Crisis Made: The Untold Story of the Iran Nuclear Scare
NaGareth Porter
Just World Books, 2014, 310 pp.
NaEdward S. Herman
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ournalist-scholar Gareth Porter akaburitsa rimwe bhuku rakanaka kwazvo pamusoro pehutsinye hweUS, Manufactured Crisis: Iyo Untold Nyaya yeIran Nuclear Scare, izvo zvinotevera mumakwara echidzidzo chake cha2005, Dambudziko Rekutonga. Iro bhuku rekutanga raive nedingindira raro guru zano rekuti simba remauto reUS mune 1950s uye 1960s rakaita kuti hutungamiriri hweUS vatende kuti kutyisidzira kwekukwira kusinga peri kwaizoita kuti muvengi wavo weVietnamese azvipire maererano neUS, izvo zvakarambwa neVietnamese ( subtitle yake yaive Kusaenzana kweSimba uye Mugwagwa weHondo muVietnam).
Dingindira guru rebhuku idzva nderekuti simba reUS rakaribvumidza kudheerera nekushandisa UN, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) nezvimwe zvinhu zve "nharaunda yenyika," nekubatana kweIsrael nevamwe vayo vekuMadokero, mukunetswa kwakasarudzika uye kunyange kurwa kwepasi-pasi kurwisa Iran nekuda kwekuda kwayo zvombo zvenyukireya. Dambudziko risingaperi rakagadzirwa uye rakagadzirirwa nemauto ane masimba pasi rose anodheerera, achikuvadza kugara zvakanaka kwemamiriyoni evagari veIran uye kutyisidzira kwehondo yakasununguka.
Porter anonongedza kuti United States yaitsigira zvakanyanya chirongwa chenyukireya cheShah yeIran, aive nehurongwa hwezviteshi zvemagetsi enyukireya makumi maviri nenhatu panguva yekudzingwa kwake muna 23. Kutevera shanduko yezvematongerwo enyika iyo United States yakakurumidza kutendeuka kubva mukukurudzira chirongwa chenyukireya cheIran kuita ruvengo, ichienda kumarwadzo makuru kuodza moyo chero chinhu kana tekinoroji kuchinjirwa kune hutongi hutsva, kunyange kubhuroka vatengesi kubva mukuzadzisa zvibvumirano zvingadai zvakabvumira Iran kupedzisa nyukireya yayo imwe chete. reactor.
Hapana chikonzero chekusatenda chirevo cheIran chekuti chinangwa chayo chekutanga chaive chekupedzisa chirimwa chayo kuBushehr uye kuenderera mberi nekushanda kweTehran Research Reactor yemasevhisi ekurapa. Porter anotaura chinhu chakakosha chekuti kuedza kweIran kupfumisa uranium kumba kwakakonzerwa nekuramba kwenguva yeReagan kubvumira Iran kupinza zvinhu izvozvo. Kuramba kubvumidza kupinzwa munyika kweIran zvinhu zvenyukireya kwaivewo kunyimwa kodzero dzayo pasi peChibvumirano cheNuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Mumakore ekutanga eUS kuramba zvinhu zvenyukireya uye kuziva-maitiro pakanga pasina zano rekuti izvi zvaive zvekutya kupfurwa. Kwaingova kuvenga hurumende yakanga yatsiva chidhori cheU.S. uye yakanga yakasununguka, kureva kuti, isisiri mutengi weU.S.
Uhwu ruvengo rweUnited States rwakaratidzwa pakutanga kweCarter kutadza kuedza kumisa kurwisa kweIraqi kweIran, iyo United States yakanga yafanozivisa muna 1980. Paiva netariro yokuti hondo iyi yaizobudisa ropa Iran uye zvichida kunyange kupidigura hurumende. Porter anonokora mashoko Walter Mondale, kuti: โTaidavira kuti iyi hondo yaizowedzera dzvinyiriro pahurumende yeIran.โ Ruvengo rwenguva yeReagan rwakaenda kure mukupa Iraq zvinhu zvehondo, kusanganisira mabhomba emapoka, kupa zano rehungwaru, nekushanda kunyengerera dzimwe nyika kuti dzisape zvombo kuIran. Nyika iyi haina kuratidzira pakushandisa kukuru kweIraq zvombo zvemakemikari kurwisa mauto eIran nevanhuwo zvavo.
