Nkhaniyi idasindikizidwa koyamba ndi Observatorio Social de América Latina (OSAL nambala 34). Kumasulira kwa Chingerezi kwa Ramor Ryan kwa Upside Down World.
Kusonkhana kwakukulu mu June 2013 m'mizinda ndi matauni 353 ku Brazil kunadabwitsa kwambiri ndale monga momwe amachitira akatswiri ndi mabungwe a chikhalidwe cha anthu. Palibe amene ankayembekezera zionetsero zochuluka chonchi, zochuluka chonchi, m’mizinda yambiri komanso kwa nthawi yaitali. Monga momwe zimakhalira muzochitika izi, kusanthula kwapa media kunali kofulumira. Poyambirira iwo adayang'ana kwambiri pazovuta zomwe zachitika posachedwa zomwe zidachitika: mayendedwe akumizinda, kukwera kwamitengo yamitengo komanso kusayenda bwino kwa ntchito kwa apaulendo. Pang'onopang'ono kusanthula ndi malingaliro adakula kuti aphatikize kusakhutira kwa tsiku ndi tsiku komwe anthu ambiri amamva. Ngakhale kuti panali kuvomereza kofala kuti ndalama zoyamba za banja zidakwera m'zaka khumi zapitazi za kukula kwachuma, olemba ndemanga za chikhalidwe cha anthu anayamba kuganizira za kuphatikizidwa kwachuma pogwiritsa ntchito mowa monga muzu wa kusakhutira, pamodzi ndi kulimbikira kwa kusiyana pakati pa anthu.
Pakuwunikaku, ndikufuna kuthana ndi mitundu yatsopano yotsutsa, kulinganiza, ndi kulimbikitsana kuchokera kumagulu amagulu a anthu. Mitundu yatsopanoyi idawonekera m'magulu ang'onoang'ono omenyera ufulu omwe amapangidwa makamaka ndi achinyamata omwe adayamba kukonzekera mu 2003, chaka chomwe Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva adatenga mphamvu. Mosiyana ndi zipani za ndale, mabungwe amalonda ndi mabungwe ena achikhalidwe omwe adakhazikitsidwa koyambirira kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu, magulu atsopanowa ndi ofunika kwambiri pakulimbikitsana kwa June chifukwa cha luso lawo lokonzekera kupitirira zochitika zawo, kuphatikizapo magulu akuluakulu a anthu pakulimbana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito. machitidwe ndi dongosolo lomwe limawasiyanitsa ndi magulu omwe adawatsogolera.
Nthawi zambiri, kufalitsa ndi kusanthula kwawayilesi kumakhala ndi mlandu wochulukitsa, nthawi zambiri kumapereka gawo lamatsenga ku "malo ochezera a pa Intaneti" polimbikitsa mamiliyoni a anthu mumsewu. "Ndi zala zazing'ono pama foni awo, achinyamata apita m'misewu padziko lonse lapansi kuti achite ziwonetsero, zolumikizidwa ndi malo ochezera a pa Intaneti," adatero Purezidenti wakale Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva. (Da Silva, 2013) "Kupitilira pazama TV, anthu alibe dongosolo," adatero Luiz Werneck Vianna wanzeru. (Vianna, 2013:9) Akatswiri ena adagwirizanitsa "kusintha kwa 2.0" ndi gulu latsopano lapakati ndipo adanena kuti nkhondo za June ku Brazil zimakhala mbali ya Arab Spring ndi Spanish. wokwiya (Cocco, 2013:17).
M'nkhaniyi ndikutsimikizira - mogwirizana ndi James C. Scott - kuti chinsinsi cha zomwe zikuchitika m'bwalo la anthu ndi kupezeka muzochita za tsiku ndi tsiku za magawo otchuka makamaka mu zomwe Scott amachitcha "malo obisika" kumene ogonjera kukulitsa nkhani zotsutsana ndi ulamuliro: “Mchitidwe wolimba mtima ndi wodzikuza umene unakhudza akuluakulu a boma mwinamwake unapitirizidwa pabwalo la anthu, koma zinali zitakonzedwa kwanthaŵi yaitali ndi zolembedwa zobisika za chikhalidwe ndi machitidwe a anthu.” (Scott, 2000:264) Kuganizira kwambiri zomwe zili kumbuyo ndi pansi pa gombe la ndale, akutero Scott, ndi sitepe yofunikira kumvetsetsa chikhalidwe chatsopano cha ndale. Mitundu yatsopano ya zionetsero ndikukonzekera ku Brazil zitha kumveka bwino ngati tiyang'anitsitsa machitidwe a magulu ang'onoang'ono omenyera ufulu omwe adapangidwa pazaka zopitilira khumi.
