvaizoshandiswa, kusanganisira aya anoremekedzwa maB-52 uye, mune imwe nguva, chii chaive. inozivikanwa se the MOAB, kana kuti mai vemabhomba ose. Uye zvakare, zvisinei nerufu uye kuparadzwa kwese, mauto eUS aizorasikirwa nehondo mbiri (imwe inoshanda muIraq uye imwe yacho zvakare pachena muAfghanistan), kunyangwe vazhinji vari mukati nekunze kwemauto iwayo vaizobatsirika uye kubudirira kubva mukuedza.
Rudzii rwebudiriro yatiri kutaura nezvayo? Hondo yeVietnam yakatenderera inofungidzirwa $ 1 tiririyoni muhupfumi hweAmerica, Hondo dzeAfghan neIraq dzinogona kudarika $ 8 tiririyoni (apo mabhiri ese auya nekuda kweHondo yeKutyisa). Asi, kunyangwe kukundwa kunodhura kwakadaro, kana pamwe nekuda kwavo, mari yePentagon inotarisirwa kudarika $ 7.3 tiririyoni mumakore gumi anotevera. Mukurwisana kwevanhu hakusati kwamboitwa mari yakawanda kudaro nevashomanana vachirasikirwa nevakawanda.
Mumakore ose aya makumi matanhatu eVLW, muzinda wemauto-maindasitiri wakashandisa mabhiriyoni emadhora emutero, ukuwo mauto eUS akanaya kuparadza pasi rose. Zvakatoipisisa, idzo hondo dzaiwanzo kurwiwa nerutsigiro rwakasimba rwebipartisan muCongress uye zvisingaite kurwiswa nevakawanda "vakanyarara" veAmerica. Mukuita kudaro, vakapa nzira itsva dzehutongi hwehutongi uye militarism, zvakapesana zvikuru nedemocracy inomiririra.
Zvinoshamisa, kunyangwe se "mauto makuru enyika” yakarasikirwa nehondo idzodzo, pesvedzero yaro yakaramba ichikura munyika ino, kunze kwekungonyura kwenguva pfupi mushure meVietnam. Zvinoita sokunge munhu anobhejera apedza makore 60 achirasikirwa zvikuru, ongozviwana aomberwa. somukundi.
Kugara kugadzira hondo uye Keynesianism ine mauto yakagadzira mamwe marudzi emabasa anobhadhara zvakanyanya (kunyangwe kwete kuterama sevazhinji sezvingaitwa nerunyararo nhamburiko dzehupfumi). Hondo uye gadziriro dzenguva dzose dzezvakafanana zvakakonzerawo kushomeka kwemari sezvo vashoma muCongress vaida kuvabhadharira kuburikidza nekukwidzwa kwemitero. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mumakore ese iwayo, sezvo mabhomba nezvinokandwa zvakanaya, hupfumi hwakaramba huchiyerera huchikwira kusvika kumakambani makuru seBoeing, Raytheon, uye Lockheed Martin, nzvimbo dzakanyatsogadzirira. kuhaya vakuru vemauto vakasiya basa kuti vazadze mapuranga avo.
Uye hechino chimwe chokwadi: shoma shoma yehupfumi uhwu hwakambotsikitsira kune vashandi kunze kwekunge vazoshandirwa nevagadziri vezvombo, izvo - kuba mazita maviri emunyika ino yeHellfire-armed missile-drones - vave vadyi venhaka iyi. vakohwi. Kana sirogani yepithy yaidiwa pano, unogona kudana aya kuti Build Back Better by Bombing makore, izvo, zvamazvirokwazvo, zvinotifambisa zvakananga munzvimbo yeOrwellian.
Kudzidza kubva kuna Orwell naIke
Tichitaura nezvaGeorge Orwell, Hondo yeMakore makumi matanhatu yeAmerica, kurasika kwevazhinji, kwakaratidza kuhwina kwakajeka kune vashoma uye yakanga isiri tsaona zvakare. Mubhuku rake mukati mebhuku mu Makumi gumi nemasere Makumi mana, Orwell akanyora zvose-zvakare-zvakarurama zvehondo yekusingaperi senzira yakaverengwa yekudya zvigadzirwa zvemazuva ano capitalism pasina kuunza mararamiro epamusoro kune vashandi vayo. Izvo, hongu, ndiyo tsanangudzo yekukunda-kukunda mamiriro kune varidzi. Mumashoko ake:
"Chiito chakakosha chehondo kuparadzwa, kwete kwehupenyu hwevanhu, asi kwezvibereko zvekushanda kwevanhu. Hondo inzira yekupwanya kuita zvidimbu, kana kudira mu stratosphere, kana kunyura pakadzika pegungwa, zvinhu zvingango shandiswa kuita kuti ruzhinji rugadzikane, uye nokudaro, nekufamba kwenguva, hungwaru. Kunyange apo zvombo zvehondo zvinenge zvisingaparadzwi chaizvoizvo, kugadzira kwazvo kuchiri nzira iri nyore yokushandisa simba rebasa pasina kubudisa chinhu chipi nechipi chinogona kudyiwa [nevashandi].”
Hondo, seizvo Orwell akazviona, yaive nzira yekuita mazakwatira emari kune vashoma vachibhadharisa vazhinji, vaizosiiwa munzvimbo yavaisakwanisa kurwisa kana kutora masimba. Ever. Funga nezvekugadzirwa kwehondo kwakadaro uye kugadzira hondo seumbavha huri pamutemo, sezvakazivikanwa naIke muna 1953 mubhuku rake “.muchinjikwa wesimbi” kutaura kunopesana nehondo. Kugadzirwa kwezvombo, akazivisa makore masere asati atumidza "nzvimbo yemauto-maindasitiri," kwaisanganisira kuba kune avo vaitsvaga dzidzo iri nani, hutano husingadhuri, migwagwa yakachengetedzeka, kana chero zvibereko zvegutsaruzhinji rinoenderana nezvinodiwa. yevashandi vayo. Dambudziko, sezvakataurwa naOrwell, raiva rekuti vashandi vakachenjera, vane hutano vane rusununguko rukuru rwekusarudza vangave vasina mukana wekutsungirira kudzvinyirirwa kwakadaro uye kushandiswa.
Uye hondo, sezvaaiziva, yakanga iriwo nzira yekusimudzira hupfumi pasina kukurudzira tariro uye zviroto, nzira yekugadzira hupfumi kune vashoma asi ichiiparadza kune vakawanda. Mumba, Hondo yeVietnam yakaremadza zvirongwa zvaLyndon Johnson zveGreat Society. Mutengo wepamusoro wehondo yakakundikana yehugandanga uye yebhajeti rePentagon ririkuramba richikwira nhasi zvisinei nemhedzisiro yave kutaurwa semakakatanwa achipokana nehurongwa hwaJoe Biden "Build Back Better". Mutungamiri Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal pasina mubvunzo ingadai isina kumbobvira yawana mari dai nzvimbo yemazuva ano yemauto-indastiri, kana kunyange iyo yemazuva aIke, yaivepo muma1930s.
Sezvakataurwa nemunyori wezvematongerwo enyika Crane Brinton mu Iyo Anatomy yeRevolution, vane utano hwakanaka uye vari kukura veboka repakati, vakaenzana vane tariro uye vane mukana, vangangove vakazaruka kupfungwa dzinofambira mberi, kunyange dzechimurenga. Asi vakamira, vachidzikira, kana kutsvedza vepakati vanogona kuratidza kuti vane chekuita nezvematongerwo enyika sezvo kusava netariro kunotsiva tariro uye kudzivirira kunotsiva mukana. Mupfungwa iyi, kusvika kwaDonald Trump muWhite House chaive chinhu chisiri chakavanzika uye mukana weramangwana rehutongi kwete zvishoma.
Ese matiririyoni emadhora akapedzwa muhondo dzinopambadza akabatsira kukurudzira kusava netariro kunokambaira mumaAmerica. Chiratidzo chayo ndeyepedyo-yakazara kusavapo yepfungwa chaiyo yerunyararo sechinhu chinogoneka pamwe chete nenyika yedu. Vazhinji vekuAmerica vanongozvitora sezvinei kuti hondo kana kutyisidzira kwehondo, vatsanangura yedu yakapfuura, ichatsanangura ramangwana redu zvakare. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kukwira kwebhajeti remauto hakuoneki sekukanganisa, kana kurema, asi sekusingadzivisike, kunyange kudiwa - chiratidzo chekukosha kwenyika uye hukuru hwepasi rose.
Iwe Uchave Zvakaoma Pakupera
Zvinofanira kunge zvichifunga kuti, kunyangwe hupfumi huri kugadzirwa (uye hunowanzo paradzwa) neUnited States uye budiriro dzinoshamisa mukubudirira kwevashandi, mwero wekurarama kwevashandi haina kuwedzera zvakanyanya kubva pakutanga kwema1970. Chinhu chimwe ndechechokwadi: hazvina kuitika netsaona.
Kune avo vanowana purofiti yakawanda kubva pairi, Hondo yeMakore makumi matanhatu yeAmerica yakave budiriro inokatyamadza, kunyangwe kutadza kukuru kana zvasvika pakubudirira kwevashandi kana democracy. Izvi hazvifaniri kutishamisa chaizvo. Sezvo aimbove Mutungamiri James Madison akayambira vanhu vekuAmerica kare, hapana rudzi inogona kudzivirira rusununguko rwayo mukati mehondo yenguva dzose. Democracy haifi murima; vanofira muhondo nokubvamo. Kana wanga usina kuona (uye ndoziva wadaro), humbowo hwekufa kuri kuuya kweAmerican democracy hwakatipoteredza. Ndicho chikonzero nei vazhinji vedu vasina kugadzikana zvakanyanya. Tiri kurarama munyika itsva yechienzi, yakashata zvikuru kupfuura iyo yavabereki vedu navanasekuru navanasekuru, avo vane mirangariro yavo inopfuurira kubvumirana nepo tariro ichibvumirana navo.
Ndinoshamiswa pandinoziva kuti, vasati vafa muna 2003, baba vangu vakafanotaura izvi. Akazvarwa muna 1917, akapona muKuderera Kukuru nekubatana naFranklin Roosevelt's Civilian Conservation Corps, uye akashanda mumafekitori husiku achitambira muripo wakaderera asati apinzwa muChiuto muHondo Yenyika II. Hondo yapera, aizorarama upenyu hune mwero hwepakati semudzimi wemoto, basa remubatanidzwa rine muripo wakanaka uye mabhenefiti. Heino nzira iyo baba vangu vaindiisa nayo kwandiri: aive nazvo zvakaoma pakutanga kwehupenyu hwake, asi zviri nyore pakupedzisira, nepo ini ndaiita zviri nyore pakutanga, asi ndaizova nazvo zvakaoma pakutanga. end.
Akanzwa, ndinofunga, kuti chiroto cheAmerica chakanga chiri kutengeswa, kwete nevashandi vakaita saiye, asi nevakuru vekambani vakanga vachiwedzera kupedzwa nenzira inoparadza zvikuru yokukara. Zviitiko zvakamuratidza kuti ari pachinangwa, sezvo America yakasvika pakutsanangurwa na makaro-hondo izvo pasina kurwisana, kana kuguma, kwakavimbiswa. Muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri nerimwe reAmerica, hondo uye gadziriro dzisingaperi dzayo zvinongoramba zvichienderera mberi. Zvione zviri kunze kwekukatyamadza kuti, sezvo shasha dzemakambani, zvematongerwo enyika, nemauto enyika ino dzinoti dzinorwa hondo kuti dziparadzire demokrasi, inosvava kumusha.
Uye izvi ndizvo zvinonyanya kundinetsa kupfuura zvese: Hondo yeAmerica yakareba kwazvo yekuparadza nyika dzisina kusimba uye vanhu vanogona kunge vapera, kana kuderedzwa kusvika nguva isinganzwisisike zvekurwisana, asi vatungamiri veAmerica, zvisinei nebato, vave kuita sevanoda a hondo yechando nyowani pamusoro China uye zvino Russia. Zvinoshamisa, Hondo Yemashoko yekare yakaburitsa kuhwina kwaive kutapira, asi kupfupi, zvekuti zvinoita sekunge inoda kuita-pamusoro.
Kukurudzira hondo kunogona kunge kwakashanda zvakanaka kune mauto-maindasitiri muvengi aive zviuru zvemamaira kure asina simba rekurova "nyika," asi China neRussia vane simba iroro. Kana hondo neChina kana Russia (kana zvose) ikaitika, haizotora nguva refu. Uye vimba pachinhu chimwe chete: Vatungamiriri veAmerica, vemakambani, vemauto, uye vezvematongerwo enyika, havazokwanisi kubvisa kurasikirwa nekutarisa mabheji akanaka uye purofiti kumafekitori ezvombo.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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Kana isu tichifungidzira hondo, uye ini ndoti fungidzira nekuti kana tisina kunge tiri munhandare yehondo hatizive chokwadi chekutyisa kwayo uye mhedzisiro yekusingaperi kune wese anobatanidzwa. Uye isu tinofunga nezvechikamu chakaipisisa, rufu uye kuremara, mumuviri uye mupfungwa kumativi ose. Asi isu tinofanirwa kuona izvo William Astore ari kutaura nezvazvo, kuparadzwa kukuru, kusingafungidzike kwezvivakwa, masevhisi emagariro, hunhu husingagone kungovakwa patsva kana kudzoreredzwa, kana zvachose kuzvizvarwa mune ramangwana. Hondo kuparadza kukuru, uye kunyangwe, semuenzaniso, isu tichifunga kuti takakunda fascism muhondo, ichiripo uye ine simba muUS, pamwe murwi mukuru wenhoroondo.