Ke kūʻai aku nei ʻo ʻAmelika i ka make, ka luku, a me ka weliweli ma ke ʻano he kumu kumu o kāna kulekele ʻē aʻe. ʻIke ʻo ia i ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā mea kaua ma ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā hoaaloha hoʻolālā a hoʻopaʻa pololei i nā ʻāina i ka hoʻolālā a me nā hana pūʻali koa US. Ma ka maʻalahi loa, e like me Lt. Gen. Jeffrey B. Kohler, ka luna o ka Defense Security Cooperation Agency, haʻiʻia The New York Times ma 2006, makemake ʻo ʻAmelika i nā hana lima no ka mea "hāʻawi iā mākou i ke komo a hoʻoikaika a kūkulu i nā hoaaloha." He kahua koʻikoʻi ʻo ʻAsia Hema no kēia hoʻoikaika ʻana, a ke aʻo nei i kekahi mau haʻawina ʻaʻole pono e haʻalele ʻo ʻAmelika.
ʻO kahi lawelawe noiʻi Congressional hou hoike ma nā moʻolelo kūʻai lima o ka honua i ka makahiki i hala ua hāʻawi aku ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma kahi o $8 biliona waiwai o nā mea kaua i nā ʻāina ʻekolu o ka Honua. ʻO kēia ma kahi o 40% o nā hoʻoili lima āpau. Ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i nā ʻaelike e kūʻai aku ma luna o $ 10 biliona waiwai o nā mea kaua, hoʻokahi hapakolu o nā mea kaua āpau me nā ʻāina ʻekolu o ka Honua.
He mea maʻalahi ke kau ʻana i kēia ma ke ʻano: ʻo $10 biliona i ka makahiki ke kumukūʻai i manaʻo ʻia no ka hālāwai ʻana i ka UN Millennium Development Goal no ka wai a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, e hōʻemi ana i ka hapalua o ka nui o nā kānaka o ka honua me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka wai inu a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe kumu. e 2015. I kēia lā, ma kahi o 1.1 biliona kānaka ʻaʻole i loaʻa i kahi liʻiliʻi o ka wai maʻemaʻe a ma kahi o 2.6 biliona kānaka ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe kumu.
ʻAʻole pono ka nui o ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā mea kaua US i ka nūhou. Ua kūʻai aku ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma luna o $ 61 biliona waiwai o nā mea kaua i nā ʻāina ʻekolu o ka honua mai 1999-2006, e lilo ana ia i mea hoʻolako nui honua. ʻO Rūsia, ka lua o ka mea kūʻai lima nui, i kūʻai aku ma lalo o ka hapalua.
Arms vs. Influence ma Pakistan
ʻO ke kolu nui o ka mea kūʻai aku i nā mea kaua ma 2006 ʻo Pakistan. Ua kūʻai aku ʻo ia ma luna o $ 5 biliona i nā mea kaua. ʻO kahi kokoke i $3 biliona o nā kūʻai ʻana e Pakistan he mau mokulele F-16 hou i hana ʻia e US, nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe i ka F-16s Pakistan i kūʻai ʻia i nā makahiki 1980, a me nā pōkā a me nā missiles e hoʻopaʻa i kēia mau mokulele. He wahaolelo o ka Hale Pai keokeo wehewehe ʻO ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā mokulele mokulele "hōʻike i kā mākou kūpaʻa i kahi pilina lōʻihi me Pakistan."
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kūʻai aku i nā mea kaua e hōʻike i ke kūpaʻa ʻana iā Pakistan ua hala ma mua o 50 mau makahiki. Ua hoʻohana ʻo ʻAmelika i ke kōkua pūʻali koa e kiʻi a hoʻopaʻa lima iā Pakistan ma ke ʻano he hoa pili i ke Kaua anuanu. ʻO kahi makaʻu nui, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana o kahi memo o ka Moku'āina ʻo 1953, "he piʻi nui o nā hana a nā mullahs ma Pakistan. Aia ke kumu e manaʻoʻiʻo ai i mua o ka ulu ʻana o nā kānalua no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hoaaloha maoli o Pakistan, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka poʻe Pakistan e huli ana i nā mullah no ke alakaʻi. Inā paha e hoʻomau kēia ʻano i ke aupuni o kēia manawa o nā alakaʻi naʻauao a me nā alakaʻi komohana e hiki ke hoʻoweliweli ʻia, a ʻoi aku paha ka liʻiliʻi o nā lālā o ke aupuni hope loa me ke komohana ma mua o ka poʻe e noho nei i kēia manawa. Ua hiki ke kākau ʻia kēia memo i kēia lā.
