Aimbove Archbishop weSouth Africa Desmond Tutu munhu anehunhu uye anogara ari kudivi rerudyi mukubata nyaya dzekodzero dzevanhu. Asi mune yake yazvino op ed column in iyo New York Times, "MuAfrica, Kutsvaga License Kuuraya" (October 11, 2013), anosuwa chikepe zvakashata (mumaonero angu). Anorova vatungamiriri vazhinji vemuAfrica vanopokana nekudyidzana kweAfrica neInternational Criminal Court (ICC) nechikonzero chekuti vanotsvaga "rezinesi rekuuraya" uye vanoda kutyisidzirwa kwekupomerwa kweICC kuti vavamanikidzire. Nemhaka yokuti chiverengero chakati chaava vatungamiriri vomuAfrica vanoda kusununguka kuuraya, maererano naTutu, vanodavira kuti โmutemo wendarama, kana kuti mutemo, haushandi kwavari,โ uye โvanopomera zviri nyore ICC kuti ine rusaruraganda.โ
Tutu anobvuma kuti โpakuona kwekutanga, kutaura [kwerusaruraganda] kungaita sekwakanaka,โ sezvo ICC โkusvika pari zvino yangofunga nezvenyaya dzevaAfrica chete.โ Asi izvi, anotsanangura kudaro, murutivi, โnemhaka yokuti matare akazvimirira akagadzwa kuti atonge nyaya dzine chokuita neyaimbova Yugoslavia, Cambodia nedzimwe nyika.โ Asi iyi itsananguro isina simba yekusabuda muICC mhosva yevatungamiriri venyika vanotongwa nevachena, vamwe vavo vakauraya vanhu vakawanda mumakumi emakore apfuura. Kunyanya kukosha, United States neBritain ndidzo dzakakonzera kufa kwevanhu vangangosvika miriyoni muIraq panguva yekupambwa-kubva munaKurume 2003 zvichienda mberi uye zvakadaro nyaya iyi yakarambwa zvakajeka nemuchuchisi weICC, Luis Moreno-Ocampo. Mukupesana kukuru, Moreno-Ocampo akatamira kutyisidzira Gadaffi nekumuchuchisa zvichibva parufu rwaitarisirwa, asi aiita chaizvo izvo zvaidiwa nevatungamiriri vemasimba makuru evachena kuti aite.
Tutu anonyepawo pamusoro pekuti matare edzimhosva akagadzwa kuYugoslavia neCambodia ivo pachavo vaishandira zvido zvemasimba makuru machena akaendesa ICC mutsa kubva kwavari uye nevatengi vavo, uye vakavaregedza muzviitiko izvi. Dare reYugoslavia tribunal (ICTY) rakarongwa pakurayira kweUnited States kuti ribatsire uye ribatsire chirongwa chayo chakabudirira chemauto uye diplomatic kubvisa Yugoslavia. Muchiitiko ichi masimba eNATO akaita zvese zviri zviviri kutyora kweUN Charter kwehutsinye, pamwe nemhosva dzakananga dzehondo muhondo yavo yekubhomba neSerbia, asi ICTY haina kumbosvika pedyo nekupomera masimba iwayo (ona Michael Mandel, America Inobviswa Sei Nehumhondi. Nekusarudzwa kwezvematongerwo enyika kwakafanana, hapana dare rakambovambwa kuti ribate nekucheneswa kwemarudzi kwenguva refu kwePalestine neIsrael, mutengi weUnited States uye akadzivirirwawo nemasimba eEU.
Tutu anosuwawo chokwadi chekuti muAfrica basa reICC rinonyanya kusarudzwa, uye sarudzo dzayo dzinowanzoteedzerwa kune simba guru uye pesvedzero. Kuuraya kwakaipisisa kwakaitika kuDemocratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), asi varwi vakuru vekunze nemhondi muDRC, Rwanda neUganda, makasitoma eUnited States nevanodyidzana nayo uye vatungamiri venyika idzi yakasunungurwa zvachose kubva kune chero kutyisidzira kwekupomerwa ICC. ICC yakaenderera mberi nechisimba panyaya yeDarfur, iyo yanga ichitongwa neArab uye ichiita bhizinesi rakawanda neChina, uye neLibya, mukutsigira kubudirira kweGreat Power kuedza kupidigura Gadaffi, asi kwete kurwisa United States neEthiopia. zviito muSomalia, pasi pekurwiswa kweEthiopiya uye kurwiswa kwebhomba reUS. Tutu anoita seasingazivi chokwadi chokuti United States iri kukurumidza kuwedzera kupinda kwemauto eAfrica, yakakurumidza kubva pakuwa kwaGadaffi, uye kuti vazhinji vevatungamiri vanoshungurudza veAfrica nyika vari "kubatana" neUnited States uye vari pasi pehurumende yavo. , pamwe chete nemauto, kudzivirira. "Zvichiyeuchidza nezveKukorovhera kweAfrica mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19, US African Command (AFRICOM) yakaendesa mauto kunyika makumi matatu neshanu dzemuAfrica, vachigadzira network yakajairika yevanokumbira vane chiremera vanoda chiokomuhomwe nezvombo," John Pilger anonyora. โMuna 35, AFRICOM yakaita Operation African Endeavour, nemauto emarudzi makumi matatu nemana emuAfrica achitora chikamu, achitungamirirwa nemauto eUS. Dzidziso yeAFRICOM yemusoja-kumasoja inopinza vakuru veUS pamatanho ese ekuraira kubva kumukuru kusvika kumukuru. Ngowani dzepith chete hadzipo. Zvinoita sekunge nhoroondo yeAfrica inodada yerusununguko, kubva kuna Patrice Lumumba kuenda kuna Nelson Mandela, inoregedzerwa kukanganwika nemukuru mutsva wevatema ane 'basa renhoroondo,' akanyevera Frantz Fanon hafu yezana ramakore rapfuura, kukundwa kwevanhu vavo mu. chisakiso โchoukuru hwoupfumi hwakazara kunyange zvazvo hwakavanzwaโโ ( Pilger, โNguva dzazvino uno dzakashataโkuvhozhokera haisi nhau; rezinesi yokunyepa inokuendesa kumabhaisikopo,โ New Statesman, Ndira 31, 2013).
Tutu anoti dzimwe nzira dzeICC "zvinorwadza zvikuru-kutsiva sezvakaitika kuRwanda, Kosovo, neBosnia, kana kuregererwa kwegumbeze uye kuzvipira kwenyika kune amnesia, sezvakaitika kuChile." Nhoroondo yake pano yakavhiringika uye inotadza kubva kuWestern propaganda mitsetse. Muchokwadi, kuuraya kweRwanda kwa1994-1996 kwaiitwa zvakanyanya nemauto eboka revanhu vashoma (veTutsis), vachikunda nyika zvichitevera kupinda kwayo kwekutanga (1990) kubva kuUganda iyo yaitsigirwa neUnited States nemauto ayo. allies. Kurwiswa uku kwakaisa Kagame neRPF yake muRwanda, kufambisa kuurayiwa kwemutungamiri weHutu muna 1994 uye kutsvaga kwavo kurwisa kwekupedzisira, vachitsigirwa zvakare nemasimba makuru ekuMadokero. Saizvozvo, Hondo dzeBosnia neKosovo dzakadzika midzi kwete mumitemo yekumberi yeSerbia, asi mukurudziro yekuMadokero nerutsigiro rwevane vemunyika vane chinangwa chekuzvimiririra uye kushandira pamwe mukuparadza kweYugoslavia kweWest. MuChile, zvakare, kukunda kweropa kwaPinochet, kutonga, uye kusununguka kwenguva refu kubva mukupomerwa, hakuna mhedzisiro ye "amnesia," asi yekuti kugadzwa kwake uye kutonga kwakawana rutsigiro rwakatsiga rweUS.
Yakarongeka Bias
Tutu anotadza kutaura maficha eICC anoratidza kusarudzika kwayo kwakarongeka. Chimwe chinhu, chibvumirano chayo hachiiti kuti hutsinye huve mhosva inorangwa, mune izvi, kutevera chirongwa cheICTY. Izvi zvakanakira United States nevadyidzani vayo vakuru sezvavanowanzo kuita zvechisimba, saka hazvibatanidzwe, kunyangwe chiricho chiitiko chakakosha uye chakakosha chemhosva uye chiri chinhu chakakosha cheUN Charter. Pamusoro pezvo, kusvika kweICC kunogumira kumatunhu anosaina pairi kana kuti Security Council ikakumbira kuti iite. IUnited States yakasaina mutemo wekutanga weRoma muna Zvita 2000, asi haina kumbobvira yabvumidza mutemo iwoyo. Saka, ichiramba kutonga kweICC pamusoro pezviito zvayo, inonzwa yakasununguka kuunza nyaya dzeICC kuti dzisimbise kune vamwe. Nekuda kwesimba rayo muSecurity Council, Darfur nedzimwe nyika dzemuAfrica dzakasarudzwa dzinogona kuendeswa kuICC, asi kwete United States, Israel, kana Rwanda yaKagame.
Tutu akazvitenda kuti ICC "zvakajeka idare reAfrica." Izvi zvinobva pakuti makumi matatu enyika 30 dzakatanga kusaina kuICC ndedzemuAfrica, 108 pavatongi gumi nevasere ndevemuAfrica, uye mutevedzeri wemutungamiri wenyika nemuchuchisi mukuru ndevemuAfrica. Anotaurawo zvakare kuti aimbove Munyori Mukuru weUN, Kofi Annan, anoti kubuda muICC โkungava dambudziko kuAfrica.โ Pane chaiyo uye inoshamisa naivete mune iyi Tutu maonero. Vatema ndivo vagari vepasirese vekirasi yechipiri, kusanganisira vese vatungamiriri uye ruzhinji rwenyika dzinotongwa nevatema. Vazhinji vevagari vakabudirira zvikuru vanotsvaga dzidzo, maitiro, uye kuzivikanwa uye kukudzwa kubva kune tekinoroji yepamusoro masimba evachena. Vakuru vemasimba iwayo vanowanzoona zvichibatsira kusarudza vamwe veava vagari vevatema vanokatyamadza kuti vape aura yekusununguka uye kururamisira kumabhizinesi avo dzimwe nguva asina hunyanzvi.
Kofi Annan, akataurwa naTutu sezwi rine chiremera, anozivikanwa nekuzviisa pasi pezvido zvemasimba eumambo. Richard Holbrooke akanyora munhoroondo yehupenyu hwake kuti kukwidziridzwa kwaAnnan kuve Secretary General weUN kwakatevera kubva pakushandisa kwake masimba ake kwenguva pfupi, asipo mukuru wake, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, kubvumidza kubhomba kweNATO maBosnia Serbs. Boutros Boutros-Ghali akakurumidza kudzingwa nokuda kworusununguko rwakanyanyisa. Kofi Annan ari pachigaro chepamusoro akazviratidza kuva chiridzwa chakavimbika chokuMadokero (ona Herman, โKofi Annan and the Art of Puppetry,โ Z Magazine, July 2005). Tutu anotaura kuti muchuchisi mukuru weICC, Fatou Bensouda, "ane simba guru pamusoro penyaya dzinounzwa." Asi Bensouda, uyo akatora hofisi iyi munaJune 2012, ane rekodhi refu yekuzviisa pasi pezvido zvekuMadokero muKofi Annan mode. Akashanda seICC Mutevedzeri weMuchuchisi kwemakore akati wandei panguva yehuori Moreno-Ocampo. Izvi zvisati zvaitika, Bensouda akange ashanda kwemamwe makore sechipangamazano uye gweta rekutonga neInternational Criminal Tribunal yeRwanda (ICTR), sangano rinozivikanwa nekutarisisa matsotsi echiHutu uye kudzivirira zvachose kupomedzerwa chero mhondi dzeKagame-RPF (tingayeuka. kuti Dhipatimendi reHurumende pacharo rakagamuchira meseji muna Zvita 1994 kuti RPF yakanga ichiuraya maHutu 10,000 2012 pamwedzi). Munyaya yake chete kusvika semuchuchisi weICC, akamhanyira kunomhan'arira vapanduki veMali apo France yakapinda muna Ndira 2011, mune fomu yakakwana yeICC, ichiyeuchidza Moreno-Ocampo kumhanya-mhanya kubatsira NATO kurwisa Libya muna XNUMX. Anozvimiririra, asi nekufamba kwemakore akapasa zvine mutsindo muyedzo wekuva pasi .
Saka ICC inogona kunge iine vamiriri vatema, asi harisi dare dema musimba rayo rekupedzisira uye harimiriri "zvido zvevanhu [vatema]." Sezvinongoita UN pasi paKofi Annan kana Ban Ki-Moon isina kumiririra kufarira kwakawanda kwevatema kana vachena vagariwo zvavo. Tutu anotaura kuti vatungamiri veAfrica vanoda kusava nechokuita neICC vanotenda kuti, "hapana mutemo wegoridhe, kana mutemo wemutemo, unoshanda kwavari." Asi anofuratira chokwadi chakanyanya kukosha chekuti vatongi vemasimba makuru evachena vanotenda kuti hapana mutemo unoshanda kwavari uye kuti kushandisa simba ravo pane iyi isiri-hutongi hwaro uye nezvido zvavo zvezvematongerwo enyika mukuraira, masangano akaita seICC zvishandiso zve simba, kwete vatevedzeri vemitemo yegoridhe. Vanogona dzimwe nguva kutevera vanhu vakaipa, asi zvinoita sekunge runako urwu runogona kuvabatsira kuita mhosva dzavo uye kuchengetedza avo evatengi vavanoda. Kusarudzika kwakanyanya uye, nekudaro, kumanikidza kwehuwori kwakaipa pane kusateedzera.
