Chete ndi makandulo. Atakhala patebulo, m'khitchini yomwe imatsegula pabwalo lalikulu lokongoletsedwa ndi zomera ndi mitengo, akazi a misinkhu yonse ndi anyamata aang'ono kwambiri akuyika zitsamba m'mapaketi ang'onoang'ono omwe amasindikizidwa ndi kutentha kwa moto. Kung'ung'udza, kuseka ndi makandulo; chikhalidwe chachinsinsi ndi zauzimu kwa ntchito pamodzi kuti amakondwerera moyo. Likulu la CONAMURI [2] ndi malo ofatsa omwe amaphatikiza ntchito ndi chiyanjano, monga moyo wa campesino umene mwa njira ina umabala.
Mamembala a gululi akukonzekera chionetsero cha chakudya ndi ulimi Jakaru Pora Haguã (“Kuti tidye bwino,” m’Chiguaraní), amene alimi ang’onoang’ono ochokera m’madipatimenti angapo a ku Paraguay amakonza pakatikati pa mzinda wa Asunción. Ntchito imayima kwakanthawi, kusokonezedwa ndi nkhani, malingaliro, kuyang'ana, ndi chete. Bwaloli limapereka mphamvu zimene zimachititsa kuti munthu alowe nawo. “Azimayi ali ndi malo 80 pa XNUMX alionse koma amalima XNUMX peresenti ya chakudya, ndipo ndi amene amavutika kwambiri ndi njala,” inatero chithunzi chopachikidwa pakhoma.
Kuseri kwa nyumba ya Maria kuli malo aakulu kumene ankaweta nkhumba. Ntchito yoweta nkhumba ndi ntchito yaikulu ku Los Bañados, chigawo chomwe chili ndi madzi osefukira mu likulu la dzikoli, kumene mibadwo itatu yakhala ikubweza malowo pomenyana ndi mtsinje umene umasefukira nthawi zonse. Maria amatipatsa madzi ndipo timayamba kukonza mipando kuti idzazidwe ndi amayi ochokera ku barrio, pakati pawo Carmen, yemwe anayambitsa CODECO [3], ndi Patricio, mwamuna yekhayo pagulu.
Ayamba kulankhula za nkhani ku Los Bañados, makamaka ntchito yochititsa mantha ya Franja Costera [mzere wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja] yomwe ikuwopseza "kuyambitsa mizinda" ya anthu 150,000. Chifukwa cha khama la anthu oyandikana nawo pokonzanso malo, malowa tsopano ndi amtengo wapatali ndi ofufuza za malo. Chigumula chomaliza miyezi iwiri yapitayo chinali chowiringula chomwe aboma adagwiritsa ntchito kuwopsezanso kuthamangitsa anthu masauzande ambiri mnyumba zawo. Maria akuloza msewu umene amakhala, womwe ukanakhala malire a boma oti mabanja achotsedwe komanso nyumba ziwonongeke.
Mabungwe awiriwa—limodzi lakumidzi lomwe lili ndi ma campesinas ndi akazi amwenye ndipo lina la m’tauni lomwe lili ndi anthu ogwira ntchito ku Asunción—ndilosiyana kwambiri. Koma ali ndi zinthu zingapo zofanana: Ntchito yolimbana ndi kukana kutukuka kwachuma m'miyoyo yawo (soya ndi agrotoxins kapena kuyerekezera malo, muzochitika izi), mamembala ambiri ndi azimayi, ndipo ali omasuka kugwira ntchito ndi achinyamata. amuna.
Analysis popanda kuvomereza
"Ndi chiwonetsero cha anthu, tikuyesera kukhazikitsa mgwirizano pakati pa mzinda ndi kumidzi," likutero liwu lochokera ku bwalo. "Kudzera m'zakudya zathu komanso chakudya chathu chamoyo timagwirizanitsa mizinda ndi kumidzi, kulumikizana komwe kukupita patsogolo kwabizinesi kukuwononga."
Kupitilira 40% ya anthu aku Paraguay ndi akumidzi, ngakhale kukulirakulira kukuwoneka kosaletseka kwa kupanga soya. Chiyambireni kugwa kwa ulamuliro wankhanza wa Alfredo Stroessner mu 1989, ma campesino ambiri adasamutsidwa kudziko lawo. M’zaka za m’ma 1980, 60 peresenti ya anthu ankakhalabe kumidzi.