Kuti tipewe kubwerezabwereza, tiyeni tiyang'ane makamaka pa m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa zionetsero za June, ndi omwe akuphatikiza mitundu yatsopanoyi yadongosolo ndi zochita. The Movimento Passe Livre (Free Fare Movement, MPL) idakhala ngati chophulitsira ziwonetsero kuphulika kwakukulu kwa ziwonetsero mu Juni. MPL ndi yomwe idayambitsa ziwonetsero zoyamba zomwe zidaponderezedwa mwankhanza ndi apolisi zomwe zidadzetsa mkwiyo kwa anthu. Mabungwe ena ofunikira omwe akukhudzidwa ndi Comités Populares da Copa (Makomiti Otchuka a Mpikisano Wadziko Lonse), ndi Centro de Midia Independente (Indymedia Brazil, CMI) ndi Movimento dos Trabalhadores Sem Teto (Gulu la Opanda Pakhomo, MTST), komanso gawo lofunikira lomwe anthu ochita masewera a hip hop ku São Paulo komanso madera akumidzi.
Salvador, Florianópolis, Porto Alegre
Kuyambira pa Ogasiti 13 mpaka pakati pa Seputembala 2003, mzinda wa Salvador m’chigawo cha Bahia unagwedezeka chifukwa cha ziwonetsero zosalekeza za ophunzira masauzande ambiri otsutsa kukwera kwa mitengo ya basi kuchoka pa 1.30 kufika pa 1.50. zizindikiro. Anthu opitilira 40,000 adatseka misewu ndi misewu, kutseka njira zazikuluzikulu ndikuyimirira poyang'anizana ndi kuponderezedwa kwa apolisi. Kuchuluka kwa zionetserozo kunadziwika kuti Revolta ku Buzu (ponena za mabasi) ndipo imatengedwa kubadwa kwa kupita moyo kuyenda, ndi kufunikira kwake kwa mtengo wa basi waulere kwa ophunzira.
Anali gulu la ophunzira osauka ndi otsika apakati omwe ankakumana ndi zokwera mtengo zoyendera zomwe zinkaimira 30% ya malipiro ochepa. Mabungwe ovomerezeka a ophunzira, olekanitsidwa ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa ophunzira, sanachitepo kanthu polimbikitsa anthu. M'malo mwake linali gulu lopangidwa ndi anthu omwe sanachite nawo ziwonetsero ndipo adadziwika ndi kusinthika kwake mofulumira. Awa anali achichepere opanda chidziŵitso cha ndale koma ozoloŵera maulamuliro ovuta (kuzembera m’mabasi, kumangoyendayenda m’makona a misewu kumvetsera zimene akunena. pezani ndi kuvina samba) omwe anakana "utsogoleri" wa mabungwe a ophunzira ndi zipani za ndale, ndipo anali patsogolo pamisewu yotsutsana ndi apolisi. (Nascimento, 2011)
Unyinji wa ophunzirawo anakana mabungwe ovomerezeka omwe amati amawayimira, adapanga zisankho pamisonkhano yayikulu ndikugawana ntchito wamba. Misonkhanoyo inkachitikira m’misewu imene inafalikira mumzinda wonsewo, ndipo zosankhazo zinatengedwa mogwirizana. Misonkhanoyo inkagwira ntchito mosadukizadukiza ndipo ganizo lokhazikitsa makomiti linakanidwa, “kuletsa kupangidwa kwa boma latsopano la ophunzira m’makwalala.” (Nascimento, 2011: 9) Zomwe zimamva pakati pa ochita ziwonetsero zinali zoti atha kutaya pokhazikitsa zomwe adapambana m'misewu.
