IPhalamende - umhlangano ngaphansi kwesithunzi sokuhlaselwa kukaNovemba 26-29 endaweni yezentengiselwano yaseNdiya nokwaholela ekufeni kwabantu abacishe babe ngama-200 - ligunyaze imithetho ngoLwesine ngaphandle kwenkulumo-mpikiswano futhi inhlangano ebusayo i-United Progressive Alliance (UPA) kaNdunankulu uManmohan Singh ibaphushele. izichibiyelo ezethulwe ngamaPhalamende amaningana.
Umthetho owodwa, iNational Investigation Agency (NIA) Act, ufuna ukusungula inhlangano entsha yamaphoyisa ezophenya ngezenzo zobuphekula namanye amacala asemthethweni.
Omunye, uMthetho Wokuchibiyela Izenzo Ezingezona Ezomthetho (Zokuvimbela) (i-UAPA), ushintsha kakhulu izinqubo zokuqulwa kwecala labo abasolwa ngobuphekula, welula isikhathi sokugqunywa kwamaphoyisa kanye nokuvalelwa ngaphandle kwamacala, unqabela abokufika ibheyili, futhi uhlehlisa umthwalo wobufakazi izimo eziningi.
Izishoshovu zenkululeko yomphakathi kanye nezakhamuzi ezinomoya womphakathi zishaqekile ngale mithetho emisha, abayichaza njengecindezelayo futhi eyeqisayo maqondana nezinyathelo.
"Umthetho we-UAPA mubi kakhulu, futhi uzoba nomthelela wokuguqula
I-POTA bekungumthetho ongathandwa kakhulu, uhulumeni we-UPA awusula lapho eqala ukubusa ngo-2004 ephendula izikhalazo eziningi zokusebenzisa kwawo ukukhetha nokucwasa.
Ngenkathi ihoxisa i-POTA, i-UPA igcine isendaweni yonke
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphinde yenza isichibiyelo soMthetho Wezenzo Ezingekho emthethweni, we-1967, owandisa isijeziso sokwenza izenzo zobuphekula kanye nokugcina amaphekula noma ukuwaxhasa ngezimali, ukuqinisa amandla wamaphoyisa okuthumba, ukwenza ukuxhumana kwezokuxhumana kwamukeleke njengobufakazi, futhi kwandise isikhathi ukuvalelwa ngaphandle kwezindleko kuya ezinsukwini ezingama-90 kusukela ezinsukwini ezingama-30 ezikhona.
Kodwa-ke, lokhu akwanele ukujabulisa labo abafuna izwe lezempi "eliqinile" elizovimbela futhi lijezise ubuphekula ngokwephula amalungelo ayisisekelo ezakhamizi, okuhlanganisa nelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala ngendlela efanele, kanye nokungaboshwa ngaphandle kwamacala.
"Kepha manje, i-UPA isivele yavumelana nesicelo se-BJP ngaphansi kwengcindezi yemibono yabantu abaphezulu," kusho uJairus Banaji, usosayensi wezenhlalo ohlonishwa kakhulu eMumbai. "Lokhu kubonakala kusekelwe ekukhathazekeni kwe-UPA yokubhekana necala elihlekisayo le-BJP lokuthi ayinaso isifiso sokulwa nobushokobezi, kanye nezibalo zayo zezepolitiki mayelana nokhetho lukazwelonke oluzayo ngoMeyi."
Ngokulangazelela ukubonakala kwakhe ethatha isinyathelo esinzima sokulwa nobushokobezi, uhulumeni waseManmohan Singh uphinde wethula uMthethosivivinywa we-NIA ekuqaleni kwaleli sonto. I-ejensi entsha izophenya ngokuqondile amacala ahlobene namandla e-athomu, ezokuthutha zezindiza nezolwandle, izikhali zembubhiso, kanye ne-Left-wing extremism, ngaphandle kobuphekula.
Ngokuphawulekayo, akubandakanyi ubuphekula be-Right-wing, osebube yingozi enkulu
Ngokungafani ne-Central Bureau of Investigation ekhona, edinga imvume yombuso ngaphambi kokuphenya ubugebengu lapho, i-NIA ngeke idinge ukuvumelana kombuso. Lokhu kuwukwephula okungathi sína kwesistimu yenhlangano, lapho umthetho nokuhleleka kuyisihloko sombuso.
Ohulumeni bezifundazwe abaningi kanye namaqembu ezepolitiki esifunda bawugxeke kakhulu uMthetho kulokhu kubalwa. Ku
Umthetho we-NIA futhi uhlinzekela izinkantolo eziyisipesheli ukuthi zigwebe amacala ahlukahlukene. Lokhu nakho kudonse ukugxekwa kubameli abaqavile abanjengoRajeev Dhavan, abathi ukusetshenziswa kabi okungaba khona kwalo mthetho wokulwa nobushokobezi manje "kuzovela kuzo zombili izifundazwe kanye nenyunyana, engaduna icala".
Umthetho we-UAPA uqukethe izigatshana eziningi ezicindezelayo, futhi uyasebenza ezweni lonke - ngokungafani noMthetho Wezenzo Ezingekho emthethweni, ekuqaleni owawunganwetshwanga esimweni esigcwele izingxabano.
Imibandela eqinile ihlanganisa ububanzi obubanzi, okuhlanganisa nokuchazwa kabusha kobuphekula, isijeziso esinzima esisukela eminyakeni emihlanu ejele kuya ekugwetshweni udilikajele noma ukufa, isikhathi eside sokugqunywa ejele, kanye nokucatshangwa ukuthi unecala uma kwenzeka kutholwa izikhali kumuntu osolwayo.
Incazelo entsha manje ihlanganisa izenzo ezenziwe ngenhloso yokusongela noma "okungenzeka" isongele ubumbano, ubuqotho, ukuphepha noma ubukhosi base-India, kanye namacala ahlobene nezinto ezikhipha imisebe noma zenuzi, ngisho nemizamo yokwethuka, ukuthumba noma ukuthumba okungokomthethosisekelo nokunye. izisebenzi ezingase zibalwe nguhulumeni. UDhavan uthi: "Uhlu kungenzeka lungapheli."
Ngaphansi koMthetho, ummangalelwa angagcinwa esitokisini samaphoyisa izinsuku ezingu-30, aphinde avalelwe ngaphandle kwamacala izinsuku ezingu-180, nakuba izinkantolo zinganciphisa isikhathi esiyizinsuku ezingu-90.
"Lokhu kuwukuhlukumeza amalungelo omthethosisekelo kanye nomthetho," kusho uGonsalves. “Okubi kakhulu wukucatshangelwa kwecala uma kwenzeka kutholakala izikhali, iziqhumane nezinye izinto okusolwa ukuthi ziyathinteka okubalwa nezigxivizo zeminwe.
"Lona kanye iqiniso lokuthi amacala anjengokuhlela amakamu okuqeqesha amaphekula noma ukuqasha noma ukufukamela amaphekula athwala isijeziso esingaba iminyaka emithathu noma emihlanu yokudonsa ejele likhombisa ukuthi uhulumeni akakawusebenzisi umqondo wakhe kulolu daba," kusho uGonsalves.
Ngaphansi koMthetho, kunesibopho esijwayelekile sokudalula noma yiluphi ulwazi iphoyisa lezinga elithile elicabanga ukuthi lubalulekile ophenyweni. Ukwehluleka ukudalula imininingwane kungaholela ekuboshweni iminyaka emithathu. Izintatheli azikhululiwe kulokhu.
Ngaphandle kokwenza ukuthi ukuxhumana ngocingo kanye ne-e-mail kwamukeleke njengobufakazi, uMthetho uphinde unqabele bonke abantu bangaphandle ibheyili, futhi ugunyaza ukwenqatshelwa kwebheyili kunoma ubani uma kunecala lokuqala, okunqunywa ngokusekelwe kuMbiko Wolwazi Wokuqala ofakwe ngu. amaphoyisa.
I-POTA kanye neyandulelayo, uMthetho Wobuphekula Neziphazamisayo (Ukuvimbela) (i-TADA), bahlukunyezwe kakhulu. Ngokuvamile babeqondise izinkolo ezincane, ikakhulukazi amaSulumane, futhi bavumele ukuhlukunyezwa nokushushiswa kwabo.
Indaba ye-TADA iyethusa kakhulu. Abantu abangaba ngu-67,000 baboshwa ngaphansi kwayo, kodwa bangu-8,000 kuphela abaquliswa amacala, kwathi abangu-725 bagwetshwa.
Amakomiti Asemthethweni Okubukeza I-TADA ngokwawo athola ukuthi isicelo somthetho singenakufaneleka kuwo wonke amacala ngaphandle kwezi-5,000. Ngo-1993,
Izinkolo ezincane zaziqondiswe ngokukhethekile kuzo zombili le Mithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, eRajasthan, kwabangu-115 ababoshiwe be-TADA, abayi-112 babengamaSulumane namaSikh amathathu.
Ukuphasiswa kwemithetho emisha emibili ngokuqinisekile kuzokwandisa ukuhlukaniswa kwe
AmaSulumane aqala ukuboshwa futhi aphenywe ngemibuzo ngemuva kwanoma yisiphi isigameko samaphekula, ngisho nalapho izisulu zingamaSulumane, futhi nakuba ubufakazi obuqinile busanda kuvela ngenethiwekhi yamaphekula e-pro-Hindu, lapho izikhulu zebutho ezisebenzelayo nezithathe umhlalaphansi zitholakala zibalulekile. abadlali.
AmaSulumane nawo aphatheke kabi ngokuphazima kweso kanye nokuxhamazela okuphasiswe ngayo le mithetho emisha, ikakhulukazi njengoba iphikisana nokwehluleka kukahulumeni we-UPA ukumisa umthetho awuthembisa eminyakeni emihlanu edlule wokujezisa udlame emphakathini kanye nobugebengu benzondo obubhekiswe emaqenjini athile enkolo.
"Lokhu kuzovula indlela yokungezwani phakathi kwamaSulumane futhi kwenze isimo senhlalo nezepolitiki sivumelane nobuphekula," kusho uGonsalves. "Okubi nakakhulu, kuzogqugquzela ukweqisa kohlobo oluhlobene nobuphekula bombuso. Futhi leyo akuyona indlela yokulwa nobushokobezi obungaphansi kombuso."
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