Iinyanga ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo zibone uphuhliso olubalulekileyo kubudlelwane phakathi kwe-US ne-Indiya. Uninzi lwamagqabantshintshi lugxininise ngokuqinileyo nangokufanelekileyo kubulumko kunye neziphumo ezinokwenzeka zezivumelwano ezitsha kumgaqo-nkqubo neenkqubo zomkhosi nenyukliya. Kodwa ezi zivumelwano zamva nje kufuneka zibonwe ekukhanyeni kweminyaka engaphezu kwe-50 yemizamo yase-US yokuba i-Indiya ibe yinxalenye yezopolitiko zaseMelika, izicwangciso zeqhinga kunye nezoqoqosho zase-Asiya. Okucacayo kukuba oku kwabonakala kunzima kangakanani ukutyhubela iminyaka. Ibuza umbuzo wokuba kutheni iinkokeli zaseIndiya ziqalile ukuwela kwinqanaba ngokulula kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo.
Ixesha leMfazwe ebandayo
Iinzame zokuqala ze-US zokusebenzisa i-Indiya kwiminqweno yayo yeqhinga zeza kamsinya nje emva kwenkululeko. Injongo yase-US yayikukuba iIndiya ijoyine icala laseMelika kumlo obandayo ochasene neSoviet Union kwaye, ekuhambeni kwexesha neTshayina. Ipatheni yamiselwa ngexesha lotyelelo lukaJawaharlal Nehru e-US ngo-1949, olwalandela emva kovavanyo lokuqala lwenyukliya yiSoviet Union kunye nempumelelo yamakomanisi aseTshayina ekuthabatheni amandla. URobert J McMahon, umbhali-mbali wezozakuzo zase-US eziya kumazantsi e-Asiya urekhoda kwincwadi yakhe ethi The Cold War on the Periphery: I-United States, iIndiya, kunye nePakistan, ukuba ngaphambi kotyelelo lukaNehru, iCIA kunye nesebe likarhulumente baxoxa ukuba iIndiya kuphela kwento enokwenzeka. amandla ommandla anokuthi "akhuphisane neChina yobuKomanisi ukuze izimise njengeyona mpembelelo ibalaseleyo kumazantsi-mpuma eAsia".
UNehru wabonwa ngexesha lohambo lwakhe. Kodwa imbono yokuba i-Indiya inokusebenza njengesixhobo somgaqo-nkqubo wase-US ukuya e-China, kwaye ngokubanzi e-Asiya, yaphela. Ukuthetha ne-US, uNehru wayecacile-i-Indiya idinga uncedo, kodwa hayi nangaliphi na ixabiso, wathi: โSizaโฆ Sikholelwa ukuba oku kunokunceda kwisisombululo seengxaki ezinkulu ezijongene nehlabathi. Kodwa asifuni nakuphi na ukulungelwa ngokwezinto eziphathekayo ukuze sifumane nayiphi na inxalenye yenkululeko esiyifumene nzima.โ Ucacisile ukwala kwakhe ukusebenzisana xa ebuyela ekhaya, esithi โbalindele into engaphaya kombulelo nobubele kwaye andikwazanga ukubabonelelaโ.
Kwelakhe icala, emva kokuba uNehru emkile, iBhunga leSizwe lezoKhuseleko lase-US laphawula โukuthandabuza okukhoyo ngoku kwendawo ekuzilungelelaniseni ngokupheleleyo nayo nayiphi na ibloko yamandlaโ yaza yagqiba kwelokuba โkuya kuba bubudenge kuthi ukugqala umzantsi Asia, ngakumbi iIndiya, njengelizwe laseIndiya. ekuphela kokhuselo oluchasene nokwandiswa kolawulo lobukomanisi eAsiaโ.
IPakistan, ngakolunye uhlangothi, yayivuyiswa ukwamkela indima kwizicwangciso zase-US kumzantsi Asia. Yakha ubudlelwane obuhlala buhleli kunye ne-US, ukususela ngo-1954. I-US ibonelele ngoncedo lwezoqoqosho kunye nomkhosi, kwaye iPakistan ibonelele ngeziseko zomkhosi, ezilungiselelwe ukuba zibe yi-frontline kwimfazwe enokwenzeka kunye neSoviet Union, kwaye ixhasa i-US kwiforamu yamazwe ngamazwe.
