Zaka makumi asanu zankhondo zinapangitsa zinthu kuipiraipira. Eni minda anagula malo ochulukirachulukira, kuwachotsa ndi kuwalanda alimi ndi mphamvu. Kunyanyala ntchito zaulimi komwe kunayamba mu Ogasiti kunali kwakuti “Kwakwanira! ya gawo lomwe silidzapiriranso.
“Tili pakati pa zowawa za pobereka za cholengedwa chatsopano chimene chakhala chikubeta kwa zaka 50,” analemba motero Alfredo Molano Bravo, katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu, mlembi ndiponso mmodzi wa atolankhani ozindikira ndi odzipereka kwambiri ku Colombia.[1] Akunena kuti kusonkhanitsa anthu ambiri m'midzi ndi m'mizinda "si kanthu kena koma zofuna zomwe zatsitsidwa, ndikuponderezedwa ndi zipolopolo, kwa zaka zambiri."
Kuyambira pa Aug. 19, sitiraka yaulimi yadziko lonse yomwe idalimbikitsa alimi ang'onoang'ono zikwizikwi m'dziko lonselo adakumana ndi oyendetsa magalimoto, ogwira ntchito m'minda ya khofi, ogwira ntchito kumigodi ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati, komanso opanga zakudya osiyanasiyana. Amatuluka muvuto lalikulu lomwe likuwakakamiza kusiya nthaka ndi mbewu zomwe avutikira kusamalira.
Kuphatikizika kwa zofuna ndi zionetsero sikuli kwatsopano. Tikuwonanso zofotokozera za ochita zisudzo kudzera mu Roundtable on Agricultural and Popular Sector Dialogue and Agreements (MIA, yolembedwa ndi zilembo zake za Chisipanishi). Magawo omwe nthawi zambiri alibe maubwenzi apamtima adatha kuvomereza zomwe akufuna ndikukhazikitsa masiku omwe amatsutsa.
Kuyankha koyamba kwa boma la Juan Manuel Santos kunali kupondereza. Mawu ochokera ku National Agricultural, Peasant, and Popular Sector Summit akuwonetsa kuti kuponderezanaku kudapangitsa kuti anthu khumi ndi awiri afa, anayi adasowa, 660 kuphwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe, 262 kumangidwa mopanda chilungamo, 485 kuvulala (21 ndi mfuti), milandu 52 ya atsogoleri achikhalidwe akuzunzidwa komanso kuwopseza, ndi 51 kuukira mosasankha anthu.[2]
Kulimbikira kwakulimbikitsana kwa mwezi wathunthu komanso kupanda pake kwa kuponderezana kuti aletse izi zidatsimikizira Purezidenti Santos zakufunika kokambirana "Pangano Ladziko Lonse la Kulima ndi Kutukuka Kumidzi." Zokambirana pa Seputembara 12, koma sizinaphatikizepo onse omwe ali nawo. Asanachite izi, Santos adakakamizika kukonzanso nduna yake, zomwe zidawulula kuzama kwa mayendedwe - zomwe Colombia idawonapo zaka zambiri.
Aliyense wotsutsana ndi mgwirizano wa Free Trade Agreement (TLC)
Mtolankhaniyo anayenda pabasi mumsewu wochokera ku Cali kupita ku Popayán, chigwa chachikulu chodzaza ndi nzimbe. Pa nthawi ina, podutsa m'mapiri kumene kampasino mbewu itayamba kuwonekera basi inangoyima. Malongosoledwe a Molano ndi amtengo wapatali: "Ndinayang'ana pawindo ndikuwona mazana akuda alimi kulumpha mipanda, kubwera pansi pa mapiri Kumadzulo. Onse anali kukuwa ndi kugwedeza ndodo zazitali.”
Kudutsa msewu, zochitika zinali zofanana. “Kudabwa kwanga sikunathe pamene ndinawona kuti anthu amtundu wamba akutsika kutsidya lina la msewu, mwanjira yomweyo, ngakhale kuti anali olimba mtima pang’ono. Mwinamwake chifukwa cha mchitidwe umene akhala nawo polanda Panamerican Highway. Mitsinjeyo inasakanizana ndi kuwoloka magalimoto. Anatsitsa matayala ndikutilamula ife, omwe anali amantha komanso omvera, kuti titsike, chifukwa "la joda (the blockade) zimatenga nthawi. ”[3]
Malongosoledwe ake amavumbula zosalingalirika. Anthu akuda amachokera kumadera a migodi, kumene golide wakhala akusungidwa kwa zaka mazana anayi. Zaka zingapo zapitazo kumanga dziwe lopangira magetsi kunawatengera malo ndi migodi.