Maboma otsatizana, kuphatikizapo a Fernando Lugo (2008-2012) omwe akupita patsogolo, ayika pambali 70% ya bajeti yaulimi kuti apereke ndalama zogulitsa kunja kwaulimi. Mafamu apabanja amalandira 5% yokha ya ndalama za boma; mwa chiwerengero chimenecho ndi 15% okha omwe ali ndi mwayi wopeza ngongole. [4]. Mabungwe khumi ndi asanu a campesino ndi mabungwe a chikhalidwe cha anthu adayambitsa kampeni yotsutsana ndi Monsanto pa Tsiku la Chakudya Chadziko Lonse panthawi ya kukumana Heñoi Jey Paraguay (Mbewu za Paraguay yatsopano). Kuyambira June 2012, pamene Lugo adachotsedwa paudindo, mbewu zisanu ndi ziwiri zatsopano zosinthidwa ma genetic zavomerezedwa.
Mabungwe akuluakulu a campesino tsopano ndi ofooka; kuthekera kwawo kofuna kuchitapo kanthu ndi kochepa. "Kupambana kwa kayendetsedwe kakale ka campesino kwatha," akutero Perla kuchokera pakona, ndikutsegula ndemanga zambiri. “Sitidzalolera kufooka chifukwa chakuti timagwirizanitsidwa ndi zinthu zatsopano zimene zikukula mzindawo, monga zionetsero, ndi chifukwa chakuti timaphatikizapo achinyamata,” akuwonjezera motero Maria. Carina akuvomereza kuti, “Atsogoleri athu sakumenyera maudindo kapena ndalama. Ndi oona mtima.”
Maria akuyankha kuti, “Ife akazi sitigulitsa, sitipanga mapangano, sitidzakambirana. Sitikugulitsa. Ndipo pofuna kuwonetsetsa kuti palibe kukaikira, akuwonjezera kuti, "Bungwe lathu lili ndi ntchito zochepa kwambiri ndi Boma." Kachiŵirinso, Carina akugogomezera mfundo yakuti, “Kudziŵa ndi kumveketsa bwino n’komwe kumakupatsani mphamvu.” Uku ndi kudzudzula kwachindunji atsogoleri amene palibe amene angawatchule—mwina mwachisoni, kapena chifukwa chakuti akadali mamembala a bungwe.
Ndi Cefe (doña Ceferina), yemwe anayambitsa CONAMURI, akulingalira modekha kuti: “Kukambitsirana kumasanduka chipwirikiti ndipo mapeto ake amakhala ndi sutikesi yodzaza.” Pang'ono ndi pang'ono zochitika zimamveka bwino: Atsogoleri ambiri a campesino ndi mabungwe a mabungwe anali ndi maudindo odalirika m'boma la Lugo ndipo anasiya maziko awo. Azimayiwa sanatero. Mfundo yakuti iwo sanagulitse amapereka kuvomerezeka kwa kayendetsedwe kawo ndipo amawaika pakati pa kutsutsa chitsanzo chachuma chomwe chimatsogoleredwa ndi Purezidenti Horacio Cartes wa Colorado Party.
"Kumanzere ku Paraguay kuli ndi mbiri yaifupi kwambiri," akuyankha Alicia. “Pali zinthu zambiri zosokoneza, zaulamuliro wambiri. Kumanzere kuli ndi zoipa zambiri za likulu, zoipa za kumanja.[5]. Mtsogoleri wachinyamata wa CONAMURI amapereka chitsanzo: Maphwando monga Frente Guasú, kumene ambiri akumanzere amakhala, sikuimiranso magulu a anthu. "Chinthu chokhacho chomwe amachiganizira chinali mphamvu komanso yemwe adzakhale wosankhidwa kukhala paudindo.[6]".
Malinga ndi kafukufuku wake, chilalacho chinakhudza anthu masauzande ambiri a campesino omwe anasamukira kumayiko ena. Alicia ananena kuti midzi yonse inasowa, moti “kumidzi kunalibe chakudya.” Lugo sanakumanepo nawo, ngakhalenso a Frente Guasú. Pa Meyi 6, [2012], patangotsala mwezi umodzi kuti aphungu anyumba yamalamulo asinthe, maguluwo adadzudzula Front m'mawu, ponena kuti idachita zoyipa kuposa zoyenera. Lugo ndi kumanzere anali olekanitsidwa ndi kayendedwe. "Ndipo ndimomwe kulanda kunachitika"[7].