I-US yazama kwakhona, ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1960, phantsi koMongameli Kennedy. Kwanangaphambi kokuba abe ngumongameli, waye waxoxa ukuba i-US kunye namahlakani ayo asentshona badibanisa iphakheji yoncedo kunye nenkxaso "eyenzelwe ukuba i-India iphumelele umngeni we-China yamaKomanisi". Njengomongameli, wazama ukudibanisa iphakheji enjalo. Kodwa iinzame zase-US zokubhalisa iIndiya ukuxhasa imigaqo-nkqubo yase-US kwaye ngakumbi, iinzame zokuchasa iTshayina zaphazamiseka. Xa uKennedy noNehru badibana ngo-1961, kubonakala ukuba baxabana ngeVietnam kunye nokuchithwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya phakathi kwezinye izinto, kwaye kucetyiswa ukuba "ingakumbi into ephazamisayo kumagosa ase-US kukwala kukaNehru ukwamkela ingubo yobunkokeli kumazantsi-mpuma e-Asia".
Iingxelo ezisandula kuchazwa ukusuka kuMeyi ka-1963 zityhila ukuba uMongameli uKennedy kunye nabancedisi bakhe bathathele ingqalelo ukuba ingaba i-US ingayixhasa njani i-India xa kukho enye imfazwe yaseTshayina-Indiya. Unobhala wezokhuselo uRobert McNamara waxoxa ngelithi "Ngaphambi kokuba kunikezelwe nakuphi na ukuzibophelela okukhulu ekukhuseleni i-India ngokuchasene neTshayina, kufuneka siqonde ukuba ukuze sifezekise ukuzinikela kulo naluphi na uhlaselo olukhulu lwaseTshayina, kuya kufuneka sisebenzise izixhobo zenyukliya". Usihlalo weenkosi ezihlangeneyo zabasebenzi, uGeneral Maxwell Taylor uxhalabile malunga nexesha elide kunye "nengxaki iyonke yendlela yokujongana neRed China ngokwezopolitiko nakwezomkhosi kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo". UKennedy wathatha indawo yokuba "Simele sikhusele iIndiya, kwaye ke siya kuyikhusela iIndiya".
Umgaqo-nkqubo weNyukliya
Izixhobo zenyukliya zazinkulu ngezinye iindlela. Ngo-1964, phakathi kweenkxalabo zaseMelika malunga novavanyo lokuqala lwezixhobo zenyukliya zaseTshayina, uGeorge Perkovich ubhale phantsi indlela amagosa aphezulu kwisebe likarhulumente kunye nePentagon aye ajongana nokubonelela "ngamathuba okubonelela ngezixhobo zenyukliya phantsi kogcino lwase-US" eIndiya. I-Perkovich ityhila ukuba isicwangciso esicetywayo sokunceda i-Indiya iguqule inqwelomoya ukuba ilahle izixhobo zenyukliya, ukuqeqesha abasebenzi, ukubonelela ngezixhobo ze-dummy ukuze ziqhube kunye nolwazi malunga nemiphumo yezixhobo zenyukliya ukuze zisetyenziswe ekuthatheni izigqibo ekujoliswe kuzo. Ngelo xesha, ikhomishini yamandla e-athomu yase-US yayicinga ukunceda i-Indiya "ngokudubula kwenyukliya ngoxolo", okuya kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya zase-US phantsi kolawulo lwase-US eziqhuma eIndiya.
Yayingengobantu baseMerika kuphela ababecinga ngolu hlobo. UHomi Bhabha, umseki kunye nentloko yesebe lamandla eathom, ngo-1965 wabongoza i-US ukuba inike i-Indiya isixhobo senyukliya okanye iplani nje yokuyinceda ifikelele kuphuhliso lwenyukliya lwase China. Kodwa amacebo akhe abhanga.