Porter anocherekedza kuti maIran haana kutsiva nezvombo zvavo zvemakemikari uye anonongedza gare gare kuti hapana humbowo hwekuti Islamic Republic yakambovaka chero kugona kwezvombo zvemakemikari. Hutungamiri hwechiIslam hweIran hwakaramba huchizivisa kuti zvombo zvemakemikari nezvenyukireya hazvina hunhu uye Ayatollah Ali Khamenei akapa fatwah muna 2003 achizivisa kuti kugadzira uye kushandiswa kwezvombo zvenyukireya kwaipesana nemisimboti yeIslam. Uku kusashandisa kwezvombo zvemakemikari muma1980 uye zviziviso zvekurambidzwa kwechitendero-kwetsika-kwakavakirwa kwezvombo zvemakemikari nezvenyukireya kwave kunetsa kune varwi vekuMadokero, saka ivo nevezvenhau vakagadzirisa dambudziko iri nekunyomba nguva nenguva uye kuzivisa kusatenda. mukutendeseka kwemafatwah aya, asi kunyanya kuramba kukurukura.
Muna 1983, hurumende yeReagan yakawana kudzimwa kwechirongwa cheIAEA chekubatsira chirongwa chenyukireya cheIran, kwaive kutanga kwehurongwa hweUS kudzivirira chero rubatsiro rwepasirese kumabasa enyukireya eIran. Yakanga iri chikamu chehondo yede facto kurwisa Iran ine geopolitical zvinangwa uye isina kunangana kune chero inofungidzirwa njodzi yechirongwa chezvombo zvenyukireya. Izvi, uye chirongwa chakasimba chekuramba chakatevera, kwaive kunyimwa kodzero dzemutemo dzeIran pasi peNPT. Asi United States haingogone kubva nekutevera kuramba uku, inogona kuvaka pairi.
Iran yakaramba ichiedza kuvandudza hunyanzvi hwayo hwenyukireya muchidimbu nekuda kwezvikonzero zvechido chekuvaka huwandu hwayo hwese zviwanikwa zvehunyanzvi, pamwe kuve nekumira-nekugona kwenyukireya kwekuvaka zvombo kana zvichidikanwa ("hedging" zano. ), uye pamwe nekudada nenyika. Porter anotsanangura kuti ruzhinji rweIran runotsigira sei chirongwa chenyukireya, uye kwete kugona kwayo kwezvombo, uye nekudaro kumanikidzwa kwakadii kune hutungamiriri hwayo kuti hurege kuhusiya zvachose pasi pekutyisidzira kwekunze.
Nekuda kwesimba reU.S. uye ruvengo, chero Iran yakaita munzira yekuwana zvinhu zvenyukireya kana tekinoroji inogona kuratidzwa seyakashata; vatengesi kuIran vaizove nemadhimoni uye nekumanikidzwa. IAEA yakashandurwa zvishoma nezvishoma kuita chishandiso cheUS chekurwisa Iran. Porter anotaura nyaya yekuti Mohamed ElBaradei, mukuru-wenguva refu weIAEA (1997-2009), akarwa hondo yakareba kudzivirira IAEA kuti ive chimbo chakachena chemutemo weUS, asi pasi pekumanikidzwa kwakadaro, IAEA yakaitwa kudaro. chiridzwa zvakadaro, kunyangwe chichiwedzera kujeka nekusiya basa nekutsiviwa naYukiya Amano muna Chikunguru 2009.