Komabe, mamembala a mabungwe asukulu "ovomerezeka" adadzitcha oyimira gululi ndipo adakambirana za mgwirizano ndi boma zomwe zidathandizira kuthetsa ziwonetserozo popanda kukwaniritsa cholinga chilichonse. (Saraiva, 2010: 65) Akatswiri osiyanasiyana amavomereza kuti ngakhale kuti zigawenga zamagulu akumanzere zinali ndi udindo wosonkhanitsa ziwonetsero zoyamba ku Salvador, gululo litakula kwambiri, zigawengazi zinasiyidwa pambali. (Nascimento, 2011)
Mofananamo, Campanha pelo Passe Livre Wophunzira (Kampeni Yaulere ya Ophunzira) idapangidwa ku Florianópolis kuyambira 2000 kupita mtsogolo, ngakhale kuti panalinso magulu ang’onoang’ono okhala ndi zofuna zofananazo ku São Paulo ndi mizinda ina. The Juventude Revolução (Revolutionary Youth) bungwe logwirizana ndi Worker's Party linayambitsa makampeni am'deralo okhudza nkhani ya malipiro aulere m'masukulu akusekondale ndipo adakonza ziwonetsero zazing'ono, zomwe zidatsogolera kukulimbikitsa ophunzira 15-20,000 mu 2004, mumzinda wa anthu 400,000. (Coletivo Maria Tonha, 2013)
Gulu lomenyera ufulu wa anthu lomwe lidayambitsa mayendedwe aulere adathamangitsidwa ku Juventude Revolução bungwe, chifukwa chofuna kudziyimira pawokha ku chipani pamaziko oti achinyamata "sayenera kuyang'aniridwa ndi gulu la akulu." (Coletivo Maria Tonha, 2013) Documentary Revolta ku Buzu Wolemba filimu waku Argentina Carlos Pronzato wokhudza kuwukira kwa Salvador komwe kunachitika pakati pa omenyera ufulu wawo, zomwe zidalimbikitsa magulu omwe akutuluka ku Florianópolis ndi mizinda ina. Mu Meyi 2004, boma la Florianópolis lidawonjezeranso mtengo wamayendedwe, omwe anali atakwera kale ndi 250% pazaka khumi zapitazi. Pambuyo pa masiku khumi a ziwonetsero zazikulu, kutsekereza milatho yolumikiza chilumbachi ndi dziko lalikulu la mzindawo panthawi yothamanga, ochita zionetserowo adakwanitsa kuyimitsa kukwera kwa ndalama. Kampeni yachindunji idatsagana ndi ziwonetsero zazikuluzikulu, pomwe ophunzira akukana kulipira basi, kudumphadumpha kapena kutsegula zitseko zakumbuyo za mabasi. Mofanana ndi zionetsero za ku Salvador, ophunzirawo anachita misonkhano ikuluikulu m’malo opezeka anthu ambiri. (Cruz ndi Alves, 2009)
Kudzera munkhani za omwe akutenga nawo mbali pazochitikazo, timamvetsetsa mitundu yatsopano ya zionetsero ndi madongosolo:
[Amene analipo pa zionetserozo anali] mazana a ophunzira a sekondale, magulu a anthu ochokera kumpoto ndi kumwera kwa chilumbachi, ophunzira a koleji, amayi, abambo, aphunzitsi, ochita zisudzo, ogwira ntchito za boma, mabungwe ogwira ntchito zamalonda ndi antchito ena. Ojambula ochokera ku gulu la hip hop, komanso marakati ndi capoeira magulu anamaliza magumbowo. Patapita masiku angapo misonkhano ikuluikulu imene inachitikira pabwalo la Avenida Paulo Fontes (lofikira ku Central Terminal, yaikulu kwambiri mu mzindawu), yotchedwa Uprising street, inali itakhazikika. Atsogoleri a anthu, oimira magulu okonzedwa, ndi anthu omwe sakugwirizana ndi bungwe kapena bungwe lililonse adatenga nawo mbali ndikuyankhula pamisonkhanoyi. Mayi wachikulire ankalankhula mokwiya za vuto linalake, ndipo mnyamata wina ankamufunsa kuti achitepo kanthu. Maziko a gululo anamangidwa pamenepo ndiyeno m’misonkhano ikuluikulu imeneyi. (Cruz ndi Alves, 2009)
Monga ku Salvador, mabungwe ophunzira ndi zipani zandale sanachite nawo gawo lalikulu ku Florianópolis. CMI, Indymedia yaku Brazil, inali yofunika kwambiri pofotokoza za ziwonetserozo komanso kupereka mwayi woti anthu ochita ziwonetsero azifuna komanso zokambirana zawo. Pamene magulu omwe analipo m'mizinda ingapo adaganiza zokhazikitsa bungwe ladziko lonse, CMI inagwira ntchito yaikulu pakugwirizanitsa magulu, zomwe zinayambitsa msonkhano woyamba wa Free Fare Movement pa 2005 World Social Forum ku Porto Alegre, popanda thandizo lililonse. zida. (Coletivo Maria Tonha, 2013)
M'mawa wa Januware 29, kutsutsa kutentha koopsa pansi pa mahema oyera a Intergalactika Caracol msasa wa achinyamata mkati mwa World Social Forum, achinyamata ambiri adayamba kupanga bwalo lopangidwa ndi Florianópolis MPL ndi CMI. Pazonse, omenyera ufulu wa 250 ochokera ku nthumwi khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi zochokera kumayiko makumi awiri adatenga nawo gawo. Msonkhanowo unayamba m'mawa, unapitirira masana onse ndipo unatha ndi mgwirizano wofunikira wapadziko lonse. Olimbikitsa achinyamata, azaka zapakati pa 15-25, ankasinthana kukambirana ndi pafupifupi aliyense womvetsera mwatcheru ndi kulemba manotsi; ochepa ankavala Pitani ku Livre t-shirts ndipo ena adavala malaya ofiira achikhalidwe cha Sem Terra.