Nzvimbo yekodzero dzevanhu yakagara ichikanganiswa nekuenderana nezvinodiwa nevane simba. ICC haisi yega panyaya iyi. Semuyenzaniso, kwete ICC chete, asi ICTY yakakundikana kuisa mhirizhonga mubumbiro remitemo seimwe yemhosva dzinofanirwa kutongwa uye ose ari maviri eHuman Rights Watch neAmnesty International anoisiyawo pakubata nyaya dzekodzero dzevanhu. Izvi zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa uye zvinofarirwa nevagadziri vemitemo vekuUS vane chikonzero chakanaka chekuda kuti mhosva huru-yepamusoro isabude munzira pavanorwisa Iraq kana Serbia uye kana nyika yemutengi Israel ikapindazve muRebhanoni ichityisidzira kurwisa Iran. VaKofi Annan naBan Ki-Moon vakaratidza kubatana nevagadziri vemitemo veUS uye vanotora sezviri pachena kuti United States nevanodyidzana nayo vakuru ndivo vachave vatevedzeri vezviito zvekodzero dzevanhu zvakatemwa, kwete nevatungamiriri veUN, asi nevanozvimanikidza ivo pachavo.
Dzimwe nguva vatungamiriri vekodzero dzevanhu veUN havabatike uye vanoshatirisa vakuru veUS kana veIsrael. Kana zvakadaro, vanobuda, sezvakaita Boutros Boutros-Ghal, nevamwe zvakare. Semuenzaniso, Mary Robinson, aimbova purezidhendi weIreland, uyo Kofi Annan, kune chikwereti chake, akagadza UN High Commissioner weHuman Rights, akazopesana nevakuru veUS neIsrael nekushora US "hondo yehugandanga" uye nekupinda muhondo. 2001 World Conference Against Racism muDurban, South Africa. Akaenda nokukurumidza pashure pomusangano iwoyo, pashure pokunge โkudzvinyirirwa kwakaramba kuchiitwa neUnited States kwamuita kuti ataure kuti akanga asingachakwanisi kuenderera mberi nebasa rake.โ
Akatsiviwa naRobinson muna 2004 aive Louise Arbour, mucherechedzo wemukuru wekodzero dzevanhu anozvibata zvakanaka uye mukuru wedare anobata nekodzero dzevanhu. Arbor akatanga kuve nemukurumbira semuchuchisi weICTY kwaaishandira zvido zveNATO pasina kutsauka. Pose pavaida kuti vaSerb vapinzwe muchiedza chakaipa, aimhanya kuti avabatsire. Semufananidzo mumwe, muna Chivabvu 1999 NATO (chaizvo iyo US) yakatanga kubhomba kwakasimba kwenzvimbo dzevagari veSerbia - mhosva yehondo - Arbour akaisa mhosva yaMilosevic, zvichibva pauchapupu hwakapihwa neNATO, kubvisa kupisa kwezviito zveNATO (ona. Christopher Black naEdward S. Herman, "Louise Arbour: Unindicted War Criminal," Z Magazine, Gunyana 2000).
Arbor aive muchuchisi weRwanda tribunal (ICTR) pamwe neICTY uye kuita kwake ikoko kwaive nehuwori zvakaenzana. Zvakanyanya kukosha, chikwata chake chevafereferi, chinotungamirwa negweta Michael Hourigan, chakamuzivisa muna 1996 kuti kupfura kwaApril 1994 kwendege yakatakura mutungamiri weRwanda, Juvenal Habyarimana, uyo akafa akakonzeresa kuurayiwa kwevanhu, kwakagadzirwa naPaul Kagame neRPF. Mushure mekubvunzurudza neUS, vakuru vakuru, pachinzvimbo chekumhan'arira, Arbor yakavhara kuferefeta, iyo isina kumbobvira yamutsiridzwa neICTR, yakatsiga mubasa, seArbour, kune masimba makuru machena anotsigira Kagame.
Sezvineiwo, mutsivi waArbour, Carla Del Ponte, akatyisidzira kuferefeta uye kumhan'ara Kagame neRPF muna 2003, asi haana kuwana rutsigiro rweizvi kubva kuna Kofi Annan kana, zvisingaite pasina kutaura, vakuru veUS, uye nekukurumidza akatsiviwa naHassan. Abubacar Jallow, muchuchisi akatenderwa neUS/UK akavimbisa kuti haaizopomera chero vashandi veKagame-RPF, chero chokwadi. Iyo sisitimu inoshanda uye kusaruramisira kunowedzera.
Z
Edward S. Herman inyanzvi dzezvehupfumi, mutsoropodzi wenhau, uye munyori. Bhuku rake razvino ndere Zvematongerwo Enyika (pamwe naDavid Petersen).