ʻAʻole i aʻo ʻo ʻAmelika ʻo ka uku ʻana i nā bila kaua o Pakistan e hōʻike ana i ka kūpaʻa a me ka pilina aloha i ka pūʻali koa o Pakistan. He mea ʻole ia no ka poʻe o Pakistan. Ua kākoʻo ʻo ʻAmelika iā General Ayub Khan, ke alakaʻi koa mua o Pakistan, no kahi ʻumi makahiki (1958-1969), me ke kumu kūʻai nui. Ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ʻo ia e ke au o ka lehulehu.
Ua kākoʻo pū ʻo ʻAmelika iā General Zia (ʻo ia ka mea i noho aliʻi mai 1977 a i 1988), i kona ʻae ʻana e kōkua i ke kaua US e kūʻē i ka noho ʻana o ka Soviet Union ma Afghanistan. Ua hāʻawi aku ʻo Wakinekona iā General Zia i kahi pūʻolo kōkua $3.2 biliona i ka makahiki 1982 a ua hoʻohiki ʻo ia he $4 biliona hou i ka makahiki 1988. Ua kūʻai kēia lokomaikaʻi i kahi mea liʻiliʻi. Ua lawe ke aupuni o Pakistan i ke kālā a hoʻohana iā ia e kūʻai i nā mea kaua mai ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, kūkulu i nā mea kaua nuklea, a hoʻolaha i nā Islamist radical ma ka home a ma Afghanistan. Aia nā hopena a puni mākou i kēia lā.
Mai ka lā 11 o Kepakemapa, 2001, ua hāʻawi aku ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i $10 biliona iā Pakistan e kūʻai a uku paha i ke kākoʻo o General Musharraf no kāna kaua hou loa, ʻo ke "kaua ma luna o ka weliweli." Ua loaʻa iā Pakistan lilo ma luna o $1.5 biliona o kēia nui ma ke kūʻai ʻana i nā mea kaua hou. No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka nui o kēia kōkua, e noʻonoʻo i ka huina kālā o ka pūʻali koa Pakistan i ka makahiki 2006, i manaʻo ʻia ma kahi o $4.5 biliona. Ke hāʻawi nei ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ke kōkua iā Pakistan e uku no ke kuʻikahi hou no nā F-16, nā pōkā, a me nā missiles. He kakaikahi paha mau hoa.
ʻAʻohe kānalua i kēia lā e pili ana i ka kaulana ʻole o ʻAmelika i Pakistan. Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia kahi Pew Poll i ka mahina ʻo Kepakemapa 2006 ma Pakistan, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma mua o India (kahi i kaua ai ʻo Pakistan i ʻehā mau kaua). Ma luna o 25% wale nō i makemake i ka United States, ke hoʻohālikeʻia i hoʻokahi hapakolu i manaʻo pēlā i India.
Ua piʻi aʻe ka manaʻo e pili ana iā ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. A Kōleka 2007 Ua ʻike ʻia he 15% wale nō o nā Pakistanis i manaʻo maikaʻi iā ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻO ʻAukake 2007 piʻi ua ʻike ʻo General Musharraf ʻaʻole i kaulana ma mua o Osama bin Laden; Ua kākoʻo ʻia ʻo Musharraf e 38% o Pakistanis, ʻo Bin Laden he 46%, a ua loaʻa iā Pelekikena Bush ke aloha me 9% wale nō. He mea paʻakikī ke noʻonoʻo i kahi hoʻopiʻi ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kahi kulekele i ʻimi e hana hoaaloha a kūkulu i ke kākoʻo.
E ʻoi aku ka ʻino o kēia inaina iā ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka mea i ʻike ʻia e kākoʻo i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana a General Musharraf e noho pelekikena no Pakistan.
Ka pilina pili me India
ʻO India, ka hoalauna o Pakistan, ka hoʻokūkū mōʻaukala, a me ka ʻenemi huhū pinepine, ʻo ia ka lua o ka mea kūʻai aku i nā mea kaua ma ka Honua ʻEkolu. Ua kakau inoa ia no $3.5 biliona waiwai o na mea kaua ma 2006. I keia manawa ke kuleana no ka 12% o na mea kuai lima a pau ma ke kolu o ka honua. Ua kūʻai maʻamau ʻo India i nā mea kaua Lūkini, akā makemake nui i kēia manawa i nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka United States.
Hiki i India ke lilo i $ 40 biliona ma ke kūʻai ʻana i nā mea kaua i nā makahiki ʻelima e hiki mai ana. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe ma ka papa inoa he ʻaelike no nā jet fighter 126, me ke kumu kūʻai hiki ke ʻoi aku ma mua o $ 10 biliona. He luna Oihana Moku'āina hai mai la e hoʻāʻo ke aupuni e kōkua i ka lanakila ʻana i ke kauoha no kahi hui US. Ke laina mua nei nā mea hana lima US. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Richard G. Kirkland, ka pelekikena o Lockheed Martin no ʻAsia Hema, "ʻo India ko mākou mākeke kiʻekiʻe" i ka wā e hiki mai ana i ka "kūpono no ka ulu ʻana." ʻO ka Pelekikena o Raytheon Asia, ʻo Walter F. Doran, kuleana ʻO India paha "kekahi o kā mākou mea nui loa, inā ʻaʻole ko mākou hoa ulu nui i nā makahiki he ʻumi e hiki mai ana."
Aia ke kumu maikaʻi no ka hilinaʻi o US. I ka makahiki 2005, na kakauolelo pale o Amerika a me Inia hōʻailona ka "Hoʻolālā Hou no ka US-India Defence Relationship." "Hoʻolālā ka Framework i kahi papa no ka pilina pale kaua US-India no nā makahiki he ʻumi e hiki mai ana" a "e kākoʻo, a he ʻano ia o ka hui hoʻolālā ākea US-India." Loaʻa iā ia kahi hoʻohiki e "hoʻonui i ke kālepa pale ʻelua." Pono e ʻike ʻia kēia mau mea lima, ʻo ka ʻōlelo Framework, "ʻaʻole wale i ka hopena i loko o lākou iho, akā ma ke ʻano he mea e hoʻoikaika ai i ka palekana o ko mākou mau ʻāina, e hoʻoikaika i kā mākou hui hoʻolālā, e hoʻokō i ka pilina ma waena o kā mākou pūʻali koa, a kūkulu i ka ʻike nui aʻe. ma waena o kā mākou mau hale pale.
ʻOi aku nā lima, ʻuʻuku ka mana
E like me Pakistan, ʻaʻole hiki i kēia mau mea kūʻai aku ke kūʻai aku i ka United States i ka mana e ʻimi nei ma India. Hāʻawi ka US-India nuclear deal i kahi hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano o nā mea. I ka makahiki 2005, ua ʻae ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me India i kahi kuʻikahi e hoʻokuʻu iā India mai nā kānāwai US 30-makahiki e pale aku i nā mokuʻāina mai ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kūʻai aku o ka ʻenehana nuklea a me ka wahie e kōkua ai i kā lākou mau mea kaua nuklea. I ka makahiki 2006, ua ʻae ʻo Congress a ua kau inoa ʻo Pelekikena Bush i ke kānāwai e hoʻokiʻekiʻe ana i nā palena o ke kālepa nuklea me India. Ke kūkākūkā nei nā ʻāina ʻelua i kahi kuʻikahi hui nuklea i ka makahiki i hala.