"Tsopano, ofukula zakale akugwira ntchito m'mitsinje yosweka ndipo magulu ankhondo amabwerera kudzayenda, kufesa mantha kuti anthu am'deralo avomereze kulowa kwamakampani akuluakulu amigodi," adatero Molano.
Anthu a ku Nasa adapita kumsewu kukafuna malo oti azilamulira madera awo. Pazogulitsa zawo, amafuna kuti abwereke ngongole, kuthetsedwa kwa maulamuliro azaulimi, misewu yotengera zokolola zawo, ndi kuchotsedwa kwankhondo m'derali. Ndipo amafuna “malonda aulere a mbewu za makolo awo,” ndiko kuti, mchitidwe wazaka chikwi wogawana mbewu zopulumutsidwa, zomwe masiku ano zikulangidwa ndi kutsekeredwa m’ndende chifukwa cha TLC.
Mbali yodziwika kwambiri ya nkhaniyi ndi kusakanikirana kwa magulu a anthu amtundu wa Afro-America, zomwe sizinachitike kawirikawiri ku kontinenti ino, koma zimakhala ndi zochitika m'mayiko omwewa. Mu October 2008, Minga[4] kwa Life March a 20,000 NASA kuchokera ku Cali kupita ku Bogotá adagwirizana ndi kumenyedwa kwa anthu odula nzimbe zikwi khumi ndi ziwiri, pafupifupi onse ochokera ku Africa. Tsopano, kusonkhana kumeneko kwachuluka.
César Pachón, wolankhulira alimi a mbatata ndi anyezi ku Boyacá, dipatimenti yakufupi ndi Bogotá, akufotokoza zomwe zidapangitsa kuti anthu ayambe kunyanyala ntchito pa Ogasiti 19.
“Tidachita nawo sitiraka ya mbatata pa Meyi 7. Tidachitanso chimodzi ndi olima anyezi pa Nov. 16, 2011. Tidasiya sitalaka yam'mbuyomu chifukwa cha malonjezo aboma, omwe sanakwaniritsidwe. Tsopano tikukana. "[5] Pachón ikuimira Dignity for the Potato and Onion Growers of Boyacá, bungwe la mabanja oposa 110,000 omwe amadalira kulima mbatata ndi alimi ena 17,000 a anyezi. Akafunsidwa za zomwe zimayambitsa ulova, sakayikira.
"Zowopsa za mapangano a malonda aulere omwe adavomerezedwa ndi maulamuliro awiri apitawa, kukwera mtengo kwazinthu zomwe zimakweza mtengo wopangira, [ndi] kusowa kwa gulu lazaulimi lomwe limateteza alimi ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati kuti asatengeredwe moletsedwa." Akufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane kuwonongeka kwa opanga ang'onoang'ono. "Kupanga katundu wolemera ma kilogalamu 100 a mbatata kumawononga 70,000-75,000 pesos. Timagulitsa katunduyo pa 25,000. Zimawononga 65,000 pesos kupanga katundu wa anyezi 65,000 pesos, ndipo amagulitsidwa 10,000. Chiyambireni ndondomeko ya ufulu wachuma pazachuma, tataya zonse zomwe tidapeza pa moyo wathu wonse. Ndinagulitsa nyumba ndi famu ya banja langa ndipo tsopano ndili ndi galimoto basi. Kodi ndingabwezere bwanji ngongole ndikugula zida zaulimi? Zachitika kwa ine, zikuchitika kwa aliyense. ”
Luis Gonzaga Cadavid wochokera ku bungwe la Dignity for Coffee Growers ku dipatimenti ya Caldas akufotokoza kuti mabanja a 36,000 omwe amalima khofi m'derali "sakukhutira ndi ndondomeko za boma ndi National Coffee Growers Federation," chifukwa cha mitengo yotsika ya khofi komanso ya khofi. "mopanda demokalase momwe zisankho zokhuza gawo la khofi zimapangidwira." Mu February, adayamba sitiraka chifukwa mtengo wa khofi unatsika ndi theka. Iwo ali ndi zofuna zinayi: amazilamulira mitengo ndi athandizira zipangizo kuti monopolized ndi mabungwe anayi mayiko; kuyang'anira migodi m'madera a khofi, monga kuloledwa kwa ufulu wa migodi kumasokoneza kupanga khofi; demokalase ya Federation; ndi kupanga malipiro a ngongole kumabanki kukhala osinthika.
Kulumikizana kwa zisudzo ndi kodabwitsa. Olima khofi, mbatata, koko, mpunga, mkaka, anyezi, nyemba, phala ndi nyemba, nzimbe, zipatso za citrus, ndi maluwa odulidwa asonkhana pamodzi m'magulu ang'onoang'ono ndi apakati omwe amalima osayimiriridwa ndi mabungwe akuluakulu a olemba ntchito ndipo tsopano ali m'magulu ochepa. ambulera ya Ulemu Wadziko Laulimi
Kusintha Kosi
Pamgwirizano wochititsa chidwi umenewo, tiyenera kuwonjezera oyendetsa galimoto ndi ogwira ntchito kumigodi. Kunyanyala kwa migodi kunayamba pa July 17 ndi mndandanda wa zikhalidwe zisanu ndi zinayi, pakati pawo "kuvomereza mwalamulo migodi yaing'ono ndi yapakatikati"; kuti malamulo atsopano a migodi afotokozedwe; kutha kwa ntchito za apolisi ndi zankhondo; kulemekeza Afro ndi midzi; ndi kuletsa kusamutsidwa kwa ziphaso za minda kumakampani a migodi amitundu yambiri. Pambuyo pa masiku 48 akunyanyala ntchito ndi zionetsero za ochita migodi 58,000 m'madipatimenti 18, boma ndi National Mining Confederation of Colombia (Conalminercol) adagwirizana kuti, mwa zina, azindikire "malo ogwirira ntchito kwa anthu ogwira ntchito m'migodi ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati" omwe adzakhazikitsidwe mwalamulo. lamulo lomwe limawalola "kukhalabe ndi ufulu wogwira ntchito."[6]
Oyendetsa magalimotowa apumitsa magalimoto pafupifupi 250,000 kuyambira pa Ogasiti 19, ndikufuna kuti tebulo lawo lonyamula katundu, lomwe limakhazikitsa mitengo yomwe eni ake amayenera kulipira poyendera, alemekezedwe. Ziwonetserozi zidathandizidwa ndi Central Workers Union (CUT), National Agrarian Coordination (CNA), Colombian Trucking Association (ACC), Alliance for the Right to Health (ANSA), Colombian Federation of Education Workers, National Student Board (MANE) , ndi Association of Hospital Workers, pakati pa ena. [7] Iwo achita ziwonetsero zapadziko lonse akugwedeza miphika ndi mapoto pothandizira magulu omwe akumenyana, ndipo adatsutsa Sept. 11 ndi 12 pa Msonkhano wa National Agricultural, Peasant, and Popular Sector Summit.
Gululi linayamba mu February, ndi zionetsero za alimi a khofi 130,000, chenjezo lalikulu lomwe boma silinaganizirepo. Mu June chionetsero cha anthu wamba zikwi zambiri chinabuka ku Catatumbo (Kumpoto kwa Santander, kufupi ndi malire ndi Venezuela). Iwo anakana “kuthetsedwa kwa mbewu za koka kumene kunali kosagwirizana” ndi anthu a m’deralo.[8] M'mwezi wa Ogasiti, magawo onse adalumikizana kuti abweretse madandaulo awo ndikufunsa kuti achitepo kanthu, chifukwa chosowa mayankho. Pokakamizidwa, boma linaganiza zokambirana ndi gawo lililonse padera. Idapanga ??zololeza zomwe zithetse njira kudutsa dziko lonselo. Sizidzakhala zophweka kwa iwo kukwaniritsa malonjezo awo, monga momwe alimi a khofi amadziwira, omwe akhala akudikirira kuyambira March watha kuti boma ligwirizane ndi mapangano awo.
Héctor Mondragón, katswiri wazachuma komanso mlangizi wamayendedwe a anthu wamba ndi amwenye, akupereka zifukwa zisanu zomvetsetsa zovuta zomwe zikuvutitsa chuma chaulimi chomwe ndi maziko a ziwonetsero zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano. Yoyamba ndi ya Free Trade Agreement (TLC) ndi United States yomwe imalola kuitanitsa zinthu zaulimi zothandizidwa ndi mayiko ena komanso kukhazikitsa malamulo osayenera azamaluntha omwe “amasokoneza ufulu wa alimi kuti aberekenso mbewu zawo.”[9] Zolemba zolembedwa ndi director Victoria Solano zamutu wakuti "9.70" zikufalikira ku Colombia komanso padziko lonse lapansi. Imasanthula chigamulo 9.70 chovomerezeka mu TLC, chomwe chimalepheretsa alimi kuika pambali gawo la zokolola zawo kuti abzalenso. Chifukwa cha chigamulo chimenecho, matani a mpunga anagwidwa ndi kuwonongedwa m’tauni yolima mpunga yotchedwa Campoalegre (dipatimenti ya Huila).[10]
Vuto lachiwiri la Mondragón ndi "kuwonongeka kwa mabungwe aulimi." Colombia ikufunika bungwe lamphamvu lazaulimi m'boma, akutsutsa, kuti akonzekere msika waulimi, kutsimikizira mitengo yocheperako, ndi kuletsa alimi kulowa m'ngongole kudzera pa chiwongola dzanja chokwera. Amaunikiranso kulanda malo. “Mahekitala oposa 16 miliyoni oyenerera ulimi akutayidwa m’manja mwa eni malo aakulu, zomwe zikuchititsa Colombia kukhala ndi mitengo yapamwamba kwambiri ya malo ku Latin America yense,” akutero Mondragón. Mfundo yakuti nkhondoyi yachititsa kuti “afulumire kulanda kapena kusamutsa malo amene alimi amalimidwa kale” ndi vuto lalikulu kwambiri.
Ufulu wa wamba
Chiyambireni kumasula chuma mu 1990, ulimi wa chimanga watsika kuchoka pa mahekitala 700,000 kufika pa 200,000; tirigu kuchokera pa 60,000 kufika pa 5,000 okha; mpunga wothirira kuchokera pa mahekitala 330,000 mpaka 140,000. Kuyambira 2010, mbatata yatsika kuchokera ku mahekitala 150,000 kufika mahekitala 90,000; ulimi wa nyemba unadulidwa pakati.[11]
Palibe amene angakayikire kuti vuto lalikulu limeneli likukhudza kampasino mabanja. Komabe, chimake cha vuto laulimi chili kwina. Pakati pa zofuna za campesino -gawo lomwe limawerengera 32% ya anthu mdziko muno-yanenanso mfundo yawo yachitatu: "Tikufuna kuzindikiridwa kampasino, indigenous, and Afro-descendent territory” ndipo amayitanitsa “kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi kugawa malire a Campesino Reserve Zones (ZRC)”.[12]
Ma ZRC adakhazikitsidwa mchaka cha 1994 ndi Law 160, yomwe imalimbikitsa "kuwongolera, kuletsa ndi kuyang'anira katundu wakumidzi, komanso kuthetsa kulanda malo osalimidwa ndi kulimbikitsa kulimbikitsa. kampasino zing'onozing'ono ndikuletsa kuwonongeka kwa kampasino chuma." [13] Mwachidule, lamulo linkafuna kuteteza kampasino motsutsana ndi kusokonekera kwa eni malo akuluakulu. Mpaka pano ma ZRC asanu ndi limodzi apangidwa, omwe ali "m'malire a malire a zaulimi, m'madera omwe akukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nkhondo, makamaka kulibe maboma."[14] Mabungwe a anthu wamba anapempha mwachindunji zambiri mwa izi, kuti athetse chiwawa. Kuyambira 2002 kufika kwa Álvaro Uribe kuboma, kukhazikitsidwa kwa madera otere kwaletsedwa.
Ngakhale kuti lamuloli limagwira ntchito mokomera anthu wamba, a ZRC "amanyozedwa ndi asitikali, eni malo, ndi mabwana andale," monga Alfredo Molano amanenera. Kukhazikitsa ndi kukonza madera ndiye vuto la kugawa mphamvu zandale. Pachifukwa chimenechi, msonkhano wa Political Declaration of National Agricultural, Peasant, and Popular Sector Summit (womwe unakonzedwa pa Sept. 12 ku Universidad Nacional ku Bogotá) unati: “Timamenyera ufulu wa anthu wamba pa ndale.” [15]
Ndi kufunikira kwa ndalama zamagulu a anthu akumidzi komanso zitsimikizo zenizeni zogwiritsa ntchito kampasino ufulu wandale. Kafukufuku waposachedwapa wa Center for Research and Popular Sector Education (CINEP), amodzi mwa malo otchuka kwambiri ofufuza mdziko muno, akuvomereza kuti boma lili ndi "ngongole yakale" ndi alimi, ndiponso “alephera kuchititsa kuti anthu wamba azidziwika bwino pazandale.”[16]
Alimi ang'onoang'ono ndi gawo lomwe lavutitsidwa kwambiri ndi kuzunzidwa komanso kuphwanyidwa ufulu wa anthu pazaka makumi asanu zankhondo. CIEP imaphatikizapo midzi yakuda ndi amayi akumidzi ndi achinyamata mkati mwa kampasino ndi madera omwe amapirira "kutsika mtengo ndi kupereŵera kwa oimira ndale akale." Aphatikizidwa ndi ozunzidwa ndi zida, omwe adasamutsidwa, ndi omwe akhudzidwa kumene ndi TLC-eni malo ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati. Lipoti laposachedwapa la Human Rights Watch linati nkhondoyo “yakakamiza anthu oposa 4.8 miliyoni a ku Colombia kuthaŵa nyumba zawo.” Colombia ili ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu othawa kwawo kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, mabanja omwe akakamizidwa kusiya malo okwana mahekitala sikisi miliyoni omwe adalandidwa ndi eni malo.[17]
Ndi ma asymmetries ochuluka awa a mphamvu ndi kuyimira ndale, mutu woyamba wa zomwe tingatchule kubwerera kopambana kwa wamba unatsekedwa. Pa Sept. 12, nthumwi zikwizikwi zinapezeka pa Msonkhanowo. Tsiku lomwelo, boma linasonkhanitsa National Pact for Farmland and Rural Development, lolamulidwa ndi kukhalapo kwa Colombian Agricultural Society (SAC) yomwe imalimbikitsa ulimi waukulu, kutali kwambiri ndi kampasino zosowa. Ambiri kampasino magulu adachoka kapena sanachite nawo msonkhanowo, makamaka chifukwa, monga mlimi wina wa mbatata ku Boyacá adanena, boma likuumirira kuti TLC isasinthe.
Pomwe boma lidapeza bwino kwakanthawi pokambirana ndi gawo lililonse padera ndikuthetsa ziwonetserozo, alimi atha kuonedwa kuti ndi opambana pamzerewu. Iwo anaika zofuna zawo patsogolo pa ndale za ndale ndipo anabweretsa vuto loyamba la boma m’zaka makumi angapo. Anthu ambiri adamvetsetsa kuti ulamuliro wa chakudya uli pachiwopsezo, komanso kuti ukuphwanyidwa ndi TLC. Anakhazikitsa mgwirizano wamphamvu wa ochita zisudzo akumidzi, osonkhana mwamtendere, osapanga zida za hegemonizing kuchokera pamwamba. Mawu awo adzamveka pazokambirana zamtendere za Colombia ku Havana, ngakhale kuti sanaitanidwe.
Raúl Zibechi ndi katswiri wapadziko lonse wa mlungu uliwonse wa Brecha ku Montevideo, pulofesa ndi wofufuza za kayendetsedwe ka chikhalidwe cha anthu ku Multiversidad Franciscana de América Latina, komanso mlangizi wa mabungwe osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana. Amalemba Lipoti la mwezi uliwonse la Zibechi la CIP Americas Program (www.cipamericas.org)
ZOTHANDIZA
[1] "La papa caliente", Wowonerera, Ogasiti 31, 2013.
[2] "Declaración Política Cumbre Nacional Agraria, Campesina y Popular", 13 de setiembre de 2013 en www.nasaacin.org
[3] "La joda va para largo", Wowonerera, Ogasiti 24, 2013.
[4] Ntchito zaulimi posinthanitsa ndi chakudya.
[5] Wowonerera, Ogasiti 24, 2013.
[6] Waku Colombia, Medellín, 3 de setiembre de 2013.
[7] Colombia Informa, 3 de setiembre de 2013.
[8] Semana, Juni 22, 2013.
[9] Héctor Mondragón, "La gran oportunidad del agro", Bokosi Lazida, Bogotá, 5 de setiembre de 2013.
[10] El video se puede ver en youtube bajo el título "9.70".
[11] Le Monde Diplomatique edición Colombia, setiembre 2013.
[12] IPS, Bogotá, 29 de agosto de 2013.
[13] "Zonas de Reserva Campesina", ILSA-INCODER; Bogota, 2012.
[14] Idzi p. 27.
[15] Cumbre Nacional, Agraria, Campesina y Popular, Bogotá, 12 de setiembre de 2013, en www.nasaacin.org
[16] CINEP, "Luchas sociales, derechos humanos y representación política del campesinado 1988-2012", Bogotá, agosto 2013, p. 7.
[17] Guillermo Rico Reyes, "Colombia, el país con más desplazados del mundo", Desdeabajo, 18 de setiembre de 2012.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama