Njengoko unyaka omtsha uqalisa sityekele ekubeni sibe nembono yexesha elide, ngoko masibone isizathu sokuba sifanele sibe nomonde ngamathemba esinawo oxolo lwehlabathi. Ngelixa uhlahlelo olufanelekileyo loku luza kufuna incwadi, hayi inqaku, ndithatha inkululeko apha yokubonisa imizobo ekrwada kakhulu yokubonisa.
Okokuqala, sifanele sivume ukuba sisengamaxhoba omjikelezo wohlengahlengiso emva kwemfazwe. Umjikelo waqala ngokuphela kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala, waqhubeka nokuphela kweMfazwe yesiBini yeHlabathi, waze waqukunjelwa ngokuphela kweMfazwe yoMlomo. Kodwa ngelixa ukuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala kwabona umbono woManyano lweZizwe, kwaye ukuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini kwazalwa iZizwe eziManyeneyo, akukho nto ifana nayo eye yenzeka emva kokuphela kweMfazwe Yomlomo.
IMfazwe Yehlabathi I yabona ukuphela kwezikumkani ezine: i-Ottoman, i-Austro-Hungarian, iJamani kunye neRashiya. Kuyavunywa ngokubanzi ukuba uhlengahlengiso olulandela le mfazwe lwalungunobangela weengxabano ezininzi ezalandelayo. Ngokomzekelo, impindezelo yemfazwe engenangqondo eyamiselwa eJamani yadala i-revanchism eyakhokelela uHitler emandleni. Ukuphela koBukhosi base-Austro-Hungarian kwavumela iiBalkans ukuba zibe yipowder keg. Ukuphela koBukhosi base-Ottoman, kunye nokuchithwa kwayo ngamagunya aphumeleleyo kwiindawo ezintsha ezenziweyo kubonisa iziphumo zayo namhlanje.
Uqhanqalazo oluxhaphakileyo lwasentlalweni yeYurophu eyayihlwempuzekile emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi Yokuqala yazisa ubuNazi nobuKomanisi: hayi ookumkani okanye abantu kodwa, okwesihlandlo sokuqala, iingcamango. Ngoko ke, ngokungafaniyo nabalawuli, yayiziingcamango ezilawulayo ezazimanyanisa abantu ehlabathini lonke.
Oku kwenza ukuba iMfazwe yeHlabathi yesiBini yahluke kakhulu ngokwendalo kunye nobubanzi ukusuka kwangaphambi kwayo: yayiyimfazwe phakathi kwedemokhrasi kunye neNazi. Nangona kunjalo, isiphumo esiphambili yaba kukwahlulahlula abaphumeleleyo babe ziibloko ezimbini, ubungxowankulu kunye nobukomanisi, kwaye isoyikiso sobukomanisi sanyanzelela iNtshona ukuba yamkele ukhetho lobulungisa kwezentlalo, amalungelo abasebenzi, ukuthatha inxaxheba kunye nemilinganiselo yentlalo. Okwangoku, ihlabathi lonke lidlala kunye neli candelo, okanye lizama ukuseka inkqubo yalo - intshukumo engahambelaniyo - kunye nokwahlula kweNorth-South kwaba yinto ebalulekileyo emva kwemfazwe.
Kwandula ke, ngokuwa koDonga lwaseBerlin ngowe-1989, kwabakho ukuphela kweMfazwe Yomlomo nomanyano lwehlabathi. Olu hlengahlengiso lwasemva kwemfazwe longeze izinto ezintsha kuhlengahlengiso olungagqitywanga lwangaphambili, kwaye ngeli xesha behlabathi jikelele.
Ngokudityaniswa kwehlabathi njengesakhelo esifanelekileyo, "i-capitalism entsha" yabamba apho imvisiswano yentlalontle yayingabalulekanga, kwaye ekufuneni inzuzo ephezulu imarike yaba yixabiso kuphela, ngaphandle "komthwalo" weendleko zentlalo. Isiphumo saba kukuchithwa kwenkqubo yentlalontle, ukwehla kotyalo-mali kwimfundo nakwimpilo kunye nokuphela kwemibutho yabasebenzi, ukukhankanya nje ezimbalwa: ngamanye amazwi, ukuphela kwengcamango yemibutho esekelwe kumalungelo abemi bayo. INkundla Ephakamileyo yaseUnited States yada yawisa isigwebo sokuba umbutho unamalungelo afanayo nabemi. Singene kwixesha "loqoqosho olutsha", ngokusekelwe kwingcamango yokuba abantu banokuchithwa kwaye ukuba bancinci beyinxalenye yemveliso ngcono. โIingcali zoqoqosho ezintshaโ zithi intswela-ngqesho iza kuhlala, kwaye urhulumente akananto yakwenza noqoqosho. Zizibhengezo zexesha elingazange libonwe ngaphambili embalini, apho i-99% yokukhula koqoqosho iya kwi-1% yabemi kwaye umvuzo omiselweyo uba yinto yexesha elidlulileyo. Amanani akhulayo olutsha aluphangeli kwaye abo basebenzayo bakwimisebenzi eyingozi. Umnatha wokhuseleko lwentlalo osalinikwa ngootatomkhulu nabazali baya kunyamalala ngokuthe ngcembe. IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ziqikelela ukuba izizukulwana zanamhlanje ziya kuthabatha umhlala-phantsi kunye nomhlalaphantsi wenyanga ozii-euro ezingama-480. Ngokuqinisekileyo ihlabathi elitsha nelahlukileyo.
Namhlanje, ilifa esijongene nalo yindibaniselwano yobuncinci bamafa amathathu enza ukuba ulawulo lwehlabathi lube kude. IZizwe eziManyeneyo ziye zanda kakhulu phantsi komanyano lwehlabathi olusebenza kwiinjini ezimbini: urhwebo kunye nezezimali. Imali ayizange ibe yinxalenye yeZizwe eziManyeneyo (kwaye ayinalawulo kwaphela) kwaye urhwebo lwakhutshwa ngo-1994 ngokusekwa koMbutho woRhwebo weHlabathi. Ngoko ke, akukho nkqubo inokuhlangabezana nale meko ikhoyo.
Ilifa lokuqala esinalo kukudala amazwe angengowamvelo. Amazwe aseAfrika kunye namazwe ase-Arabhu adalwe kwitafile yokuxoxisana phakathi kwamagunya obukoloniyali. Akukho lizwe lama-Arabhu, ngaphandle kwe-Egypt, elinokuthi libange imbali engapheliyo malunga nommandla kunye nabantu balo. Amazwe amatsha abandakanya amaqela ezizwe kunye neenkolo, awayengafani kwaphela, kwaye amaqela angama-homogenous ngamanye amaxesha anqunyulwa (jonga amaKurds ngoku akumazwe amathathu). Inkqubo yokudibanisa abantu abambalwa kwidemokhrasi inzima kakhulu, kwaye ifuna inkqubo ende yenkululeko yesizwe kunye novakalelo loluntu. Imithetho yesininzi kunye negcuntswana idla ngokukhulisa iingxabano.
Ukuba sijonga kwilifa lesibini apho iinkolo ezahlukeneyo kufuneka zihlale kunye, ubunzima benkqubo yohlengahlengiso bucaca ngakumbi. Ukwahlula phakathi kwamaSunni namaShiites, kwaye okubaluleke ngakumbi phakathi kweeradicals kunye neemodareyitha, ngowona mqobo ubalulekileyo kuzinzo phakathi kwebhiliyoni yamaSilamsi emhlabeni. Imeko yanamhlanje kuphela ephelisa loo ngquzulwano, kodwa ubunamhlanje bufika nophuhliso lwezoqoqosho, kwaye kuya kuthatha ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba ubume bexesha lanamhlanje bufike kwihlabathi elikhulu lamaSilamsi. Kodwa inkolo ikwayinto yongquzulwano kwilizwe lamaBhuda namaHindu. Ubuhlanga nonqulo nazo zinendima ebalulekileyo eAsiya. IMyanmar, enamahlelo amancinane angama-40 neecawa ezahlukahlukeneyo, ingumzekelo omhle wendlela enzima ngayo indlela eya kwidemokhrasi. Kodwa okufanayo kuya kumazwe amaninzi, njengeMalaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, Sri Lanka njalo njalo. Idemokhrasi, ngokwemigaqo nje esesikweni, ayinakuyisombulula le miba ukuba abantu abambalwa abaziva beyinxenye yokwenene yenkqubo yolawulo.