Azimayi a CONAMURI ali ndi chidziwitso chawo cha chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi ndale, chomwe chimaphatikizapo kudzitsutsa mwamphamvu kwa mabungwe a campesino. Pakati pa mabungwe 23 ndi magulu a anthu omwe anafunsidwa m'bukuli Pepani ku demokalase [Blow to Democracy], kusanthula kwa amayi kumawonekera chifukwa sikumangotanthauza kuloza kuukira kwa mapiko amanja ndi eni minda akuluakulu, komanso kumakumana ndi zovuta komanso kupotoza m'magulu otchuka.
Kukana zongoyerekeza
Atatsamira pampando wake, Maria sakubisa mkwiyo wake. Ntchito yomanga pamphepete mwa nyanja ya megaproject ikupita patsogolo mosalekeza. Parque del bicentenario ndi Avenida Costanera [Bicentennial Park ndi Coastal Avenue] amangidwa kale, ngakhale kuti ndi anthu ochepa chabe omwe akuwoneka kuti akumvetsetsa kugwirizana pakati pa zomangamanga ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kusefukira kwa madzi m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi. Nyumba yake imagwera m'malire a dera lomwe mwina lingasinthidwe kuti "lipange mizinda" ku Los Bañados.
Kuyambira m'ma 1950s madambo pakati pa malire amizinda ndi mtsinje wa Paraguay akhala akudzaza ndi ma campesino omwe adasamutsidwa kumidzi ndikukulitsa kuweta ng'ombe. Anthu 15 amakhala m’madambo amenewa a Asunción—pakati pa 20 ndi 20 peresenti ya anthu okhala mu likulu la dzikolo. 85 peresenti ya iwo ali osakwana zaka 15; 8 peresenti amakhala ndi minda ya anthu; XNUMX okha pa XNUMX alionse ali ndi zikalata zosonyeza katundu wawo. [XNUMX]
Chilichonse m’misasa ya ku Los Bañados—misewu, nyumba zopemphereramo, zounikira, madzi, zipatala zachipatala, malo ochezera a anthu, ndi masukulu—zinamangidwa mothandizana. Kuti ma barrio azikhalamo, "tinayenera kukhala ndi ziwonetsero zambiri zazakudya, ma raffles, kukonza chakudya chambiri cha nkhuku kapena sipaghetti, ndi kusonkhanitsa zambiri"[9]. Mabanja 17,000 awa samawoneka paliponse pamapu ovomerezeka, omwe amawunikira ntchito zomwe zikumangidwa.
Kuyambira 2007, momwe ndalama zasinthira, kulima monocrop kumidzi komanso malingaliro anyumba m'mizinda, ntchito yakale yakhala ikuyandama. Anthu oyandikana nawo nyumbawa sakudziwabe kukula kwa ntchitoyo, koma akuzindikira mowonjezereka za ntchitoyi pamene ntchito yomanga ikupita patsogolo. Franja Costera akufuna "kuchira" mahekitala 1,000 kuchokera ku El Bañado Norte ndi 1,000 kuchokera ku El Bañado Sur, komwe kuli lingaliro lopanga malo osungirako mafakitale ndikumanga doko latsopano.
Dongosolo la Bañado Norte ndikudzaza theka la "ndalama zapadera," kuphatikiza mahekitala 82 a gofu ndi malo ochezera, 20 malo opangira zidziwitso ndiukadaulo waukadaulo, 22 malo ochitira misonkhano, ndi mahekitala 113 a malo okhalamo. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, mahekitala 500 aikidwa pambali kuti akhale malo osungira zachilengedwe—chigamulo chimene anthu sakudziwa—chifukwa chakuti mbalame zosamuka ku Canada zimaima pamenepo. Malo osungiramo malowa akuzungulira Club Mbiguá yokhayokha.
Parque del Bicentenario inakhazikitsidwa panthawi ya ulamuliro wa Lugo, ndipo mu 2012 Avenida Costanera inatsegulidwa, misewu inayi pamtunda waukulu wamtunda m'mphepete mwa mtsinje, mamita angapo pamwamba pa nyumba zosauka kwambiri mumzindawu. Anthu oyandikana nawo nyumba anakhumudwa. Pamene boma linapereka mahekitala 22 ku malo ogwiritsira ntchito madzi, linanena kuti mabanja asanu ndi awiri okha amakhala kumeneko, kunyalanyaza mfundo yakuti, kwenikweni, mabanja 420 akhala m'derali kwa zaka zoposa 20 [10].