Nekuda kwekuita uku kwehutsinye kune chero chekutengeserana kwayo kwenyukireya, pamwe nekutyisidzira veruzhinji kweIsrael, kutanga muna 1997, kubhomba zvivakwa zvenyukireya zveIran, Iran yaive yakavanda nezvezvimwe zvezviito zvayo. Izvi zvakavhura mikana mikuru yekuitwa nedhimoni neumbowo hwevavariro dzakaipa dziri pasi pechirongwa chayo. Porter anotsanangura nhevedzano yekupomera kwakadaro uye humbowo hwehunhu hunonyadzisa hweIran. Kutanga kwaive kuburitswa kwa2002 kune vezvenhau kwenzvimbo isina kuziviswa yeIranian iri kuvakwa kuNatanz, zvichida kugadzira uranium yakapfuma. Kuburitswa pachena uku kwakaitika nguva isati yasvika iyo Iran yaifanira kuzivisa iyo IAEA, asi propaganda system yakabudirira. Zvakakosha, kushambadza kwekutanga kwakapihwa neMujahedeen-el-Khalq (MEK), sangano remagandanga mumakore aClinton, asi rakatorwa ndokushandurwa kuita varwiri verusununguko nehutongi hwaObama. Kuburitswa kweMEK kwaive kwakavakirwa paruzivo rwakapihwa neIsrael zvichibva pamapikicha esatellite. Vezvenhau vakazvitaura.
Iyo US Iran mutemo wehutongi, wakajekeswa mukati meBush-Cheney makore, zvinokonzeresa ruvengo rusingaperi kune uye kuita dhimoni kuhurumende yeIran. VaBush manejimendi vaitarisira kurwisa Iran kana vachinge vaita neIraq, asi kudzoka muIraq hakuna kungomisa chirongwa ichi chekurwisa, zvakaita kuti zvivaomere kuwana kutyisidzira kweIran kuunzwa pamberi peSecurity Council. Asi mukati memakore aBush, uye mumakumi emakore akatevera, United States neIsrael dzakachengeta tattoo yemhosva yaipokana neIran iyo yaida kuongororwa kwakawanda uye kugadzira hunhu hwemurwere kuMadokero ari kubata nenjodzi chaiyo.
Ehe, mhosva dziri kupomerwa Iran dzave kuratidza kuda kwavo zvombo zvenyukireya, izvo zvakaita kuti kunzvenga kwavo kuwedzere kutyisa. Pakave nemhedzisiro yekuedza kwenguva refu uye kwakasimba kuburitsa humbowo kana kutaura kuti mhosva dzezvombo dzaive dzechokwadi kunyangwe dzisina kusimbiswa, kuitira kubvumidza zvirango zvakaomarara uye zvinogona kuitika muchiuto kurwisa Iran. Porter anobata zvakadzama nehuwandu hwezvikamu izvi uye anoona zvese zviri zvekubiridzira. Chaizivikanwa "mapepa elaptop" a2004, airatidza basa reIranian rezvombo, iro risinganzwisisike rakawira mumaoko eUS, zvichinzi rakapihwa nainjiniya weIran uye musori, asina kumbobvira aita chimiro chake. Aya magwaro zvakare akapihwa neMEK, iyo yakavawana zvakare kubva kuIsrael. Paivawo nekusawirirana kwemukati uye mamwe matambudziko nemagwaro aya izvo zvakakonzera kuti sangano reGermany revhisi rebasa repachivande BND rivaone sevari mukirasi imwe chete nemashoko enhema avakange vapiwa ne "Curveball" vasati vapinda muIraq. Zvinocherechedzwa kuti Colin Powell akashandisa zvirevo zveCurveball mukupupura kwake kwenhema pamusoro pekutyisidzira kweIraq kuUN muna Kukadzi 2003 uye muna 2004 zvakare akataura Curveball 2 mukutsigira mhosva yekutonga kwaBush kuIran.
Paive nezvimwe zvakawanda zvaitaurwa zveIran yekutsvaga zvombo zvenyukireya uye pakave nekunetsana kwakasimba mukati meIAEA neUS neIsrael masangano ehungwaru panyaya iyi. Asi hapana humbowo hwakaoma hwakambogadzirwa uye akati wandei nyanzvi dzehungwaru dzakati pakanga pasina humbowo hwekutsvagisa zvombo kweIran, kunyangwe vangave vachivavarira kugona zvombo. Porter inosimbisa kukosha kwemasangano enyanzvi mune ino ndima yekuwana mibairo yaidiwa nevakuru vavo vezvematongerwo enyika, uye avo vakuru vaida kutsvaga zvombo zvenyukireya zveIran kana zvirongwa zvezvombo. Matambudziko achangobva kucherechedzwa aive mhedzisiro yekuti Iran yanga isiri kutevera zvombo zvenyukireya, saka izvo zvakakonzera kuoma kwakakomba kune idzo nyanzvi nekuvimbika. Asi iyo yekupedzisira yaigara ichirasika uye mishumo yehungwaru yaigara ichipera nemashoko ekuti Iran yaitsvaga zvombo zvenyukireya (ona Chitsauko 9, "Kukundikana Kwehungwaru").
Porter anosimbisa basa rakakosha rakaitwa nevezvenhau mukugadzira dambudziko reIran. Kufanana nenyanzvi dzezvenhau dzinewo dzvinyiriro dzemasangano dzinovaita kuti vapinde muzvikwata zvehurumende uye kuti vadzivise zvirevo zvinopokana pamusoro pevavengi vane madhimoni. Porter ane mifananidzo yakawanda yenyaya dzekunyengetedzwa kwenhau uye yevatapi venhau vanogara vachipfuura zvinorehwa nevakuru kuti dhimoni ritonyanya kushatisa. Vanyori vezvenhau vane mukurumbira vanoratidzwa mubhuku rake ndiDavid Sanger, Ethan Bronner, naWilliam Broad we. New York Times, Carla Anne Robbins we Wall Street Journal, Joby Warrick, David Ignatius, naRobin Wright ve Washington Post, uye Melissa Block naMike Schuster veNPR.
Vamwe vatambi vakuru mudambudziko rakagadzirwa iri vatungamiriri veIsrael, kunyanya Benjamin Netanyahu naEhud Barak. Vakatamba kadhi rekutyisidzira kwenyukireya yeIran kwemakore, kunyangwe vazhinji vaongorori veIsrael vachifunga nezvekutyisidzira uye / kana kudzoreka. Asi inobatsira zvikuru kuvhiringidza kutarisa kure nekucheneswa kwemadzinza kwePalestine nekuratidza Israeri seyakakombwa uye kutyisidzirwa kweimwe Holocaust. Yakashanda zvakanaka uye yakabatsira kuchengetedza kutyisidzira kweIran padanho repamusoro. Clinton akakanda huremu hwake mumushandirapamwe uyu kuti akunde Israel uye nekudaro rutsigiro rwemutemo weUS uye zvave kudzvanyirira Obama.
Porter anotsanangura kuvhiringidzika uye kupokana mumutemo waObama wakanangana neIran. Achiri kutaura nezve nhaurirano dzakananga uye hukama hutsva neIran paruzhinji, akapa muchivande kuenderera mberi kune chirongwa cheUS-Israel cyber-warfare yekudzima nzvimbo yeNatanz yeIran, iyo yakaitwa chaizvo uye akatora mutemo wakaoma nhaurirano uye zvirango. Porter anopokana kuti VaObama vakaita izvi vachidyidzana naNetanyahu vachichinjana nevimbiso yekupedzisira yekumisa pekugara kuWest Bank, izvo zvisina kumbozadzikiswa naNetanyahu. Porter anopokanawo kuti Obama naNetanyahu vakapindirana padambudziko rehondo rekunyepedzera apo Netanyahu aizotyisidzira kurwisa Iran uye US yaisazopikisa pachena, asi nekunzwisisa kuti Netanyahu aisazorwisa-iyo pfungwa ndeyekunetsa Iran uye kunetsekana neRussia. uye China mukubvuma zvirango zvakanyanya kuIran.
Mubatanidzwa waVaObama-Netanyahu wakazoparara nekuti Netanyahu akatadza kuita chikamu chechibvumirano uye akadarikawo mukumanikidza VaObama. Netanyahu akaverengera kukunda kweRepublican musarudzo muna 2012 uye akadana AIPAC nevamwe vake vezvematongerwo enyika mukongiresi kuti vamanikidze VaObama kubvuma "mutsara mutsvuku" kupfuura iyo sarudzo yemauto yaizopinda mumufananidzo. Mushure mesarudzo, VaObama vakasiya hurongwa hwedambudziko rehondo uye akajekesa kuti akange asina kuzvipira kumutsetse mutsvuku uye sarudzo yehondo uye aisakwanisa kuverengerwa kutevera Netanyahu muhondo.
