Pamsonkhano womaliza wa atsogoleri a mayiko a ku Ulaya ku Brussels kumapeto kwa June, mutu waukulu unali kusowa kwa ntchito kwa achinyamata, omwe tsopano afika ku 23% ya achinyamata a ku Ulaya (ngakhale akuyimira 41% ku Spain). Chaka chatha, bungwe la International Labor Organization linapereka lipoti lochititsa chidwi la 'Global Employment Trends for Youth 2012' momwe linanena za "m'badwo wotayika". Malinga ndi zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa, m'badwo womwe ukufunitsitsa kulowa pamsika udzapuma pantchito ndi penshoni ya 480 euro - ngati itapambana kulowa mumsika - chifukwa cha ntchito zosakhalitsa popanda zopereka.
Pambuyo pokambirana kwa nthawi yayitali, atsogoleri a ku Ulaya adaganiza zopereka ndalama zokwana madola 6 biliyoni a ku Ulaya, kuti athetse vuto la kusowa kwa ntchito kwa achinyamata. Atakambirana mwachidule, anaganiza zopereka ndalama zokwana madola 60 biliyoni kuti zithandize mabanki a ku Ulaya. Izi, pamwamba pa zithandizo zomwe zalandira kale: European Central Bank yokha yapereka madola mabiliyoni chikwi chimodzi kumabanki pamtengo wamba.
Zoyesayesa zonse zopanga dongosolo lamabanki aku Europe pansi pa woyang'anira wapakati tsopano zayimilira mpaka chisankho cha Germany mu Seputembala. Monga membala wa nthumwi za ku Germany pamsonkhano wa June akuti: "Tikudziwa bwino zomwe tikuyenera kuchita, kukhazika mtima pansi misika yazachuma. Koma sitinasankhidwe ndi misika yazachuma, timasankhidwa ndi nzika zaku Germany "(IHT, 28 June 2013). Ndipo ndithudi, palibe kuyesayesa komwe kwapangidwa kufotokoza kwa nzika za Germany chifukwa chake kuli kowafunira kusonyeza mgwirizano wachuma ndi maiko osalimba kwambiri a ku Ulaya. Demokalase, monga ikumveka masiku ano, idakhazikitsidwa ndi atsogoleri omwe amatsatira malingaliro odziwika osati atsogoleri omwe amamva kuti ali ndi udindo wokankhira osankhidwa awo kudziko la masomphenya ndi zovuta.
Msonkhanowo udayeneranso kuvomereza chinyengo cha Prime Minister waku Britain David Cameron: mwina mukusunga ndalama zomwe Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher adapeza mu 1973, pomwe mudaumirira kuti tilowe nawo ku Europe (zomwe zimapangitsa Britain kukhala wolandila ndalama ku Europe), kapena tidzaletsa bajeti ya ku Ulaya. Izi zili choncho chifukwa voti yotsutsana ndi Ulaya ku Britain ikukula ndipo Cameron sakanatha kuwoneka wofooka. Koma Cameron anali m'modzi mwa omwe adalimbikitsa kwambiri ndalama zothandizira mabanki, ndipo n'zosadabwitsa: dongosolo lazachuma tsopano likuwerengera 10% ya katundu wapakhomo waku Britain (GDP)!
Ndizovuta kwambiri, zomwe Europe idawononga madola mabiliyoni mazana angapo pamabanki ake, idayitananso International Monetary Fund (yemwe membala wake wolamulira ndi United States) kuti alowe nawo ku European Institutions ndikuwongolera zovuta zaku Europe. Ndipo, m'chizindikiro chodziyimira pawokha komanso kukana ku United States, Europe yakana kuyimba kwa America kuti achepetse kukhazikika komanso kuyambitsa ndondomeko zakukula monga Washington ndi Tokyo zakhala zikuchita, mpaka pano ndi kupambana kotsimikizika. Komabe, zomwe zimachitika kwa osewera atatu amphamvu kwambiri Kumadzulo (United States, Europe ndi Japan) zakhala kulephera kwawo - komanso kusafuna - kuyika mabanki pansi paulamuliro ndikuchitapo kanthu pamilandu yawo.
Mabanki apakati padziko lonse lapansi alowa nawo mu Bank for International Settlements (BIS) yomwe ili ku Basel. Tsopano Komiti yake ya Basel Yoyang'anira Mabanki yabwera ndi lingaliro lomwe lingalimbikitse ubale pakati pa likulu la mabanki ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito zachuma zomwe angakwanitse. Chimodzi mwazizindikiro zamalingalirowa chimatsimikizira kuti mabanki akuyenera kukhala ndi ndalama zapamwamba, monga masheya kapena ndalama zosungidwa, zofanana ndi 7 peresenti ya ngongole ndi katundu wawo komanso kuti mabanki akulu angafunike kukhala ndi ndalama zopitilira 9 peresenti.
Izi siziri ndendende malingaliro osintha zinthu, ndipo adatsutsidwa ngati osakwanira ndi akatswiri ambiri ndi owongolera. Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi chenicheni chakuti Federal Reserve ya ku United States ikuyerekezera kuti pakati pa 90 ndi 95 peresenti ya mabanki okhala ndi chuma chosakwana madola mabiliyoni 10 amalemekeza kale magawo oterowo. Chabwino, ngakhale lingaliro lopanda pakeli lalandiridwa ndi kufuula kwa mabanki ambiri, ponena kuti angakhale ndi vuto lalikulu kukweza ndalama. Pansi pa chuma chakale cha capitalist, palibe bizinesi yomwe ingayende popanda ndalama zokwanira kufunikira kwake. Lero tili ndi nthambi yatsopano yazachuma, yomwe ikufuna kusewera popanda ndalama, ndipo ikuyembekeza kuti boma lizipereka ndalama ngati pali vuto. Choncho, tiyeni tingoyang’ana mwachidule mmene zinthu zinkayendera popanda kumangidwa.
Pa 28 Epulo 2002, ndiye Woyimira milandu wamkulu wa New York State Eliot Spitzer, m'malo mwa US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), adapambana mlandu wolamula mabanki 10 aku US kuti alipire chipukuta misozi ndi chindapusa cha madola biliyoni 1.4 chifukwa cha chinyengo. Chaka chimodzi pambuyo pake, SEC idapeza kuti 13 mwa mabungwe azachuma a 15 omwe adafufuzidwa mwachisawawa anali ndi mlandu wachinyengo. Mu 2010, Goldman Sachs adavomereza chindapusa cha madola 550 miliyoni kuti apewe mlandu wachinyengo. Mu July chaka chatha, Senate ya ku United States inapereka lipoti la masamba 335 pa banki ya ku Britain ya HSBC, yaikulu kwambiri ku Ulaya. Kwa zaka zambiri linathandiza ogulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi zigawenga kuti azibwezeretsanso ndalama zoletsedwa. Mwachitsanzo, bankiyo inatumiza ndalama zokwana madola mabiliyoni 60 panjira kapena ndege kuchokera ku maakaunti a ogulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo a ku Mexico kupita ku Nthambi yake ya ku New York. Chindapusacho chinali madola 1.9 biliyoni. Mu November 2012, SAC Capital inapatsidwa chindapusa cha madola 600 miliyoni, ndipo mwezi womwewo banki yachiwiri ya ku Britain, Standard Chartered, inapatsidwa chindapusa cha madola 667 miliyoni. Mu February chaka chino, Barclays Bank inalengeza kuti yapatula 1.165 biliyoni ya euro kuti ikumane ndi chindapusa cha "zochitika zosaloledwa" (bankiyo tsopano ikufufuzidwa chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa ndalama zokayikitsa za 8.4 biliyoni mu 2008). Ndipo mu Marichi chaka chino, Citigroup idalandira chindapusa cha madola 730 miliyoni chifukwa cha "kugulitsa ndalama zomwe zimachokera kuzinthu zopanda pake kwa makasitomala osazindikira". Izi ndi zochepa chabe mwa milandu yomwe ili ndi phokoso kwambiri, ndipo ilipo yambiri, yambiri, yokhudza ngakhale banki yaku Japan ya Nomura.
Tonse tikudziwa kuti mavuto omwe timakumana nawo (omwe, kwa omwe ali ndi chiyembekezo, atha mu 2020 komanso kwa omwe alibe chiyembekezo mu 2025) adachokera ku United States ndi mabanki akulu akulu a 10 omwe adaganiza zogulitsa zotuluka potengera zopanda pake komanso zotsimikizika. ndi Standard & Poor's ndi Moody's rating agencies. Okhometsa misonkho aku US "adapereka" 750,000 miliyoni madola kumabanki, pomwe aku Britain adachitanso chimodzimodzi ku HSBC, Royal Bank of Scotland, Barclays Bank ndi Northern Rock.
Pamene vuto lazachumali likuchitika, a 'Big Five' (Goldman Sachs, Merrill Lynch, Morgan Stanley, Lehman Brothers ndi Bearn Sterns) adalipira akuluakulu awo madola 3 biliyoni pakati pa 2003 ndi 2007, ndipo, mu 2008, adalandira madola 20 biliyoni. mabonasi pamene mabanki awo anali kutaya madola 42 biliyoni.
Zonsezi zidatsimikiziridwa ndi Standard & Poor's ndi Moody's, omwe amalamulira 75% ya msika wapadziko lonse. Tsopano a Standard & Poor's apemphedwa kuti alipire madola 500 miliyoni. Koma bwanji ponena za mamiliyoni a anthu amene achotsedwa ntchito? Mamiliyoni a achichepere amene samawona tsogolo m’miyoyo yawo? Ndi nkhani yakale: mukaba mkate, mumapita kundende, koma ngati muba mamiliyoni, palibe chomwe chingakuchitikireni ...
Pakali pano, mmbuyo pa tebulo la msonkhano, chofunika kwambiri kuti munthu akhale ndi moyo ndi kugawa ndalama za okhometsa msonkho, ngakhale onse akukamba za ulova wa achinyamata. Kupatula apo, chofunikira ndichakuti tonse tiyenera kusankhidwanso ...
*Roberto Savio, woyambitsa komanso pulezidenti wotuluka wa bungwe lazofalitsa nkhani la Inter Press Service (IPS) komanso wofalitsa Nkhani Zina.
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