Izi ndizokhudza mabizinesi apamwamba monga Centro de Eventos Talleyrand Costanera [11] kapena Complejo Barrail [12], nsanja zamaofesi ndi zipinda zogona, mabanki, masitolo akuluakulu, ndi mabizinesi amitundu yonse okhala ndi kukopa kowonjezera kwa malowa. Mwachidule, kulingalira za malo akumatauni kwawononga Los Bañados, kuyika tsogolo la anthu okhalamo pachiwopsezo.
“Kodi tipita kuti ngati takhala kuno moyo wathu wonse?” María akuphulika. Carmen, Ada, ndi Patricio akusonyeza chikhulupiriro chomwecho. CODECO anabadwa zaka 12 zapitazo, zogwirizana ndi ntchito ya mpingo wamba motsogozedwa ndi gulu la maphunziro a Jesuit Fe y Alegría. Carmen anatuluka m’gululo, mofanana ndi anthu ambiri okhala m’derali amene anagwira ntchito yokonza malowo ndipo tsopano akuyesetsa kuti asachotsedwe. "Kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kwa ntchito yomanga m'mphepete mwa nyanja kunachitika panthawi ya ulamuliro wa Lugo; chifukwa chakuti linali boma laubwenzi, anthu analeka,” akutero mmodzi wa anansiwo.
CODECO ili ndi ma barrios 11, iliyonse ili ndi komiti yoyandikana nayo, ndi bungwe lokonzanso zinthu, lomwe lili ndi mamembala 50 omwe tsopano akugwiritsa ntchito njinga zamawilo atatu kugwira ntchito yawo. Onse pamodzi pali mabanja pakati pa 6,000 ndi 7,000, ndipo monga momwe Ada akuumirizira, akazi ndiwo amasamalira zonse ziŵiri gulu ndi mabanja enieniwo.” Mwa anthu 30 omwe amapanga phata la komiti yogwirizanitsa, 26 ndi amayi omwe amakumana mlungu uliwonse, kuwonjezera pa kuchita misonkhano mu barrios ndikugwira ntchito za kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka ntchito.
"Pali mgwirizano pakati pa kusunga banja pamodzi ndi kusunga kulimbana ndi gulu," Ada akukumbukira. Azimayiwo amapita kukatola zinyalala kuti azikonzanso, pamodzi ndi banja lonse, ndipo iwo ndi amene amasamalira ziweto, kupeza chakudya cha nkhumba, ndi kugulitsa makatoni okonzedwanso. “Amunawo ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi moyo wa m’mudzi; amakonda kugwira ntchito panja pa galimoto kapena kumanga, pamene akazi amayang’anira ana amene amagwira ntchito ndi makolo awo akaweruka kusukulu.”
Kubetcha pa chikhalidwe chatsopano cha ndale
Perla anati: “Titayamba kugwira ntchito ndi azibambo zinali zovuta kwambiri. "Ndichifukwa chake timagwira ntchito ndi achinyamata okha." Chisankhocho chikuyankha "chiyembekezo chomwe tili nacho kuti njirazi zimapanga maubwenzi atsopano, komanso kuti achinyamata ndi omwe adzamanga maubwenzi atsopanowo [13]. Perla akuumirira kuti “ndi achichepere, njirayo imachokera ku zokumana nazo za moyo, monga ngati misasa, kupatsana malingaliro, zizoloŵezi.” Ndi m’moyo watsiku ndi tsiku pamene zimene zaphunziridwa zimabala zipatso kapena sizibala zipatso.
Mamembala a CONAMURI amateteza "gulu la ogwira ntchito ndi campesino feminism" lomwe ndi gawo lalikulu la maphunziro awo, makamaka maphunziro awo. Cursos para ku Pytyvõhára (maphunziro a otsogolera kapena ophunzitsa). Mabuku awo ogwirira ntchito amaphunzitsa kuti jenda ndi mbiri yakale "yomwe imaphatikizapo akazi, amuna, ndi zosankha zosiyanasiyana zogonana, ndichifukwa chake timalankhula za jenda, mochulukitsa"[14].