Porter anopa huremu hukuru kusarudzo yaJune 2013 yaHassan Rouhani semutungamiri weIran, yaanotenda kuti yakavhura mikana mitsva yerunyararo. Obama akagamuchira sarudzo iyi uye nhaurirano dzakatevera munguva iyo Iran yakaita nhevedzano yebvumirano yekuvimbisa West kuti yaisazosvika pakugona kwezvombo zvenyukireya (Porter inopfupisa izvi muEpilogue). Porter ane tarisiro yakakwana yekuti chibvumirano chingasvikwa, asi anonongedza simba guru remauto anotsigira hondo uye nemitengo yezvematongerwo enyika iyo chibvumirano chingaite kuna Obama, ichiwedzerwa nenyaya yekuti iye nevashandi vake vaive vaita dhimoni. Iran izvo zvakaita kuti zvimuomere kutsigira chibvumirano kunze kwezvikonzero zvepragmatic. Asi anopedzisa nemashoko ane tariro.
Bhuku raPorter rinozivikanwa nekutarisa kwaro pane empirical
humbowo uye ruzivo rwechokwadi mukuita nyaya dzake uye nekunyatso ramba zvinorehwa nevagadziri vedambudziko. Mune mamwe maitiro izvi zvinoita kuti bhuku rake rive nesimba uye ringangove richitorwa zvakakomba nenhengo dzekutanga. Nekune rimwe divi, inopira zvimwe zvemutambo uye nerevo huru dzezvaakawana. Semuenzaniso, anotaura kuti maIsrael akaita huwandu hwekuuraya kwevasayendisiti veIranian uye kuti vaIsraeri neUnited States vakave nehukama hwakanaka neMEK, sangano remagandanga rakabatanidzwa mukugadzira dambudziko. Asi haashandise mazwi ekuti gandanga kana mutsigiri wehugandanga kutsanangura Israeri neUnited States. Saizvozvowo, anocherechedza kuti Israel-U.S. kuiswa kwehutachiona hwekombuta muchirimwa cheNatanz "kwakanga kuri kwekutanga kurwiswa kwepamhepo munyika kwakanangana nekuparadza chaiko kwezvivakwa zvevanhu mune imwe nyika." Asi haati ichi chiito chehugandanga kana chisimba. Ane mapeji akawanda anotsanangura kazhinji kutyisidzira kweIsrael kubhomba zvivakwa zvenyukireya zveIran uye kusangana kweUS muchirongwa ichi, asi haatauri kuti kutyisidzira kwakadaro iko iko kuita kwehasha mukutyora UN Charter. Ndozvakaitawo chirongwa chezvirango, chakagadzirirwa kuita kuti vanhu vekuIran vatambure kuitira kuti vamanikidze hurumende yeIran muchibvumirano chebvumirano kana kufambisa shanduko yehutongi. Zvinocherechedzwawo kuti mukuru weUN haana zvachose kupokana nezviito izvi zvinotyora Charter yeUN, kunyange zvazvo chiricho chombo chinofungidzirwa kuti chinotungamirira basa rake. Anoshandira, chokwadi, kune avo vanotyora Charter.
Saka iri harisi dambudziko rakagadzirwa chete, isangano rematsotsi rakabatana iro risati rapera. Asi, kufanana naPorter, tinogona kutarisira kuti zviriko kana kuti zvichakurumidza kuitika.
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Edward S. Herman inyanzvi munyaya dzezvehupfumi uye muongorori wenhau ane hunyanzvi munyaya dzemakambani nedzekutonga pamwe nehupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika nenhepfenyuro. Ndiye Purofesa Emeritus weMari paWharton Chikoro cheYunivhesiti yePennsylvania uye anodzidzisa paAnnenberg School for Communication paYunivhesiti yePennsylvania. Mabhuku ake anosanganisira: Iyo Global Media (naRobert McChesney), Nhema dzeRiberal Media: An Edward Herman Reader, Iyo Politics yeGenocide (naDavid Peterson), uye Kubvumira Kugadzira (naNoam Chomsky).