Poganizira za msonkhano woyamba umenewo, otenga nawo mbali anatsindika kufunika kwa msonkhanowo, makamaka khalidwe lake lodzilamulira: "Tinkadziwa kuti sizinachitike chifukwa cha ndondomeko yadala ya bungwe lalikulu kapena bungwe, koma monga chosowa chapadera cha gululo - kufunika kokhazikitsa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wankhondo zosiyanasiyana zomwe zidapangidwa kale popanda bungwe lililonse kapena gulu lodziwika bwino pambuyo pawo. " (Pomar, 2005) Kuyambira pachiyambi, ochita ziwonetsero adazindikira kuti gululi lili ndi kuthekera kopitilira zomwe ophunzira amafunikira. Mayendedwe ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakupanganso mphamvu zogwirira ntchito ndi kusonkhanitsa ndalama, ndipo zikuyimira "gawo loyamba la kugulitsa mphamvu zantchito." Omenyera ufulu wa MPL adazindikira kuti zomwe akufuna zingakhudze "omwe ali ndi njira zopangira komanso kugulitsa zinthu." (Pomar, 2005)
Ndi kupangidwa kwa federal Free Fare Movement, National Plenary idavomereza chikalata chodzitcha "chodziyimira pawokha, chodziyimira pawokha komanso chopanda tsankho koma osati chotsutsana ndi zigawenga," kutanthauza kuti cholinga chake ndi "kusintha kwamalingaliro apano amayendedwe apamatauni, kukana kuganiza zamalonda zamayendedwe ndikuyamba kumenyera ufulu wamayendedwe amtundu wa anthu onse, osayendetsedwa ndi mabungwe aboma. ” (Movimento pelo Passe Livre, 2005) Mchitidwe wa gululo wochita zinthu molunjika, molunjika komanso wotsutsana ndi capitalism akufotokozedwa m'malemba apambuyo pake.
Malinga ndi a Marcelo Pomar, gulu la ophunzira lidasankha njira yogwirizana, kukana mabungwe ndi zipani, ndi zigamulo "pamapeto pake zomwe zidagwirizana mu National Plenary." Ngakhale pali zovuta zambiri zomwe zimachitika popanga zisankho mogwirizana, omenyera ufuluwo adawona kuti inali njira yoyenera kwambiri yoyendetsera "popeza kuti awa anali njira zoyambira pomanga gulu lotere." (Pomar, 2005)
Chikhalidwe chatsopano cha ndale
Mwanjira iyi, MPL idapangidwa ndi kupezeka m'mizinda ikuluikulu yaku Brazil, ndikuchitapo kanthu kwa zaka zingapo zikubwerazi. Komabe monga pafupifupi magulu onse a anthu ku Brazil, bungweli lidalowa m'nthawi ya reflux mkati mwazaka khumi, lisanabwererenso mwamphamvu kumapeto kwa zaka khumi. Koma kuti mumvetse bwino gulu liyenera kuyang'ana kupyola ziwonetsero ndi zonena zake zapagulu, ndikupita mozama mkati mwa dziko lake. Ndi maubwenzi otani omwe amakhazikitsidwa pakati pa omenyera ufulu? Kodi misonkhano ndi misonkhano imachitika bwanji? Kwenikweni, tiyenera kufufuza chikhalidwe cha kayendetsedwe kake kuti timvetsetse momwe dziko lapansi limawonera. M'lingaliro ili, tidzatsatira kusinthika kwa Free Fare Movement kupyolera muzochitika zake zazikulu ndi zokopa ndikufufuza zomwe zinkachitika mkati mwa kayendetsedwe kake; mwa kuyankhula kwina, kuyang'ana pa maubwenzi a maso ndi maso pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa kayendetsedwe kake.