Kulimbana kwawo sikulimbana ndi anthu, koma kumenyana ndi abambo, ndipo amadzitcha "anti-capitalist, anti-patriarchy, ndi socialist." Amapereka maubwenzi atsopano pakati pa abambo ndi amai, kukhazikitsa demokalase pantchito zapakhomo, kugawana mphamvu ndi kupanga zisankho komanso "kupita patsogolo mwathu payekha, pazachuma, ndi pazandale kuti titha kusankha tokha."
Kudzilangiza, kudzisamalira komanso kudzidalira zonse zimadyetsa kunyada mu bungwe kumbali ya amayi omwe ali a CONAMURI. Izi zawathandiza kuti athetse "makampeni a mabungwe ena otsutsana ndi CONAMURI", monga momwe amayi ena amanenera pamene amagwira ntchito kukhitchini ya bungwe, kuika masamba m'mapaketi.
Perla akupitiriza kunena kuti: “Kuyambira pamene tinayamba kuphatikizirapo anyamata, amasalidwa. Anthu amati amapita ku CONAMURI chifukwa sizinthu zautsogoleri. ”
Anyamata angapo akugwedeza mitu yawo kusonyeza kuvomereza. “M’mabungwe aakulu sanatilole ife achinyamata kutenga nawo mbali, ndipo tikuwona kuti CONAMURI sichiyendetsedwa ndi awiri kapena atatu okha, koma ndi aliyense pamodzi,” akutero mmodzi wa iwo. Ndi Cefe amakumbukiranso kuti "anyamata am'maso akale" omwewa omwe amapereka malamulo adawasekanso mu 1998 pamene adachoka ku CONAMURI. “Kodi nkhalamba zowawa zimenezi zitani?,” iwo anatero.
Amakumbukira kuti nkhanza zomwe adakumana nazo zidawakakamiza kusiya MCP[15]. “Ife sitikutsutsana ndi amunawa, tikufuna kuyenda titagwirana manja. Ndi Lugo, atsogoleri onse a campesino anali kuyesa kupeza maudindo. Anamenyerana ntchito ndipo adataya maziko awo, "akulimbikira Ndi Cefe.
“Atsogoleri nawonso anali pamavuto chifukwa chonyalanyaza zenizeni za boma lomwe likupita patsogolo. Tsopano gulu la campesino sililinso lachikale, pomwe utsogoleri udalephera kuwongolera maziko ndi kuthekera kwake kusanthula, "Perla akufotokoza.
Pakati pa mayendedwe a Paraguay pali chisokonezo chachikulu, vuto lakusatsimikizika poyang'anizana ndi zochitika zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi kupita patsogolo kwaufulu, ndi ntchito zake zabizinesi zomwe zimakomera eni malo akumidzi akumidzi komanso owerengera malo akulu kwambiri.
Palinso malingaliro otopa, komanso kuti sangathenso kupitiriza njira yocheperako yomweyi. CODECO ikubetcha pa achinyamata. Mu 2012 adachita maphunziro a wailesi yakanema pomwe parishi ya barrio idawapatsa mawayilesi ammudzi. Anyamata ndi atsikana 10 anachita nawo, ndipo XNUMX anatsala ndi kuyambitsa pulogalamu ya pawailesi mothandizidwa ndi mayi wina wa m’bungweli.
“Nthawi zambiri amakhala ana aamuna ndi aakazi a anthu ochokera ku CODECO, ena amatenga nawo mbali ndi amayi awo kumisonkhano ndi zochitika. Ndi mabwenzi ndipo, chifukwa onse amagwira ntchito, alibe vuto potengera maudindo,” akufotokoza motero Ada. Ngakhale kuti mabungwe ndi osiyana kwambiri, zochitika za CONAMURI ndizofanana. Kuchulukana kwakukulu kwa atsikana ochokera m'madera opanda pake, ndi amuna, nthawi zambiri ana aamuna a zigawenga, kumabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu pa chikhalidwe cha ndale.
M'zaka zochepa chabe, adachita "ntchito yogawa mphamvu," kupyolera mu zokambirana ndi maphunziro omwe iwo eni adakonza, potengera mbiri ya Paraguay, nkhondo zake za campesinos ndi ulamuliro wake wankhanza. M'mabanja awo omwe amagwira ntchito kwambiri ndi ana awo aamuna ndi aakazi, komanso ndi abwenzi awo, ngakhale kuti nthawi zina izi zimapangitsa kuti maubwenzi athe. Zaka zapitazo Magui Balbuena, yemwe anayambitsa CONAMURI, anandifotokozera kuti akuchoka pamalo apakati omwe adagwira nawo bungwe. Mwana wake wamkazi Martha adawonjezeranso kuti ayamba kuphatikiza amuna.