Ukukhula ngamandla eVietnam kwaye inexhala lokuba iimfazwe zayo ezizayo kwihlabathi lesithathu ziya kuba nzima ngakumbi ukuba izixhobo zenyukliya ziyaqhubeka nokusasazeka, i-US yagqiba ekubeni ikhethe ukunqanda ukusasazeka kwezixhobo zenyukliya. Yazimanya neSoviet Union, eyayinexhala elifanayo, ekwenzeni isivumelwano senyukliya sokungaphumeleli. Umnqophiso waxoxisana ngo-1968 waza waqala ukusebenza ngo-1970. Ngelo xesha, i-US yaqala ukuphucula ubudlelwane bayo neChina. Uvavanyo lwase-Indiya lwenyukliya lwango-1974 lwawaphelisa ngakumbi amathemba obudlelwane phakathi kwe-US-India nenyukliya njengoko ulawulo olutsha lwezithintelo zokungaxhaphakani luqala ukumila.
Era emva kweMfazwe ebandayo
Njengoko imfazwe ebandayo yaphela, i-US yagqiba ukuba akukho gunya limbi liya kuvunyelwa ukuba livele njengembangi. Uyilo oludumileyo ngoku lwe-1992 lweSikhokelo soCwangciso lwezoKhuselo olulungiswe nguPaul Wolfowitz, unobhala ongaphantsi kwezokhuselo kumgaqo-nkqubo, kanobhala wezokhuselo uDick Cheney owapapashwa kumaphephandaba wabhengeza โInjongo yethu yokuqala kukuthintela ukuvela kwakhona kwembangi entsha. Olu luqwalaselo oluphambili olusekelwe kwisicwangciso esitsha sokhuselo lommandla kwaye sifuna ukuba sizame ukuthintela nawaphi na amandla anobutshaba ukuba alawule ummandla ozixhobo zawo, phantsi kolawulo oludityanisiweyo, ziya kwanela ukwenza amandla ehlabathi. Ngokukodwa, iphawule "kufuneka sigcine iindlela zokuthintela abo bakhuphisana nabo ukuba banqwenele ukuya kwindima enkulu yengingqi okanye yehlabathi". Ngamanye amazwi, i-geopolitical order kufuneka izinziswe kwaye i-US igcine ukongama kwayo okunxulumeneyo hayi kwihlabathi liphela, kodwa nakwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yehlabathi.
I-China kwakhona yaba yeyona nto kugxilwe kuyo ingqalelo njengoko yayisiya isiba ngamandla amakhulu kwezoqoqosho nezopolitiko kwimicimbi yamazwe ngamazwe. Eli xesha laliza kwahluka. IIndiya yaba neenkokeli ezintsha. UVajpayee kunye ne-BJP kudala bekholelwa ukuba uNehru wayephazama ngokulandela ukungazihlanganisi kwimfazwe ebandayo kwaye bathi iIndiya bekufanele ukuba yenze isizathu esifanayo ne-US ngokuchasene nobukomanisi kunye ne China. Oku kwacaca ngakumbi kwileta kaMeyi ka-1998 uVajpayee ayibhalele uMongameli uClinton ethethelela uvavanyo lwenyukliya lwaseIndiya, inqaku lokuqala ibe yiTshayina - โilizwe lesixhobo senyukliya eliphandle kwimida yethu, ilizwe elenze ugonyamelo oluxhobileyo ngokuchasene neIndiyaโ kwaye ibango lokuba umoya wokungathembi uyaqhubekaโ. Oku kwenzeka nangona kukho impumelelo ebalulekileyo efana notyelelo lukamongameli waseTshayina uJiang Zemin eIndiya ngo-1996 kunye nokutyikitywa kwesivumelwano samanyathelo okwakha ukuzithemba ngaphaya koko kubizwa ngokuba 'ngumgca wolawulo lwenene' kwimimandla yemida. Oku kwakhelwe kwisivumelwano sangaphambili sika-1993 'sokuGcinwa koXolo nokuzola' kwimimandla yemida ephikisanayo.
Isikhokelo esitsha kubudlelwane base-US-India sacaca ngoMatshi ka-2000, xa uMongameli uClinton wayetyelele eIndiya. Isiteyitimenti esidibeneyo asikhuphe neNkulumbuso uVajpayee siphawule ukuba "Bekukho amaxesha kwixesha elidlulileyo apho ubudlelwane bethu bebuhamba ngaphandle kwekhosi. Njengoko ngoku sijonge kwikamva, siqinisekile ukuba lixesha lokucwangcisa ulwalathiso olutsha nolunenjongo kulwalamano lwethu.โ
Olu lwalathiso lutsha kubudlelwane base-US-Indiya lwachazwa njengoluya kuthi: โKwinkulungwane entsha, i-Indiya ne-United States ziya kuba ngamahlakani ngoxolo, zinomdla ofanayo kunye noxanduva oluhambelanayo lokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lommandla nolwamazwe ngamazwe. Siza kuthethathethwana rhoqo, kwaye sisebenze kunye, uzinzo lweqhinga e-Asiya nangaphaya. " Injongo ekwabelwanayo ngayo "yozinzo olucwangcisiweyo e-Asiya" inokufundwa njengoko i-Indiya ekugqibeleni yamkela izimvo zase-US malunga nokuba yintoni emele ibe yi-balance balance of power e-Asia, kwaye ngokukodwa, iinkxalabo zase-US zokuba ukunyuka kwe-China kunokunyanzelisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ase-US ekuhambeni kwexesha. .
Isikhokelo esitsha
'Indlela entsha' echongiweyo kutyelelo lukaClinton ngoMatshi ka-2000 yathathwa ngokuthe ngqo kwisivumelwano 'soManyathelo alandelayo kwiNtsebenziswano yobuChule' kaJanuwari 2004. Oku kwabhengeza ukuba i-US kunye ne-India 'ziyakwandisa intsebenziswano' kwimisebenzi yenyukliya yoluntu, iinkqubo zasesibhakabhakeni zasekuhlaleni, kunye norhwebo lobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, kunye nokhuselo lwemijukujelwa. Kufanelekile ukubonisa ngokucacileyo, oko kukuthi, intsebenziswano kulo mxholo i-euphemism ye-US enikezela ukufikelela kwe-Indiya kuncedo, ulwazi kunye neteknoloji kule mimandla.
Amagosa ase-US ayenze yacaca injongo yesi sivumelwano. Igosa eliphezulu libhengeze ukuba "Injongo yayo kukunceda i-Indiya ibe ligunya lehlabathi elikhulu kwinkulungwane yama-21รขโฌยฆ.Siziqonda ngokupheleleyo iimpembelelo, kubandakanywa neempembelelo zomkhosi, zaloo ngxelo". Usekela-somlomo wesebe likarhulumente uchaze ngakumbi ukuba i-US ikulungele 'ukunceda iIndiya' ngomyalelo kunye nolawulo, isilumkiso kwangethuba kunye nokhuseleko lomjukujelwa, kwaye yaphawula ukuba "Ezinye zezi zinto zisenokungabi ntle njengenqwelomoya yokulwa, kodwa ndicinga ngabo. kuni balandela imiba yokhuselo niya kukuqonda ukubalulekaโ.
Amagosa aphezulu angaphambili aseMelika kunye nabahlalutyi besicwangciso-qhinga baye bachaza intelekelelo eza kuthathwa kumzamo omtsha wase-US 'wokunceda iIndiya'. URobert Blackwill, osebenze kulawulo lukaBush njengonozakuzaku wase-US eIndiya kwaye emva koko njengosekela-mcebisi wezokhuseleko kuzwelonke kucwangciso lobuchule, uye wazibuza, umzekelo, "Kutheni i-US ifuna ukujonga amandla e-missile yaseIndiya ngeendlela ezinokukhokelela eChina. kulawulo olusisigxina lwenyukliya kwiIndiya yedemokhrasi?โ
Ngokuchasene nale mvelaphi ukuba umntu kufuneka afunde inkcazo edibeneyo kaMongameli Bush kunye noNdunankulu uManmohan Singh kaJulayi 18, 2005. Le ngxelo ineenkokeli ezimbini "zivakalise isigqibo sabo sokuguqula ubudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe abo kunye nokuseka intsebenziswano yehlabathi" kwaye icacisa ukuba le ntsebenziswano iya โkukhuthaza uzinzo, idemokhrasi, impumelelo noxolo kwihlabathi liphelaโ. Isivumelwano sijolise, sithi, "ukuphucula amandla ethu okusebenza kunye ukubonelela ngobunkokheli behlabathi". Kucacile ukuba ngubani oza kukhokela kwaye ngubani oza kulandela.
Ipapashwe kwiVeki yezoQoqosho nezePolitiko, ngoSeptemba 10, 2005
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