Kutsatira kukhazikitsidwa kwake, Free Fare Movement inakonza zochitika masiku angapo ndikuchita Msonkhano Wachiwiri Wadziko Lonse mu July 2005 ku Campinas. Pamsonkhano wamasiku atatu uwu, timagulu ting'onoting'ono tambiri tamanzere, Revolucionário Operario ndi ndi Construção Socialismo adayesa kusintha zisankho zomwe adagwirizana ku Porto Alegre zokhudzana ndi horizontalism ndi kudziyimira pawokha. Zinali kusuntha komwe anthu ambiri adawona ngati kuyesa kugwirizanitsa gulu loyambitsa komanso kutsogolera msonkhanowo kuti utsimikizenso malo ake okhudzana ndi horizontalism ndi kudziyimira pawokha: "gululi limapangidwa kudzera mu mgwirizano wamagulu" ndi gulu la federal koma palibe mgwirizano, zomwe amakhulupirira kuti zikanayambitsa dongosolo la maudindo mu kayendetsedwe kake. (Passe Livre, 2005a)
Pa Okutobala 26, Gulu la Free Fare Movement lidaitanitsa tsiku lokumbukira kukhazikitsidwa kwa malipiro aulere kwa ophunzira ku Florianópolis, tsiku lomwe lidadziwika kuti Tsiku Ladziko Lonse la Kulimbana Kwaulere. Chochitikacho chinachitika m'mizinda khumi ndi itatu kuphatikizapo ziwonetsero zitatu ku São Paulo ndipo adayambitsa nyuzipepala ya dziko lonse yomwe imagawidwa m'mizinda khumi. Ziwonetserozi zidachokera pa anthu 100 mpaka 500 ndipo m'mizinda ina ochita ziwonetsero adawotcha ziwonetsero. (Passe Livre, 2005b) Chaka chotsatira, Msonkhano Wachiwiri Wadziko Lonse unachitika 28-30 July ku MST Florestan Fernandes National School, ku São Paulo. Unali msonkhano wofunikira, kuphatikiza kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake kakufuna ndalama zaulere kwa anthu onse, osati ophunzira okha.
Omenyera ufulu zana limodzi ndi makumi asanu ndi limodzi ochokera m'magulu 13 adatenga nawo gawo pamsonkhanowu, ndikupanga dongosolo la federal potengera mfundo za horizontalism, kudziyimira pawokha, kudziyimira pawokha komanso kupanga zisankho mogwirizana. Iwo adagwirizana kuti akhazikitse magulu ogwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi kulankhulana, bungwe ndi chithandizo chalamulo komanso gulu lophunzira pa nkhani za mayendedwe. Mmodzi mwa opezekapo anali mainjiniya Lúcio Gregori, Secretary of Transport ku São Paulo kuyambira 1990 mpaka 1992 mu oyang'anira tauni a mtsogoleri wa chipani cha Worker's Party a Luiza Erundina. Gregori anali ndi lingaliro lakuti zoyendera ziyenera kukhala zogwirira ntchito za boma kotero kuti zaulere. Ananena kuti kuyambira pomwe mtengo wamalipiritsa, njira imakhazikitsidwa kuti igawanitse omwe angagwiritse ntchito ndi omwe sangathe, motero, kukhazikitsidwa kwa mtengo kumayimira kukhazikitsidwa kwa chinthu chomwe chili chodziwika kwa onse, zoyendera zapagulu. Ananenanso kuti monga momwe thanzi ndi maphunziro zilili ntchito zaboma zaulere, momwemonso ndalama zoyendera ziyenera kulipidwa ndi omwe amapindula ndi ntchitoyo, "olamulira omwe amafunikira zoyendera zapagulu kuti ogwira ntchito akafike kuntchito." (Movimento Passe Livre, 2006)
Panthawiyi, gululi linadutsa kusintha kwakukulu. Pa nthawiyi, MPL inali itakhazikitsa kale gulu la feduro popanda kuthandizidwa ndi mabungwe ndi kukhazikitsa mkangano pankhani zamayendedwe pakati pa anthu. Ngakhale zinali choncho, nkhondoyo inafika poipa, magulu a anthu ambiri anali ofooka ndipo ena omenyera ufulu wawo anadzimva kuti akugonja chifukwa sanapambane zofuna zawo. Chiyambi cha gululi chidayamba kutsutsana ndikuphatikiza kusintha kwa njira kuchokera pakufuna "ndalama zaulere" za ophunzira mpaka "ziro zolipirira" kwa onse.
