"Phansi nomphakathi wabathengi!"; โLapho udla kakhulu, uphila kancane!โ; โIzimpahla ziwukudla kwabantu!โ; โUkuphila akukhona nje ukusinda!โ; โUngalincengi ilungelo lokuphila โ lithathe!โ; โEmphakathini oqede yonke inhlobo yokuzijabulisa, okuwukuphela kwentokozo esele ukuqeda umphakathi!โ; "Ukukhululwa kwesintu konke noma akukho!"; โLabo abenza amavukela-mbuso bazimbela amathuna abo!โ; โIsithukuthezi siphambene nenguquko!โ; โNgeke sibuze lutho. Ngeke sifune lutho. Sizothatha, hlala!"
โPhansi Ngesokudla, phansi nomfelandawonye wesigaba Kwesokunxele kanye nokhetho lwakhe, lwentando yeningi yabasebenzi eqondile!โ; โUngaxoxisi nabaphathi. Ziqede!โ; โUguquko luyamangalisa ngoba luyenzeka ngempela!โ
ZIFUNDA kanje iziqubulo ezagqugquzela amakhulu ezinkulungwane zentsha, ikakhulukazi abafundi nabasebenzi, ukuthi basebenze emigwaqweni yase
Lokhu kwakuhlanganisa inkolelo yokuthi ngemva kweMpi โInkathi Yegolide Yobunxiwankuluโ, eyayingakaqhubeki ngaleso sikhathi, yayizoqhubeka nokusabalalisa ukuchuma okujwayelekile phakathi kwabantu, iphuce isigaba sabasebenzi kwezombusazwe, futhi yenze ukuvukela kwabantu abaningi kungenzeki. Ababusi nabasomaqhinga bamazwe aseNtshonalanga babenokholo oluphelele emandleni ezempi aseNtshonalanga, ikakhulukazi ukungehlulwa kwezikhali.
Ngaphezu kwakho konke, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi izinhlaka ezithuthuke ngokuqhathaniswa zentando yeningi emele eNtshonalanga, kanye nezwe lenhlalakahle elenziwa ukuba libe nokwenzeka ngohlelo lwaso oluphumelelayo lonxiwankulu, kungasiza ukuhlanganisa noma ukufaka konke ukungezwani. Lokhu kungenza imibono ingasasebenzi, ize iphelelwe yisikhathi - uDaniel Bell wabhala encwadini yakhe edumile ethi The End of Ideology - kanye nokungqubuzana komphakathi ngokwemvelo "okulawulekayo". Ukuhleleka, ukuvumelana nokuzinza kungaba yisimo semvelo somphakathi waseNtshonalanga.
Unyaka we-1968 waqala nge-Tet Offensive yi-National Liberation Front yaseNingizimu Vietnam kanye nebutho
Kodwa ngokwepolitiki, i-Tet Offensive yaletha ekhaya emphakathini waseMelika ubungozi kanye nokwehluleka
I-Tet yakha ingxenye yesizinda kwaze kwaba nguMeyi 1968, okwasheshe kwakhula kwaba isiphithiphithi esimelene nesistimu. Ukuhlubuka, nokucindezelwa kwakho, kwadalula imikhawulo enzima yombuso wentando yeningi okuthiwa ubandakanya wonke umuntu futhi uyabekezela futhi kwangabaza ukuba semthethweni kokuhleleka kwezombusazwe zaseNtshonalanga kanye nesizathu somphakathi waseNtshonalanga ongabathengi.
Enye i-graffito ngaphakathi
Ngokungafani nenguquko ka-1789, uMay 1968 akazange aveze ukudluliswa kwamandla kwesinye isigaba senhlalo noma uguquko olukhulu ohlelweni lwezombangazwe. Kodwa kwadala ushintsho olukhulu emibonweni kanye nokwenqatshwa kwezinkolelo eziningi ezatholwa. Iqoqo elisha lezindinganiso labamba izingqondo zezigidi zentsha: umbuzo onamandla wemibono yokulalela nokubusa; ukwenqatshwa ukuphakama okungokwemvelo kwempucuko yaseNtshonalanga kanye nokugxekwa kwezinye izinguqulo ezilula kakhulu (ngokwesibonelo, ubuhlakani obuluhlaza) bezindinganiso Zokukhanyiselwa; kanye nesiko lokubhikisha nokuvukela.
Ngokwezombangazwe, "isiko lama-60s" ligcizelele izixazululo eziqinile nezilinganayo ezinkingeni zezenhlalakahle nezomnotho, ukucebisa intando yeningi ngokubamba iqhaza kwangempela okudumile, nokwenqatshwa kwezinhlelo nezinqubomgomo zeNxele evamile, kanye nokuqinisekiswa kabusha kwemibono yokulingana, ubumbano emphakathini, ubulungisa nokuthula.
May 1968 kanye nezinye izinxushunxushu zonyaka zaholela ekukhazimuleni kombuso omusha wezombangazwe, iFar Left, ngaphesheya kwengxenye enkulu yasentshonalanga yeYurophu futhi, kancane kancane, e-US. yezincwadi zoguquko zekhwalithi ephezulu yokuhlaziya, njengeThe New Left Review namanye amajenali amaningi.
Imibono eminingi emihle kanye nezikhungo ezithathwa kalula namuhla zazalwa noma zathuthukiswa kulesi sikhathi, okuhlanganisa nokuzimela kwabantu abasebenzayo; ukunyakaza okusha kwezenhlalo okugxile ebulilini, ubuhlanga kanye nemvelo; imizamo eminingi yomphakathi; kanye nezinye izindlela zokukhuluma emkhakheni womphakathi. I-Beat Generation nayo ikweleta okukhulu kulokhu kudlalwa.
"Isiko lama-60s" lingene emikhakheni engenakubalwa yomsebenzi wokudala, okuhlanganisa i-cinema, izinkondlo, imidlalo yeshashalazi nezincwadi. Kuphinde kwaba nomthelela omkhulu ku-Black Power movement ku-
Imbalwa imikhakha yemizamo yobuhlakani eyashiywa ingakathintwa yile mibono emisha, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isayensi yezombangazwe nenhlalakahle yabantu, umlando, noma umnotho wokuhlaziya nomnotho wezombangazwe. Okubaluleke kakhulu futhi okuhlala njalo kwaba umnikelo walokho okuye kwabizwa ngokuthi โi-Western Marxismโ, okuhlukile okwamanje ezimfundisweni eziwugwadule nezine-ossified zemibono yesitayela samaSoviet.
Abanye bongqondongqondo abakhulu abasaqhubeka nokuba nomthelela ekucabangeni okukhulu nokugxekayo namuhla, kusukela ku-EP Thompson, uPerry Anderson noTerry Eagleton kuya kuLouis Althusser, uJacques Derrida, uNoam Chomsky kanye noJurgen Habermas, bakweleta okukhulu ekuvubeleni okukhiqizwa ngemuva kukaMeyi 1968.
Ezingeni lembulunga yonke, umhlaba ubone ikhwelo lokuhleleka komnotho omusha wamazwe ngamazwe, ukulingana kweNyakatho neNingizimu kanye nokuguqulwa kwe-ajenda yentuthuko yomhlaba wonke, ebisingene enkingeni. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1970, ukuba sengozini kanye nokungasimami konxiwankulu bomhlaba kwaqokonyiswa yiNgqungquthela yaseStockholm mayelana Nemvelo Yabantu, iClub of Rome's Limits to Growth, iGlobal Reach: Power of the Multinational Corporations kaRichard J. Barnett kanye noRonald Muller, kanye nekaSusan George. Indlela Enye Ingxenye Efa Ngayo. Kafushane, ukuvutshelwa kwezenhlalo nezobuhlakani ngeminyaka yawo-1960 kanye nawo-1970, lapho uMeyi 1968 abamba iqhaza elibalulekile, kwakhiqiza i-ajenda ebanzi futhi enothile yemibono namasu aqinile, acebisa ama-paradigms asendulo esimanje futhi yaba nenkululeko, ukuvuleka, nokuqina. intando yeningi, ukulingana kanye nobulungiswa emnyombweni wabo.
Izinhlangano ezithuthukayo ezadalwa yilaba maduzane zabhekana nenselelo enkulu yezombangazwe ngendlela ye-"counter-revolution" ka-Thatcher-Reagan yama-1980s, eyayifuna ukubulala umbuso wezenhlalakahle, ukubukela phansi izinyunyana zabasebenzi kanye nokucekela phansi ifa "lomnotho wemakethe yezenhlalakahle. โ ngokuphromotha okungalawuleki kwesimo esincane kanye nemakethe yamahhala.
Ngakho-ke kwazalwa imodeli ye-Anglo-Saxon ethandwa kakhulu yinkampani ye-neoliberal globalisation, eyabekwa phezu komhlaba wonke ngokusebenzisa โi-Washington Consensusโ eyasungulwa
Uhulumeni ngemuva kukahulumeni wahoxisa ukunikezwa kwemisebenzi yomphakathi ngaphansi kwemibuso โenobuvilaโ, futhi izigidi zabantu zalahlekelwa kakhulu yimali engenayo kanye nokuvikeleka kwezomnotho. Umbuso wesizwe ngokwawo waba ngaphansi kwezinkampani futhi wakhubazeka ekusunguleni izinqubomgomo ezizimele zezenhlalo nezomnotho ezisekelwe emithonjeni yazo kanye nezidingo zabantu.