Kucacile ukuba kuphela ngomanyano lwengingqi apho ungquzulwano lwengingqi lunokuncitshiswa, kodwa umanyano luhlala luyinjongo ekude. ILatin America, emva kweenkulungwane ezimbini zokuzimela geqe kwezopolitiko, ikwazile ukuvelisa izivumelwano zorhwebo ezibuthathaka kunye nePalamente yaseLatin America engabalulekanga equka abameli bePalamente yesizwe (enganyulwanga ngabemi njengaseYurophu). IAfrika ayikayiphathi loo nto. Ekuqaleni kwenkqubo yenkululeko, kwabakho ingxoxo phakathi kootata bayo ababini abakhulu: uJomo Kenyatta waseKenya kunye noJulius Nyerere waseTanzania. UKenyatta wafuna ukudityaniswa kweAfrika kwangoko, ngelixa uNyerere wabiza ukuhlanganiswa ngokuthe ngcembe emva kwenqanaba lophuhliso lwesizwe. Isiphumo kukuba ngoku, kunye neepalamente zelizwe, abalawuli, iipalamente kwaye ke akukho, ukufuna ubumbano kubuthathaka kakhulu. UMbutho woManyano lwama-Afrika awuloqonga nje leentlanganiso zeeNtloko zeMibuso. Ngeli xesha, ilizwe lama-Arabhu lahlulwe ngakumbi kunangaphambili, kwaye alinazo izakhiwo zokwenyani zokudibanisa. I-Asiya inkulu kwaye yahlukile kangangokuba ayizami nokuzama into entsokothileyo; Umbutho weZizwe ezikumazantsi-mpuma eAsia (ASEAN) wadalwa ngamazwe akuMzantsi-mpuma we-Asia ukwenza umphambili ofanayo ngokuchasene namandla akhulayo aseTshayina kwaye ithathwa ngokubanzi njengombutho ongenamazinyo. Ke, ukudityaniswa kommandla, okunokuthi kunciphise iingxabano zelizwe, kusekude kakhulu.
Ilifa lethu lesithathu lele mihla yokudityaniswa kwehlabathi. Liye ladibanisa ihlabathi ngendlela engafanelekanga, ngokomzekelo, ukuthenga, indlela yokuphila, ukuzonwabisa kunye nokutya, kodwa liye lazisa ukwahlukana phakathi kwezityebi kunye namahlwempu kulo lonke ihlabathi. Amazwe atyebileyo ngoku anenani elandayo labantu abahlwempuzekileyo, yaye amazwe ahlwempuzekileyo anenani elandayo labantu abazizityebi, yaye okusesikweni kwezentlalo kuya kuncipha, ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Thatha nje imeko yentlekele yempahla yempahla yase-Savar e-Bangladesh ekuqaleni konyaka ophelileyo apho abantu abangaphezu kwe-1,000 basweleka: akukho mbuyekezo yalo naluphi na uhlobo esele ihlawulwe ngelixa ishishini lempahla, ngokusisiseko e-United States naseYurophu, liqhubeka nokwandisa inzuzo yalo. . Ukungabikho ngokupheleleyo kwemithetho yezentlalo yamazwe ngamazwe ihamba kunye nehlabathi jikelele. Ukungalingani kwezentlalo kuye kwanda ukususela ekuweni koDonga lwaseBerlin. Umahluko phakathi kwezityebi namahlwempu uya ukhula ehlabathini lonke, yaye abantu abakumgangatho ophakathi baya becutheka, ingakumbi eYurophu.
Ngoko ke, sijongene nexesha elide lokungazinzi. Amafa avela kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala neyesiBini anyibilika aba lilifa lokuphela kweMfazwe yoMlomo. I-United States neYurophu zisekuwohlokeni okungenakulungiseka ngenxa yokuvela kwehlabathi elineenxalenye ezininzi, amazwe amatsha athatha indawo namandla. Nangona kunjalo, imiba yehlabathi echazwe ngokucacileyo efana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, xa ingqubana neemfuno zoqoqosho, ayihambi ndawo. Sele kulixesha elide samkelwe isivumelwano esinentsingiselo samazwe ngamazwe.
Kuya kuthatha ixesha ukujongana nelifa lethu kwaye sifumane isisombululo esifanelekileyo sekamva. Kodwa esi ayisosizathu sokuphulukana nomonde ngolawulo noxolo. Sifanele siqonde ukuba kuza kufika ixesha elitsha kwaye siphuma kweli langoku. Njengoko isithandi sobulumko u-Antonio Gramsci wabhalayo 'kwiiNcwadi zamanqaku eNtolongo', xa umjikelo wembali omnye ugqityiwe kwaye ungekafiki omtsha, kuya kufuneka sijongane โnezilo ezikhuluโ.
Ngoko ke, kuya kuba nini ukungazinzi okukhoyo? Mhlawumbi kuphela xa uqhanqalazo lwehlabathi oluchasene nentswela-bulungisa ekuhlaleni luzisa uluntu kunye nokufana kwezenzo kunye nombono ... kwaye akukho kude kangako!
URoberto Savio ngumseki we-Inter Press Service.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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