Ku Brasilia (anthu 2.5 miliyoni) MPL idakhazikitsa gulu la anthu 40-80. Pambuyo pa 2006, mkati mwa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri popanda kuwonjezeka kwa mtengo, chiwerengerocho chinagwera kwa omenyera 8-20. Adachita zinthu zamitundu itatu: "zochita zolunjika pamsewu, kudziwitsa anthu zamayendedwe apagulu komanso kusamuka kwamatauni, kuyang'ana kwambiri gulu, mtundu ndi jenda, ndikukakamiza boma kuti lipereke ndalama zaulere komanso ziro." (Zibechi, 2013) Magulu ang'onoang'ono omenyera ufuluwa anali ndi ophunzira achichepere odzipereka kwambiri omwe amasamala kwambiri zomwe amachita, monga kukhala ndi kampu yophunzitsira anthu omenyera ufulu wa mwezi umodzi mu 2001, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale maukonde olimba kwambiri omwe ali ndi mphamvu zamkati. (Duques, 2013: 3)
Pakukhazikitsidwa kwa Free Fare Movement mu 2005, omenyera ufuluwo adajambula masukulu akusekondale amtawuniyi ndipo mokonzekera bwino adachita zokambirana zambiri. (Saraiva, 2010:68) Ntchito ya tsiku ndi tsiku ya gulu lirilonse inali ndi misonkhano ya mlungu ndi mlungu kapena iwiri, magulu osiyanasiyana a ntchito zapadera ndi magulu ang'onoang'ono, okhazikika, omwe amalumikizana pafupifupi tsiku ndi tsiku pakati pa omenyera ufulu wawo. Zina mwazochita za Free Fare Movement zinali zisudzo za mumsewu ndi nyimbo, kuvina ndi zisudzo, zomwe zimakhudza nthawi yayitali yokonzekera.
Mfundo apa ndi yoti ufulu wodziyimira pawokha umafunikira kudzipereka kwakukulu kuposa momwe anthu amaganizira ngati mamembala a zipani zandale. Kuphatikiza apo, zonse ziyenera kuchitidwa popanda thandizo la mabungwe kotero zimadalira kwambiri ntchito zamagulu ndi luso. Magulu amphamvu okhulupirirana ndi ogwirizana amawonekera m'magulu ophatikizanawa, mpaka magulu ena omenyera ufulu wawo amawonedwa ngati midzi. Omenyera ufulu nthawi zambiri amagawana nyumba kapena kukhala m'dera lomwelo ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo omwewo, ndipo kukhalirana kumeneku ndi chinthu champhamvu cholumikizana chomwe chimasokoneza mzere pakati paubwenzi ndi zigawenga, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ubale womwe umatsimikiziridwa ndi misonkhano yosiyanasiyana yachigawo kapena feduro. Mosakayikira, moyo wankhondo uwu umayendera limodzi ndi chikhalidwe chokhazikika chomwe sichilekanitsa mawu ndi zochita, munthu payekha komanso gulu, kapena opanga zisankho ndi omenyera ufulu. Ndi njira yochitira zinthu zomwe zikutsutsana ndi chikhalidwe cha ndale cha hegemonic, kuphatikizapo zipani zakumanzere.
Munthawi ya reflux mu 2006, "gululi lidalowa m'njira yovuta komanso yokhazikika yosinkhasinkha, kuyesa kumvetsetsa komwe "alephera" polimbana ndi mitengo. (Saraiva, 2010:70) Mkati mwa São Paulo Free Fare Movement, mwachitsanzo, anthu adawona kuti kulephera kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa 2006 komanso kusowa kwa malingaliro amomwe angapitirizire kulimbanaku kudakhudza kwambiri mkati: atatopa, anthu angapo adachoka ndipo gululo lidayambanso kukonzanso. ” (Legume ndi Toledo, 2011) Nthawi imeneyi inapitirira mpaka mu 2010, ndipo inkasiyana m’madera osiyanasiyana.
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira ya "zero fare" kunali kusintha kumodzi kokha. Zosintha zina zidatsata, kuyambira pakukulitsa maziko ake odziwika mpaka kukulitsa chikhalidwe chake chodana ndi chikapitalisti. Kusiya mawu akuti "ndalama yaulere" inalinso njira yopitilira gulu la ophunzira ndikutsata zofuna zomwe zidaphatikizapo anthu onse. Kutengera upangiri waukadaulo kuchokera kwa zigawenga monga mainjiniya Lúcio Gregori komanso kupanga magulu ophunzirira adalola Free Fare Movement kukulitsa chidziwitso chawo pazamayendedwe ndi mzindawu, komanso kumvetsetsa zotsatira zandale za mizinda yopatukana malinga ndi malo komanso mitundu. Gululi lidayamba kudziyika m'mbiri yakale yamavuto amphamvu ndi kuwukira kokwera mtengo kuchokera ku 1974 mpaka 1981 ku Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Baixada Flauminense, ndi mizinda ya satelesi ya Brasilia ndi Salvador. (Filgueiras, 1981, Ferreira, 2008) Zonsezi zinalola kuti Free Fare Movement ikhale malo ofotokozera mkangano wamayendedwe ndi lingaliro la "ufulu wakumzinda" lomwe ndiye maziko a "zero fare."