Njengoba i-juggernaut ye-neoliberal globalization iqhubeka, udonga lwaseBerlin lwehla ngo-1989 futhi i-Soviet bloc ngokwayo ngokushesha yawa. Izwe lalahlekelwa amandla aphikisayo. Ngisho izizwe ezifana
Ekuqaleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka, imashi ye-neoliberalism yabonakala ingenakuvinjwa kanye nesibikezelo sikaFrancis Fukuyama esibi kodwa esiyiphutha elikhulu Sokuphela Komlando - sokushabalala kwazo zonke izinhlelo zakudala zesimanje kanye nokuthatha indawo yazo emhlabeni wonke "ngentando yeningi yenkululeko kanye neCoca-Cola. noma ifomula kaMcDonald'sโ - kubonakala sengathi iphumelele.
Izicukuthwane zomhlaba zajabulela ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke futhi zasho ngokungananazi ukuthi yayikhona, futhi yayingeke ibe khona enye indlela yalokho. Alikho izwe noma iqembu lezizwe, kubandakanya i-European Union,
Lokhu bekuyinkohliso enkulu, futhi sekubonakale ngokusobala kanjalo ngenkinga yezimali yomhlaba wonke. I
UMartin Wolf, umhlaziyi omkhulu wezomnotho we-Financial Times kanye nongqondongqondo we-neoliberalism emhlabeni wezindaba ongajabhi kakhulu, uyavuma ukuthi inkathi yezimakethe okuthiwa zizilawula ngokwazo isiphelile. โUhambo emhlabeni wonke olubheke emnothweni okhululekile, lapho i-US ngandlela thize iyimodeli wonke umuntu ayeya kuyo, eguquguqukayo, eguquguqukayo, nohlelo lwezezimali olungalawuleki selumile,โ usho kanje muva nje.
UWolf umemezele uMashi 14, ngesikhathi kumenyezelwa ibheyili yeBear Stearns, โnjengosuku okwafa ngalo iphupho lobungxiwankulu bemakethe yamahhala emhlabeni wonkeโ. Isizathu, wathi, kwakuwukuthi โisici esivelele salolu hlelo... kwakuwukusuka emalini ebolekwayo esekelwe ebhange kuya emisebenzini egxile ekuhwebeni, lapho uhlelo lwezezimali ngokwalo lwaluzibandakanye ekuhleleni ukubolekwa kwemali, ukuhlela izimali zababolekayo, bese kuyapakishwa. lezo zimali ezibambiso bese zidayiselwa abantu besithathu, abazozibamba isikhathi eside: izikhwama zokutshala imali, izikhwama zempesheni, izinkampani zomshwalenseโ.
Lokhu, kusho uWolf, manje sekonakele โngendlela ebabazekayo, ngoba izimakethe eziningi lo modeli othembele kuzo ngokuyisisekelo sezibe yiqhwa izinyanga eziyisithupha noma eziyisikhombisa. Bavele banyamalala.โ
Isiyaluyalu sezezimali esibangelwa ukuboleka budedengu kwamabhange aseNtshonalanga kubaboleki โabancaneโ (noma abangavikelekile nabasengozini enkulu) manje sekuqala inhlekelele engadla umhlaba wonke amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1,000.
Inkinga ibangelwa ukwehluleka kwemakethe okuhlobene nezingozi ezingenakubalwa zezindlu ezibolekiwe nezinye izikweletu, amabhange azifihla ngethemba lokuthi ukufihla nokusabalalisa ubungozi bungazinciphisa ngandlela thize. Umphumela waba ukwanda kwezingozi. Ukuwanciphisa, ama-neoliberal, okwase kuphele iminyaka bekugxeka ukungenelela kombuso kanye nokunikezwa kwezigidigidi zamarandi zemali yabakhokhintela ukuze kutakulwe amabhange ahlulekayo, manje sebecela ukungenelela. Wonke umuntu, kusukela kosomnotho be-IMF kuya kubamabhange abazimele, bathole ngokuzumayo izimfanelo zombuso kanye nezinqubomgomo zeKeynesian zokubeka amandla okuthenga ezandleni zabantu.
Inkinga ibhebhetheka futhi ilimaza umnotho wangempela. Kukhona ukwehla okukhulu kwe-
Lokhu kusibuyisela ku-ajenda yakudala eyashiwo ngo-1968 ngamandla, okuhlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa okusekelwe ezidingweni nokulinganayo kanye nentando yeningi yokubamba iqhaza eqinile. Kuyisikhumbuzo esicindezelayo sokuthi kufanele sibeke abantu kanye nepolitiki umyalo, esikhundleni sezimakethe.
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