Resource Allocation in a Weapons Culture
United States inoramba iri tsika yezvombo nhasi, neMIC
richine simba uye riri kutonga pazvinhu zvinokosheswa nenyika. Izvi zvinonyatso kuratidzwa mune
Center for Defense Information's (CDI) chati (inoratidzwa pazasi) inoratidza zvakakurudzirwa naClinton
1998 kugoverwa kwe discretionary (kusiyana nekusungirwa) kushandisa. Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti
kushandiswa kwechiuto kuri mukirasi yega, uye mari yekunze yezvinhu zvisina basa sedzidzo
uye hutano hudiki-huviri pamwe chete hunoita 21 muzana chete
kushandisa mari pa "kuzvidzivirira."
Inopfuura hafu yebhajeti rakakura remauto reUS raimbove
akatsanangura uye akaruramiswa pasi pekudiwa kwekupokana neSoviet Threat, yakakura
kuchengetedza kwaifanira kunge kwakatevera kupera kwekutyisidzira ikoko. Asi bhajeti remauto rine chete
yakadonha pamwe ne15 muzana kubva paavhareji yeCold War, uye iri kukwira zvakare. Izvi
inoratidza kuti saizi yebhajeti remauto harisi basa rekuda kwemauto; asi
zvinobva pasimba reMIC rekuwana mavhoti ekubhadhara zvombo uye kutora mamisheni ayo
anoda kuita. Sezvakataurwa neCDI, Pentagon's Quadrennial Defense Ongororo ndeye
"bhajeti pane kutyisidzira uye zano rinotungamirwa," uye "yekupedzisira maviri
Vatungamiri vakangotsiva kudiwa kwekudzora 'kusagadzikana kwedunhu'
ine kuwedzera kweSoviet kururamisa kuenderera mberi kwehuwandu hwemari yehondo. "
Iyo B-2 Fiasco
Kudyisa kwaiitwa pachidyiro chevoruzhinji
treasury, uye kunenge kusingaverengeki kutambisa zviwanikwa, nemauto makondirakiti uye
Pentagon, yakasimbiswa zvakanyanya pakati paNyamavhuvhu nekuburitswa kweGeneral
Accounting Office (GAO) inoshuma nezveB-2 bhomba. Iyo GAO yakaona kuti bhomba iro, re
iyo vateresi vakanga vabvisa madhora mabhiriyoni makumi mana nemashanu pandege makumi maviri neimwe-kureva, $45 bhiriyoni
ndege-inoshatisa mvura, kupisa uye hunyoro uye "inofanirwa kuchengetedzwa kana kufumurwa chete
kunzvimbo dzine urombo zvikuru." "Nzvimbo inodzorwa nemhoteredzo"
mavanofanira kugariswa havawanikwe mumabhesi ekumhiri kwemakungwa, paive nendege
inofanirwa kunge iripo kuti ipinde nekukurumidza kuSoviet heartland. Nokuda kwayo
fragility uye kusagadzikana kwemamiriro ekunze, ndege yakawanikwa zvakare inoda kusvika 124.
maawa ekugadzirisa nguva yeawa imwe neimwe mumhepo, izvo zvechokwadi zvakaita kuti zvive zvinoshamisa
inodhura kunyange kupfuura mutengo wayo unoshamisa wemari.
Rimwe dambudziko nendege nderekuti, pamwe nekuda kwehukuru hwayo
fragility uye kunzwa kune mamiriro ekunze, hazvishande. Iyo GAO yakaona kuti B-2 yakundikana
mumisheni yayo yekuedza 74% yenguva uye kuti radar "yaisagona kutaurira mvura
gore kubva mujinga megomo.
Rimwe dambudziko nendege nderekuti dzidziso yayo
"Misheni" yakanyangarika nekupera kweCold War, sezvayakagadzirwa mu
kutanga kwema1980 ekunzvenga radar yeSoviet (kubva kumabhesi epamberi!) kuendesa mabhomba enyukireya pa
Moscow nedzimwe zvinangwa zveSoviet.
Dambudziko rakadzama nderekuti ndege yaisadiwa pakutanga
nzvimbo. Yakatemerwa chibvumirano pakukwira kweHondo Yemashoko, pahwaro hwevanopenga
inflation yeSoviet Threat munguva yeCarter-Reagan, apo chero chinhu icho MIC yaida
kuita kwaikwanisika. Mumakore iwayo CIA, Reagan uye Secretary of Defense Weinberger
akasiya nekutaura hukuru hwemauto eSoviet hwakajeka, kugona kwekutanga kurova, uye
kururama kukuru kwezvombo zvenyukireya. (Idzi nhema, uye nzira iyo mainstream
vezvenhau vakavasiya vasina kupikiswa, vakatsanangurwa zvine mutsindo mukirasi yaTom Gervasi The
Ngano yeSoviet Military Supremacy). Pakupedzisira, CIA yakareurura kuti yakanga yagadzira
kukanganisa kushoma pahukuru hwemauto eSoviet, asi izvi zvakatora nguva refu mushure meiyo
zvibvumirano zvakabvumirwa uye kuvaka kwaive kwakazara.