Kusintha kwachiwiri kwa MPL pakukulitsa chikhalidwe cha anthu kunali ndi tanthauzo lakuya chifukwa kumakhudzana ndi momwe gululi likukhalira, motero, momwe oponderezedwa. ndikumverera kuponderezana. Ku Brasilia, "kuyambira 2007 mpaka 2008, MPL inawonjezera ntchito m'masukulu a sekondale ndi m'madera ozungulira," akufotokoza motero Paíque Duques Lima. (Zibechi, 2013) Ku São Paulo, MPL "inawona kufunikira kosintha magawo awo a ntchito, kuyamba ntchito m'madera ena, makamaka kumadera akumwera", gawo losauka kwambiri la mzindawu. (Legume ndi Toledo, 2011) Komabe, pamene anayamba kugwira ntchito m’matauni anapeza kuti anthu anali atakonzedwa kale m’mabungwe a anthu, zipani za ndale, ndi mabungwe omwe siaboma akukana kuthamangitsidwa m’nyumba chifukwa cha nkhani zongoyerekezera za malo ndi malo ndi World Cup ya 2014. Awa anali madera omwe amayang'aniranso nkhani zamankhwala am'deralo. Monga a Paíque Duques waku Brasilia adanenera, "MPL idatsata njira za Comitês Populares de la Copa (Popular Committees of the World Cup),” amene panthaŵiyi “anali atayamba kukhala ndi mphamvu m’nkhondo zonse za m’deralo.” (Zibechi, 2013)
Njira yogwirira ntchito m'madera ozungulira inasintha mbiri ya kayendetsedwe kake. Ngati kulinganiza m'madera a São Paulo kunapereka kuvomerezeka kwakukulu kwa ndale ku Free Fare Movement, ku Brasilia kunali kusintha kwenikweni mkati mwa kayendetsedwe ka kalasi ndi mtundu. Ngati oyambitsa oyambirira anali makamaka achinyamata oyera apakati ndi otsika apakati, pambuyo pa 2008, panali kuchuluka kwa "achinyamata ochokera kumidzi yozungulira Brasilia" (Guara, Taguatinga, São Sebastião, Ceilandia ndi Samambaia) komanso mabanja osauka ndi akuda. anthu. (Saraiva, 2010:85) Awa anali anthu omwe sanathe kupeza “malo awo” m’mabungwe ovomerezeka, kaya akhale chipani chotsalira, bungwe la mgwirizano kapena bungwe la ophunzira.
Chidziwitso cha gululi, kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, chimayikidwa motsutsana ndi gulu la kuponderezana: kalasi, jenda, mtundu, ndipo ngakhale sizikuwonekeratu, zaka. M'malo mwake, gululi limatsutsana ndi kuponderezana kwamtundu uliwonse, ndipo kudzera muzochita zake limayesetsa kupewa kugawikana kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ogwira ntchito ndi amuna kapena akazi komanso mtundu wa khungu. Kupyolera mu zolemba zake, Free Fare Movement imayamba kusonyeza kudzipereka kwa osauka, anthu amitundu, amayi ndi omwe alibe mwayi wopita kumudzi. Anthu amitundu, (akuda, a bulauni, a mestizo) adayamba kulowa nawo gululi, pozindikira kuti mu Free Fare Movement palinso nkhondo yofanana ndi kusankhana mitundu, komanso chifukwa omenyera ufulu wakuda mkati mwa MPL adatenga nawo gawo polimbana ndi tsankho.i
Pamene magulu a anthu akumidzi aku Brazil adayamba kuyambiranso mu 2010, MPL idadzikhazikitsa kale ngati bungwe ladziko lonse m'mizinda ikuluikulu, ndi mgwirizano wamadzimadzi ndi magulu ena a anthu komanso liwu pa zokambirana zapagulu za kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka anthu. Inali ndi zikwizikwi za omenyera nkhondo ophunzitsidwa bwino komanso odziwa zambiri omwe mzaka zisanu zachiwonetsero adapanga mazana a zochitika zapamsewu (kuyambira kuwuluka mpaka ziwonetsero za anthu 10,000), ntchito zanyumba zapagulu, ntchito zamalo okwerera mabasi ndi zotchinga misewu, komanso kukonza njira zawo zolumikizirana. zofalitsa zofikira mazana masauzande a anthu aku Brazil. Ngakhale akadali gulu laling'ono, silinali laling'ono, monga zikuwonetseredwa ndi kutenga nawo mbali kwa anthu odziwika bwino monga meya wakale wa São Paulo, Luiza Erundina, panthawi yotsegulira kampeni ya Zero Fare mu 2011.ii