ʻO ka hōʻike maopopo loa o nā mea a ka United States e makemake ai i ke kūʻai aku i hōʻike ʻia i ka ʻaha kūkā e kākoʻo ana i ka hana nuklea US-India e Ashton Carter, ka mea i lawelawe ma ke ʻano he kākau ʻōlelo kōkua no ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻokele Clinton, a ma kahi ʻatikala 2006 "America's New Strategic hoa?” ma ka puke pai Ka Moku'āina'Āina. Ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻo ia e pono ana ʻo Wakinekona i ke kōkua o India e kūʻē i nā nukes Iran, i nā hakakā e hiki mai ana me Pakistan, a ma ke ʻano he counterweight iā Kina. Ua ʻike ʻo ia he mau "pōmaikaʻi pololei", ʻo ia hoʻi ka "hoʻoikaika ʻana o nā hui pūʻali koa" a me "ka hui pū ʻana o India i nā hana hoʻopakele pōʻino, nā hana kōkua kanaka, nā mikiona mālama maluhia, a me nā hana hana hou ma hope o ka hakakā," a. "ʻAʻole i kauoha ʻia e nā United Nations, nā hana i hōʻole ʻole ʻia e India e komo."
A ʻo ka mea hope loa, hāʻawi ʻo Carter i ka kicker maoli, "hiki i nā pūʻali koa US ke ʻimi i ke komo ʻana i nā wahi hoʻolālā ma o ka ʻāina ʻo India a i hoʻokumu paha i nā kuleana ma laila. ʻO ka hope loa, hiki i India ke hāʻawi i nā pūʻali koa US me nā kumu 'over-the-horizon' no nā contingencies i ka Middle East.
Ua ʻike ʻo Carter aia kekahi mau makemake ʻē aʻe, a hiki i nā mea ʻē aʻe ke kau i luna ma ka papa inoa. Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻo ia "ma ke alo o ka hoʻokele waiwai, ʻoiai e hoʻonui ana ʻo India i kona mana nuklea kīwila a hoʻololi hou i kāna pūʻali koa, ke kū nei ʻo ʻAmelika e loaʻa ka mālama ʻana no nā ʻoihana US."
Ua hoʻomaka mua ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻokau ʻana iā India e hoʻopuka. Ma Mei 2007, ua kākau nā lālā koʻikoʻi o ka US Congress i kahi palapala i ke kuhina nui o India e ʻōlelo ana ua "hopohopo nui" lākou i ka pilina o India me Iran, a inā ʻaʻole ʻōlelo ʻo India i kēia a laila "hiki ke hōʻeha nui i nā manaʻo no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka hui honua ma waena o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me India. .” I ka pōkole, ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo India e koho: Iran a i ʻole ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me ka ʻaelike nuklea.
Eia naʻe, i nā pule i hala iho nei, ua ʻike ʻia ka ulu ʻana o ka pilikia ma India ma luna o ka ʻaelike nuklea a pehea e pili ai ʻo India i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻO nā ʻaoʻao Communist o India, ʻo ia kahi ʻāpana o ke aupuni hui alakaʻi ʻo Congress Party, ua koi aku e hoʻōki i ka ʻaelike nuklea US-India e hāʻawi i ka ʻāina i ka manawa e hana ai i kāna mau hopena no ke kulekele haole India. ʻO kā lākou hopohopo e hāʻawi ka ʻaelike i ka mana o US ma luna o ka hoʻoholo ʻana o India. Ua hoʻoweliweli lākou e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke aupuni o India.
Ua kūʻē hoʻi nā neʻe kaiapuni holomua o India i ka ʻaelike nuklea. ʻO lākou hopohopo "Ma ke ʻano pololei a ʻaʻole pololei paha, e komo pū ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i loko o ka sub-continent India, e hoʻokele i nā pilina intra-regional, inter-country." ʻIke lākou he "ʻaʻole kū'ē wale i ka democratic akā kū'ē i ka maluhia, a kū'ē i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ikehu kūlohelohe a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai." ʻO kēia mau manaʻo nui e pili ana i ke aupuni democracy, ka maluhia, ka hoʻomau, a me ke kūʻokoʻa, ʻo ia ka mea e kūʻē ai ʻo India me nā kulekele US, ʻaʻole pili i ka nui o nā mea kaua e kūʻai aku ai.
He physicist ʻo Zia Mian me ka Program on Science and Global Security ma ke Kula ʻo Woodrow Wilson o Public and International Affairs ma ke Kulanui ʻo Princeton a he kolamu no Foreign Policy In Focus (online ma www.fpif.org).
Hāʻawi kālā ʻia ʻo ZNetwork ma o ka lokomaikaʻi o kāna poʻe heluhelu.
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