Munharaunda ine pfungwa dzakachena, izvo zvichangoburwa B-2 zvakaburitswa zvingadai zvakakonzera
kutsamwa kukuru uye kudiwa kwekuferefetwa kwemutoro we
kubiwa chaiko kwe$45 bhiriyoni. Pane kudaro, vezvematongerwo enyika nezvinobudisa nhau vakagadzirisa nyaya yacho
zvishoma, uye B-2's $330 miriyoni bhajeti allocation haina kubviswa zvachose; muri a
kuwirirana kutsva kwasara kuna Clinton kuti asarudze kana mari iyoyo ichashandiswa pa
ndege. Uye iyi boondoggle haina kana kufa. Kuchine bato rekongiresi
kutsvaga mari yemamwe maB-2, uye mutsika yezvombo zvisingatenderwi zvachose
masisitimu anotora hupenyu hwebhajeti aine "misheni" ichangoburwa, vatsigiri vayo
achamirira kuti kushambadza kwakashata kufe, asati aedza zvakare kushumira
"kudzivirirwa kwenyika."
Iyo F-22 nemamwe maBoondoggles
Kudzoka muna Kubvumbi, ndege yekutanga yeF-22 yakavhurwa, ine
mutengo wekuvandudza wemadhora 22.4 bhiriyoni, uye kutengwa kwakarongwa kwe438 mamwe emhizha iyi pa
$198 miriyoni pandege, pamutengo wakakwana wemadhora mabhiriyoni makumi matanhatu nemana. Mutengo wendege kashanu
iyo yeF-15 ichiri kushanda, iyo F-22 yakagadzirirwa kutsiva. Apo iyo
ndege yakavhurwa, vezvenhau vakaita muchidimbu vatsoropodzi vachiti izvi zvaidhura uye
hazvina musoro, uye kuti "tiri munhangemutange yezvombo isu pachedu." Patrick Sloyan
akanyatso ratidza kuti munguva ino yekunetsa kwebhajeti tinofanira kunge tichienzanisa izvi
mari ne "kuchengetedza" mukushandiswa kwevarombo (Newsday, Kubvumbi 8,
1997), asi izvi zvaive zvakasarudzika uye nyaya yacho haina kumanikidzwa.
Mamwe akawanda anodhura zvakanyanya Cold War dinosaurs anoramba achidhirowa
mabhiriyoni. Tiri kuvaka ngarava yenyukireya yechitatu nemutengo wemadhora mabhiriyoni mana nemazana matatu, itsva
mutakuri wendege dzenyukireya mabhiriyoni matanhatu nemazana mashanu emadhora, uye madhora mabhiriyoni matatu emadhora achashandiswa muna 6.5
inotungamirirwa missile muparadzi (tine 53 vaparadzi mubasa). Star Wars, mupengo waReagan
kuronga kuvaka nhovo isingapindiki pamusoro pezvombo zvinokandwa, ichiri mhenyu. The
vateresi vakabhadhara $70.7 bhiriyoni kare kune antimissile system, pane $3.7 bhiriyoni
mubhajeti razvino rezvirongwa zvakadaro, uye Clinton manejimendi anoronga kushandisa
$21.4 bhiriyoni pane antimissile masisitimu kuburikidza nemari ya2003.
Kururamiswa Kwechiuto? Tradeoffs? Kanganwa nezvazvo!
Chinonyanya kukosha, uku kukandwa kwemari yakawanda nguva zhinji
matambudziko asiripo haasi kana pasi pekukurukurwa kwevanhu uye nharo. Vezvematongerwo enyika
uye vezvenhau havade zvikonzero zvakajeka zvemauto zvezvombo zvemabhiriyoni emadhora
mashandisirwo emari, kana kukurukura nezvekutengeserana. Ndeipi mutengo wenyukireya yepasi pemvura itsva
kana kuti F-22 maererano nezvikoro zvakafanovapo, migwagwa, mabhiriji nekudzidziswa basa nekuchengeta vana
zvirongwa? B-2 bhomba yakakosha kudarika kaviri $800 miriyoni iri kuponeswa nayo
kucheka vana 150,000 248 vakaremara vane hurema husina kukwana? yaiva XNUMX $
bhiriyoni yemauto uye $31 bhiriyoni yedzidzo chiyero chakakodzera mukushandiswa kwe
mari yemubatanidzwa? Iyo CDI yakaisa tafura yekutengeserana, yakadhindwa pano, iyo inofananidzira iyo
sarudzo dziri kuitwa. Ini ndaizopa kuti sarudzo idzi dzinopona chete nekuti mainstream
vezvenhau vanoramba vakanyarara uye havabvumidze kutengeserana kuburitswa pachena.
Yakaropafadzwa Kutsamira uye Kurasa
Kusapokana uku kunoratidza simba. Vane simba chete ndivo vanogona kuraira hombe
zviwanikwa pasina nhaurirano yeruzhinji, zvichivasiya kuti vapinde munhaurirano dzemukati
kugovana zvakapambwa. Izvi zvave zvichiitika kwemakumi emakore, zvichibva muchikamu chekuti
kugadzwa kwemauto kunoshandira hurongwa hwemakambani, kuchibatsira kuveza rombo rakanaka
mikana kunze kwenyika (semuenzaniso, "kudzivirira" Saudi Arabia, uye mushure meHondo Yenyika II
Europe neNATO, uye kutora rombo rehupfumi mukutsinhana). Inobvawo muchidimbu pane
chokwadi chekuti MIC zvishoma nezvishoma yakagadzira yayo semi-yakazvimirira simba, neiyo
makondirakiti, Pentagon, uye vezvemitemo mukutsigira pamwe nekudzivirira racket, zvese
yakagadzirirwa kuraira zviwanikwa zvebhajeti.
Chikamu chehurongwa chine kuparadzira bhizinesi pakati peakasiyana
nyika, nokudaro vachiunganidza seti yakakosha yekontrakta- labor-congressional
matunhu anofarira purofiti nemabasa uye akagadzirira kupinda mukurodha. Ose ari maviri
B-2 neF-22 vakaungana mudunhu reGingrich, uye naye achiwana.
mari kubva kune kondirakiti zvakare, tinogona kuve nechokwadi chekuti Gingrich ichanyora-roll kune izvi
gigantic boondoggles apo uchiparidza bhajeti kuderera kune imwe nzvimbo.
Iyi nzira yehuori, pamwe chete nekushumira kune vane simba, yakaita
bhajeti remauto "rakakosha," kwete pasi pemaitiro ebhajeti uye
kunze kwemasimba evakuru vakuru vebhajeti. George Bush akatozotaurirana a
kuita nemaDemocrats achichengeta bhajeti remauto rakasiyana kubva kune yasara bhajeti
mushure mekuputsika kweSoviet Union, kuidzivirira kubva mukukuvadzwa kwebhajeti munguva itsva ye
austerity.
Chinzvimbo chakasarudzika chebhajeti remauto chave zvakare kwenguva refu
zvakaratidzwa pakuti yaigara ichipiwa magadzirirwo emitengo yekurarama, nepo
izvi zvaiwanzova zvisiri zvechokwadi nezvebhajeti rehurumende. Gore rapfuura rino, pakasarudzwa kuti
inflation factor yakashandiswa kufungidzira zvinodiwa nePentagon yanga yakanyanya, Clinton nemaRepublicans
pamwe chete vakafunga kuti 13 bhiriyoni mhepo inodonha yaizosara nePentagon sechipo.
Hapana bhajeti stringency pano!
Zvakaenzana kana zvakanyanya kukosha, kunyangwe maitiro asina kunaka echibvumirano,
kusashanda uye marara muPentagon mashandiro anga aine mukurumbira wakashata, neGAO
nguva nenguva vachiburitsa mishumo inotyisa pazvidzidzo izvi, uye kunyangwe komisheni yaReagan ya1983
pamusoro pekubudirira kwehurumende kuwana kuti tsvina isina kukwana yakatora 20 muzana yemauto
bhajeti, kongiresi haimboite mhiri-iyo-bhodhi kudonha muPentagon mabhajeti pafungidziro
kuti kuchengetedza kwakanaka kunogona uye kunofanira kuitwa (sezvavakaitira Medicare). Zvakare, izvi
chiratidzo chechikamu chakachengetedzwa uye chakaropafadzwa.
Kunyangwe iyo MIC iriyo modhi ye "special
kufarira," ine simba zvekuti izwi harina kumboshandiswa pairi, sezvariri kuita
mapurogiramu ane vatengi vasina simba vanogona kusvibiswa uye kubhadharwa. Gaps, Concocted Missions, uye
Yakarasika Runyararo Zvikamu
Mari dzemauto dzakaruramiswa nekugadzirwa kwakasimba kwe
zvinonzi "magapu" anoda kubuda kukuru - dreadnoughts, mabhomba, makombora,
kukanda-kurema. Kana kuti kune "kutyisidzira" kunogadza mishoni kana zvinodiwa. Dzimwe nguva
izvi zvinosetsa-sekuda kweiyo ABM system muma1960s nekuti China inogona kudaro
kuedzwa, pane rimwe zuva remangwana, nechombo chisati chave (uye chisati chiripo) kusvika
zvipfure kwatiri mhiri kwePacific mukupererwa, kunyangwe tichiziva kuti taizoparadza
nzanga yavo mukutsiva. IF Stone akataura nyaya iyo Secretary of the Air
Simba rakatsanangura kukosha kwekupokana "kutevera" bhomba reSoviet iro risati rasvika
zviripo, uye pasina humbowo hwekuti vaida kugadzira imwe, asi iyo Air Force
vakafunga kuti maSoviet "aifanira kuva nawo." Stone akataura kuti pamwe MIC inofanira
tsigira bhomba reSoviet kuti ripe zvimwe zvinhu kune Air Force kudai. Nhasi, tinotengesa
ndege dzedu dzepamusoro kumunhu wese anozviona, zvichibva zvaruramisa zviuru zvemabhiriyoni kune itsva
izvo zvinotitendera kuti tirambe tiri mberi. Clinton neveRepublicans vachiri kupawo mari
kutsvagisa nekusimudzira masisitimu ekudzivirira kumisa kusvika kumabhiriyoni akawanda, uye kukakavara
kumisikidza, kudzivirira pfuti "rogue" zvombo.
"Peace dividends" haina kumbobvira yaitika muUnited States
nekuti MIC ine simba rekuraira zviwanikwa zviri mubvunzo, uye inogadzira zvitsva
mishoni yekupembedza kuenderera mberi nekugadzira zvombo uye kutora manpower. Bush akagamuchira
Hondo yePersian Gulf, muchidimbu, nekuti shamwari dzake muMIC dzakaiona semukana we
kuderedza zvinyorwa, ratidza kushandiswa kwenzvimbo huru yemauto, uye ratidza
kunaka kwehurongwa hutsva hwezvombo. Narco-magandanga, Nyika Yetatu inosimudzira, kutyisidzira kweTatu
Kurwiswa kwepasirese kana kwegandanga - chirevo chinogara chichiwanikwa chekuchengetedza
bhajeti rakakura remauto nekuti rinotsamira pasimba, kwete zvine musoro kuverenga
zvichibva pachido chaicho chenyika.
Iyo National Security Gambit
Iyo MIC yagara ichikwanisa kushandisa "chengetedzo yenyika
kutyisidzira" sehwamanda yezvematongerwo enyika mukuchengetedza hukuru hwayo pamusoro pebhajeti.
Vezvematongerwo enyika vanotya kupomerwa mhosva yekutengesa kuchengetedzwa kwenyika kwenguva pfupi, saka vari nyore
Bamboozed mukuvhotera boondoggles to hedge against pomero yekushaya
kuda nyika. Kana kushingaira kweanticommunist kuchisimudzwa, zano iri rinonyanya kushanda.
Izvo zvechokwadi zvinobatsirwa pamwe nehupfumi uye kurodha kweMIC, iyo inounza
"mabasa" uye inotyisidzira kuderedzwa kwemari yemushandirapamwe kune vezvematongerwo enyika vasingadi.
Sekureva kwaHerbert York, Mutungamiriri Eisenhower's Director we
Defence Research, "isu [United States] takadzokorora kuita unilateral
izvo zvawedzera nhangemutange [yezvombo] zvisina basaโฆ.Muzhinji wezviitiko zvakawanda
chirongwa changa chiri mumaoko edu." (Road To Oblivion, p. 230). Mujaho wezvombo wakadzikiswa.
chengetedzo yedu sezvo yakatungamira kuSoviet Union kuwana simba rekuparadza nzanga yedu, asi
padanho rega rega nharo yekuti zvombo zvakawanda zvaizosimudzira kuchengetedzwa kwenyika yedu yaive
zvematongerwo enyika-uye haina kumbopikiswa nevezvenhau. Munhu wese anotyisidzira
hofori inosiririsa-Nicaragua muma1980s, Guatemala muma1950, njodzi yenyukireya yeChina.
muma1960s-zvese zviri nyore kupembedza kushandisa mari pazvombo nevashandi, uye zvese
kuchengetedzwa nekutadza kwevezvenhau kubvunza nekudzvanya mibvunzo yakaoma.
Muchidimbu, iyo MIC inoenderera mberi yekuraira kwezviwanikwa zvakakura zve
boondoggles uye kuuraya, uye kutemwa kuri kuramba kuchienderera mberi kwebhajeti kune vagariwo zvavo pa
zvikonzero zvekukanganiswa kwebhajeti, pasina hurukuro yakakomba yekutengeserana, inomiririra huru
kukundikana kwedemocracy. Izvi zvakare zviratidzo zvehutsinye hune hutsinye mukuenderera mberi
hondo yekirasi