Pali china chake chokhudza mabungwe omwe amayi ndi achinyamata amatsogola zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala osiyana. Pali chifukwa chomwe theka la a Zapatistas ndi osakwana zaka 20 ndipo ambiri mwa iwo ndi akazi. Iwo ndi gawo la anthu lomwe silinawonongeke kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha ndale cha hegemonic. Ku Los Bañados amalimbana ndi mikangano m’njira zina, mwa “kuphatikiza inayo.”
Chochitika cha CONAMURI "ndichabwino" akutero mayi wina yemwe amagwira ntchito ndi magulu aakazi. “Amapanga malamulo awoawo ndi kuwatsatira mwamaphunziro, osati mwaukali, koma mwanzeru komanso modzipereka. Ngakhale zingapweteke, amatiuza zinthu pamaso pathu.”
Chikhulupiriro, chowonadi ndi mzimu wadera zimawonetsetsa kuti mikangano isawalekanitse. "Sasunga kudzudzula kwawo, chifukwa ukatero, pambuyo pake zimaphulika ndipo zonse zimawonongeka." Kusintha sikuchitika molingana ndi nthawi ya koloko, koma ndi nthawi yomwe zimatengera munthu aliyense.
Panthaŵi ina, adzafunikira kupeza dzina la chikhalidwe chatsopanochi chimene chikuyamba kutseguka pang’onopang’ono, m’malo amene munthu payekha ndi machismo akulamulira. Pakalipano ndizokwanira kuzindikira kuti pali magulu ena omwe si a mabungwe omwe ali ndi maubwenzi amphamvu kumadera oyambira komanso dongosolo lokhazikika la bungwe, lomwe likukonzanso chikhalidwe cha ndale. Gawo lofunikira pakukonzanso kukana.
Raúl Zibechi ndi katswiri wapadziko lonse wa mlungu uliwonse wa Brecha ku Montevideo, pulofesa ndi wofufuza zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ku Multiversidad Franciscana de América Latina, komanso mlangizi wa mabungwe osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana. Amalemba gawo la mwezi uliwonse la Americas Program (www.cipamericas.org).
Yomasuliridwa ndi Barbara Belejack
Ndemanga:
[1] Nkhaniyi inatheka chifukwa cha zokambirana ndi amayi ochokera m'mabungwe angapo: Perla Álvarez, Alicia Amarilla, Ceferina Guerrero ndi Ana Resquín, Carina ndi María ochokera ku CONAMURI; Carmen Castillo ndi María García a CODECO; Ada ndi Marta a ku Serpaj, ndi ena ambiri omwe mayina awo sindinkawakumbukira ndipo ndikuwapepesa. Anyamata angapo nawonso anachita nawo.
[2] Coordinadora Nacional de Organizaciones de Mujeres Trabajadoras Rurales ndi Indígenas.
[3] Coordinadora de Defensa Comunitaria.
[5] Elizabeth Duré, Guillermo Ortega, Marielle Palau ndi Luis Rojas Villagra, "Golpe de la democracia", BASE-IS, Asunción, 2012, p. 110.
[6] Idem, p. 114.
[7] Idem, p. 115.
[8] "Boletín Especial de Información y Análisis", No. 7, Serpaj, September 2013.
[9] Idem, p. 3.
[10] Idem, p. 4.
[11] Onani http://talleyrand.com.py/
[12] Onani http://www.ultimahora.com/grupo-barrail-construye-edificio-oficinas-vista-la-bahia-n274731.html
[13] Mafunso ndi Perla Álvarez mu Ndi Roky (Bulletin of CONAMURI), No. 10, November 2011.
[14] “Géneros, patriarcado, feminismo”, Curso de Formación de Pytyvõhára, CONAMURI, Asunción, February 2012.
[15] Movimiento Campesino Paraguayo, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ku 1980, yopangidwa ndi las Ligas Agrarias ndipo, nthawi ina, bungwe lokhalo, logwirizanitsa campesinos.
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