Pamene mawonekedwe a machitidwe adadutsa malire a kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake, adatengedwa ndi magulu ena ofanana ndi mayendedwe. Paíque Duques akuwonetsa kuti "kupangidwa kwa MPL kunayambitsa chikhalidwe cha ndale chomwe chinapitilira kupambana kwawo" chifukwa zochitika zawo m'bungwe zidakhudza anthu omwe akugwira nawo ntchito zina zopitirira zoyendera anthu (Duques, 2013: 7). Chikhalidwe chatsopanochi chakulimbana ndi bungwe chinachitika kutali ndi magulu okhazikitsidwa kapena maphwando, m'malo odziimira okhaokha; malo amene nkhani zobisika zimakula ndipo miyambo yosagwirizana imapangidwa, monga momwe James C. Scott ananenera. Mwa kupenda unansi wa malo a anthu ndi nkhani zobisika, Scott akugogomezera kuchepetsedwa kwa malire pakati pa chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe, opezeka m’magulu onga ngati Free Fare Movement: “Mofanana ndi chikhalidwe chotchuka, nkhani zobisika sizimakhalapo monga lingaliro loyera; umakhalapo pokhapokha ngati umachitidwa, kufotokozedwa, kulongosoledwa ndi kufalitsidwa m’malo ochezeka.” (Scott, 2000:149)
Komabe, Free Fare Movement sikungowonetsera chikhalidwe cha achinyamata / opanduka komanso zikhalidwe za anthu okhala m'madera ozungulira. Ndi "bungwe lomwe lili ndi mfundo ndi malingaliro anzeru", monga momwe zidawonekera pamsonkhano wachiwiri womwe unachitika mu Julayi 2005 ku Campinas (De Moura, 2005). Ndi gulu lomwe linapangidwa, malinga ndi a Duques, monga "gulu la anti-capitalists omwe ali ndi njira zogwirira ntchito zotsutsana ndi ulamuliro komanso mgwirizano wamalonda kapena msika." (Duques, 2013:19) Zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zimasonkhana pamodzi mumtsuko wa bungwe, kuchokera ku hip hop ndi chikhalidwe chodziwika mpaka ku bungwe lotsogolera ku Brazil lotsutsa, Movimento dos Trabalhadores Sem Terra (Rural Landless Movement, MST). MPL imatengeranso kudzoza kuchokera ku Zapatistas ndi mayendedwe ena odana ndi kufalikira kwa dziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale kuti sichinaphunziridwe mwatsatanetsatane, lingaliro ndiloti palibe chikhalidwe chimodzi chomwe chimakhala chambiri m'magulu osiyanasiyana omwe ali ndi MPL.
Ndondomeko ndi ndondomeko zimachokera mkati mwa kayendetsedwe kake komweko, zomwe zinapangidwa ndi mikangano yayitali komanso zochitika zotsogola kutsogolo kwa zigawenga ku Salvador ndi Florianópolis. Leo Vinicius, womenyera ufulu komanso wolemba ku Florianópolis Free Fare Movement akufotokoza momwe utsogoleri umagwirira ntchito panthawi yachisokonezo:
Ndikakamba za Utsogoleri Ine sindikutanthauza kulamula ndi kumvera, kapena chinyengo cha unyinji. Ndikukamba za gulu lomwe likuganiza, kukonzekera, kukambirana ndi kuphunzira za chikhalidwe cha anthu okhudzana ndi kupanduka kotchuka komanso nkhani za tsiku ndi tsiku za kuwukirako, kuti akwaniritse zosowa za gulu [ ... ] Zabwino kwambiri komanso zopambana. Utsogoleri wothekera pamilandu iyi ndi womwe umamvetsetsa momwe angayikitsire machitidwe odziyimira pawokha omwe amapangidwa ndikupangidwa ndi kulimbikitsana kwa anthu. (Vinicius, 2005:60-61)
Tikuchita ndiye ndi magulu apansi omwe ali ndi ofufuza ankhondo kapena akatswiri-anzeru omwe ali ndi luso lokonzekera ndikugwira ntchito ndi magulu otchuka, kuti azindikire mapulojekiti ndi njira zomangira gulu la anthu lomwe limalimbikitsa kusintha kuchokera pansi. Izi ndi zinthu zomwe zimatilola kulankhula za chikhalidwe chatsopano cha ndale ku Brazil m'zaka khumi zoyambirira za zana lino; chikhalidwe chatsopano chakulimbana ndi bungwe, chophatikizidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati omwe adawonekera pagulu panthawi ya kuphulika kwakukulu m'misewu mu June 2013.
Ndemanga:
ndi. Malinga ndi ndemanga za Paíque Duques Lima wofunsidwa ndi wolemba.
ii. Ku Brasilia kokha, kunali anthu 200-300 omwe anali okhudzidwa kwambiri. Kubwera kosalekeza ndi kupita kwa anthu kunathandizira kufalikira kwa chikhalidwe cha ndale kumadera ena a anthu.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama